Editing Curtiss C-46 Commando

{{Short description|U.S. military transport aircraft with 2 piston engines, 1940}}
{{Redirect|C-46}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
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{{Infobox aircraft
 |name= C-46 Commando
 |image= File:C-46_Commando.jpg{{!}}border
 |caption= A wartime photograph of a U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) C-46 Commando
 |type= [[Military transport aircraft]]
 |national_origin = [[United States]]
 |manufacturer= {{Unbulleted list|[[Curtiss-Wright]]|[[Higgins Aircraft]]}}
 |designer=
 |first_flight= 26 March 1940
 |introduction= 1941
 |retired=
 |status= Active in limited civilian use
 |primary_user= [[United States Army Air Forces]]
 |more_users= [[United States Air Force]]<br />[[United States Marine Corps]]<br />[[United States Navy]]
 |produced= 1940–1945
 |number_built= 3,181<ref name= "Andrade p.65">Andrade 1979, p. 65.</ref>
 |variants=
}}

The '''Curtiss C-46 Commando''' is a [[Monoplane#Types|low-wing]], twin-engine aircraft derived from the Curtiss '''CW-20''' pressurized high-altitude airliner design. Early press reports used the name "Condor III" but the Commando name was in use by early 1942 in company publicity.<ref>Aeronautical Engineering Review, 1942 Vol 1, p. 50.</ref> It was used primarily as a cargo aircraft during [[World War II]], with fold-down seating for military transport and some use in delivering paratroops. Mainly deployed by the [[United States Army Air Forces]], it also served the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]/[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], which called it '''R5C'''. The C-46 filled similar roles as its Douglas-built counterpart, the [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C-47 Skytrain]], with some 3,200 C-46s produced to approximately 10,200 C-47s.

After World War II, a few surplus C-46 aircraft were briefly used in their original role as passenger airliners but the glut of surplus C-47s dominated the marketplace and the C-46 was soon relegated to cargo duty. The type continued in U.S. Air Force service in a secondary role until 1968. The C-46 continues in operation as a rugged cargo transport for arctic and remote locations with its service life extended into the 21st century.<ref>Love 2003, pp. 46–47.</ref>

==Design and development==
The prototype for what would become the C-46, the Curtiss CW-20, was designed in 1937 by George A. Page Jr., the chief aircraft designer at [[Curtiss-Wright]].<ref name= "Time">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100324172852/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,849869,00.html "Air Freighter."] ''Time'' magazine, 18 May 1942.</ref> The CW-20 was a private venture intended to compete with the four-engined [[Douglas DC-4]] and [[Boeing 307 Stratoliner]] by the introduction of a new standard in [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized]] airliners.<ref name="jdc24">Carter 1958, p. 24</ref> The CW-20 had a patented fuselage conventionally referred to as a "figure-eight" (or "double-bubble"), which enabled it to better withstand the pressure differential at high altitudes.<ref name= "Johnson p. 45">Johnson 2007, p. 45.</ref> The sides of the fuselage creased at the level of the floor that separated the two portions and shared in the stress of each, rather than supporting itself. The main spar of the wing could pass through the bottom section, which was mainly intended for cargo, without intruding on the passenger upper compartment.<ref name= "Johnson p. 45"/> A decision to use a twin-engine design instead of a four-engines was considered viable if sufficiently powerful engines were available, allowing for lower operating costs and a less complex structure.<ref name= "Johnson p. 44">Johnson 2007, p. 44.</ref>

Engineering work involved a three-year commitment from the company and incorporated an extensive amount of wind tunnel testing at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech). The resultant design was a large, aerodynamically "sleek" airliner, incorporating the cockpit in a streamlined glazed "dome". The engines featured a unique nacelle tunnel cowl where air was induced and expelled through the bottom of the cowl, reducing turbulent airflow and induced drag across the upper wing surface.<ref name= "Johnson p. 45"/> After a mock-up was constructed in 1938, Curtiss-Wright exhibited the innovative project as a display in the [[1939 New York World's Fair]].<ref name= "Love p. 4">Love 2003, p. 4.</ref>

The company approached many airlines to obtain their requirements for an advanced airliner. No firm orders resulted, although 25 letters of intent were received, sufficient to begin production.<ref name= "Love p. 4"/> The design of a 24–34 passenger airliner proceeded to the prototype stage as the CW-20 at the St. Louis, Missouri facility with the initial configuration featuring twin vertical tail surfaces. Powered by two {{cvt|1700|hp|lk=on}} R-2600-C14-BA2 [[Wright R-2600|Wright Twin Cyclones]], the prototype, [[Aircraft registration|registered]] ''NX-19436'' flew for the first time on 26 March 1940 with [[test pilot]] [[Edmund T. "Eddie" Allen]] at the controls. After testing, modifications, including the fitting of a large single tail to improve stability at low speeds were made.<ref name="Bowers p451-2">Bowers 1979, pp. 451–452.</ref><ref name="AE34 p27">Green and Swanborough ''Air Enthusiast'' September–December 1987, p. 27.</ref>

The first prototype was purchased by the [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) to serve as a master for the series and was named C-55. After military evaluation, the sole example was returned to Curtiss-Wright and subsequently re-sold to the [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]] (BOAC).<ref name= "Love p. 4"/> During testing, General [[Henry H. Arnold|Henry H. "Hap" Arnold]] became interested in the potential of the airliner as a military cargo transport and on 13 September 1940, ordered 46 modified CW-20As as the ''C-46-CU Commando''; the last 21 aircraft in this order were delivered as Model CW-20Bs, called C-46A-1-CU. None of the C-46s purchased by the U.S. military were pressurized and the first 30 delivered to the AAF were sent back to the factory for 53 immediate modifications.<ref name="jdc24"/><ref>Lucariny, J.R. [http://www.jrlucariny.com/site2008/c46clh/c46clh.html "Curtis C-46 Commando."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106010934/http://www.jrlucariny.com/Site2008/c46clh/c46clh.html |date=2009-01-06 }} ''jrlucariny.com''. Retrieved: 12 April 2012.</ref><ref name= "Johnson p. 47">Johnson 2007, p. 47.</ref> The design was then modified to the C-46A, receiving enlarged cargo doors, a strengthened load floor and a convertible cabin that speeded changes in carrying freight and troops. The C-46 was introduced to the public at a ceremony in May 1942, attended by its designer, George A. Page Jr.<ref name= "Time"/>

A total of 200 C-46As in two batches were ordered in 1940, although only two were actually delivered by 7 December 1941.<ref name="jdc24"/><ref name= "Davis p.11"/> An important change was made: more powerful {{cvt|2000|hp|kW}}c [[Pratt & Whitney R-2800]] ''Double Wasp'' engines replaced the Twin Cyclones. By November 1943, 721 modifications had been made to production models, although many were minor, such as fuel system changes and a reduction in cabin windows.<ref name= "Mondey p. 72">Mondey 2006, p. 72.</ref> Subsequent military contracts for the C-46A extended the production run to 1,454 examples, 40 of which were destined for the U.S. Marine Corps, to be called '''R5C-1'''. The military model was fitted with double cargo doors, a strengthened floor and a hydraulically operated cargo handling winch; 40 folding seats were the sole passenger accommodation for what was essentially a cargo hauler.<ref name= "Mondey p. 72"/> Two C-46 were delivered from [[Higgins Industries]] [[Michoud Assembly Facility|Michoud Factory Field]] in 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.airfieldsfreeman.com/LA/Airfields_LA_NewOrleans_E.htm |title=Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Louisiana: Eastern New Orleans area |website=[[Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields]] |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910085351/http://www.airfields-freeman.com/LA/Airfields_LA_NewOrleans_E.html |archive-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The final large production-run '''C-46D''' arrived in 1944–45 and featured single doors to facilitate paratroop drops. Production totaled 1,430 aircraft.<ref name= "Mondey p. 72"/> Although a one-off '''XC-46B''' experimented with a stepped windscreen and more powerful engines, a small run of 17 '''C-46E'''s had many of the same features as the XC-46B, along with three-bladed Hamilton-Standard propellers replacing the standard Curtiss-Electric four-bladed units. A last contract for 234 '''C-46F'''s reverted to the earlier cockpit shape but introduced square wing tips. A sole '''C-46G''' had the stepped windscreen and square wing tips but the end of the war resulted in the cancellation of any additional orders for the type.<ref name= "Johnson p. 47"/>

==Operational history==
[[File:C-46 medical flight.jpg|right|thumb|A U.S. C-46 aircraft conducting an aerial evacuation of wounded American troops from [[Manila]], the capital of the Philippines, shortly after U.S. forces retook the city after intense fighting with the Japanese.]]

===Pacific Theater===
Most famous for its operations in the [[China Burma India Theater of World War II|China-Burma-India theater]] (CBI) and the [[Pacific War|Far East]], the Commando was a workhorse in flying over "[[The Hump]]" (as the [[Himalaya Mountains]] were nicknamed by Allied airmen), transporting desperately needed supplies to troops in China from bases in India.<ref name= "Mondey p. 72"/> A variety of transports had been employed in the campaign but only the C-46 was able to handle the wide range of adverse conditions encountered by the USAAF. Unpredictably violent weather, heavy cargo loads, high mountain terrain, and poorly equipped and frequently flooded airfields proved a considerable challenge to the transport aircraft then in service, along with a host of engineering and maintenance nightmares due to a shortage of trained air and ground personnel.

After a series of mechanical problems were controlled if not surmounted, the C-46 proved its worth in the airlift operation despite maintenance headaches. It could carry more cargo higher than other Allied twin-engine transport aircraft in the theater, including light artillery, fuel, ammunition, parts of aircraft and, on occasion, livestock. Its powerful engines enabled it to climb satisfactorily with heavy loads, staying aloft on one engine if not overloaded, though "war emergency" load limits of up to {{cvt|40000|lb|kg}} often erased any safety margins. After the troublesome Curtiss-Electric electrically controlled pitch mechanism on the propellers had been removed, the C-46 continued to be employed in the CBI and over wide areas of southern China throughout the war years.<ref name= "Mondey p. 72"/> Even so, the C-46 was referred to by ATC pilots as the "flying coffin" with at least 31 known instances of fires or explosions in flight between May 1943 and March 1945 and many others missing and never found.<ref name="coffin">Carter 1958, p. 25.</ref> Other names used by the men who flew them were "The Whale", the "Curtiss Calamity", and the "plumber's nightmare".<ref name= "Davis p.11">Davis et al. 1978, p. 11.</ref> The C-46's huge cargo volume (twice that of the C-47), three times the weight, large cargo doors, powerful engines and long range also made it suitable for the vast distances of the Pacific island campaign. In particular, the U.S. Marines found the aircraft (known as the R5C) useful in their amphibious Pacific operations, flying supplies in and wounded personnel out of numerous and hastily built island landing strips.

===Europe===
Although built in approximately one-third the number as its more famous wartime compatriot, the [[C-47 Skytrain]], the C-46 nevertheless played a significant role in wartime operations, although the aircraft was not deployed in numbers to the European theater until March 1945. It augmented USAAF Troop Carrier Command in time to drop paratroopers in an offensive to cross the [[Rhine River]] in Germany ([[Operation Varsity]]). So many C-46s were lost in the paratroop drop during Varsity that [[Army General]] [[Matthew Ridgway]] issued an edict forbidding the aircraft's use in airborne operations. Even though the war ended soon afterwards and no further airborne missions were flown, the C-46 may well have been unfairly demonized. {{Original research inline|date=January 2025}} The operation's paratroop drop phase was flown in daylight at low speeds at very low altitudes by an unarmed cargo aircraft without [[self-sealing fuel tanks]], over heavy concentrations of German 20&nbsp;mm, 37&nbsp;mm and larger caliber anti-aircraft (AA) cannon firing explosive, incendiary and armor-piercing incendiary ammunition. By that stage of the war, German AA crews had trained to a high state of readiness; many batteries had considerable combat experience in firing on and destroying high-speed, well-armed fighters and [[fighter-bomber]]s while under fire themselves. Most, if not all, of the C-47s used in Operation Varsity had been fitted with self-sealing fuel tanks; the C-46s had not.<ref>Bolce, Don. [http://www.able506.com/440th/tcarticle_operationvarsity.shtml "Operation Varsity."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074515/http://www.able506.com/440th/tcarticle_operationvarsity.shtml |date=2011-07-07 }} ''able506.com'', 24 March 1945.</ref> Although 19 of 72 C-46 aircraft were shot down during Varsity, it is not as well known that losses of other aircraft types from AA fire during the same operation were equally as intense, including 13 gliders shot down, 14 crashed and 126 badly damaged; 15 [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator|B-24]] bombers shot down and 104 badly damaged; 12 C-47s shot down, with 140 damaged.<ref>Seelinger, Matthew J. [http://www.armyhistory.org/ahf2.aspx?pgID=877&id=139&exCompID=56 "Operation Varsity: The Last Airborne Deployment of World War II."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201185145/http://www.armyhistory.org/ahf2.aspx?pgID=877&id=139&exCompID=56 |date=1 December 2010 }} ''The Army Historical Foundation''. Retrieved: 11 May 2011.</ref><ref>Devlin 1979, p. 624.</ref>

===Design shortcomings===

Despite its obvious and valuable utility, the C-46 remained a maintenance nightmare throughout its AAF career. The official history of the Army Air Forces summarized its shortcomings,
<blockquote>But from first to last, the Commando remained a headache. It could be kept flying only at the cost of thousands of extra man-hours for maintenance and modification. Although Curtiss-Wright reported the accumulation by November 1943 of the astounding total of 721 required changes in production models, the plane continued to be what maintenance crews around the world aptly described as a "plumber's nightmare". Worse still, the plane was a killer. In the experienced hands of Eastern Air Lines and along a route that provided more favorable flying conditions than were confronted by military crews in Africa and on the Hump route into China, the plane did well enough. Indeed, Eastern Air Lines lost only one C-46 in more than two years of operation. But among the ATC pilots the Commando was known, with good reason, as the "flying coffin". From May 1943 to March 1945, Air Transport Command received reports of thirty-one instances in which C-46s caught fire or exploded in the air. Still others were listed merely as "missing in flight", and it is a safe assumption that many of these exploded, went down in flames, or crashed as the result of [[vapor lock]], carburetor icing, or other defects.<ref name="coffin"/></blockquote>

During the war years, the C-46 was noted for an abnormal number of unexplained airborne explosions (31 between May 1943 and May 1945) that were initially attributed to various causes. In particular, the fuel system, which was quickly designed, then modified for the new, thirstier Pratt & Whitney engines, was criticized. The cause of the explosions was eventually traced to pooled gasoline from small leaks in the tanks and fuel system, combined with a spark, usually originating from open-contact electrical components. Though many service aircraft suffered small fuel leaks in use, the C-46's wings were unvented; if a leak occurred, the gasoline had nowhere to drain, but rather pooled at the wing root. Any spark or fire could set off an explosion. After the war, all C-46 aircraft received a wing vent modification to vent pooled gasoline, and an [[Explosion proof|explosion-proof]] fuel booster pump was installed with shielded electrical selector switches in lieu of the open-contact type used originally.<ref>Leeuw, Ruud. [http://www.ruudleeuw.com/c46_tech.htm "Background Information: Curtiss C-46 "Commando."] ''ruudleeuw.com.'' Retrieved: 11 May 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.risingup.com/fars/info/part121-C-APPX.shtml "C-46 Nontransport Category Airplanes."] ''FAA Part 121'', Appendix C.</ref>
{{check quotation}}
===Postwar===
[[File:Curtiss C-46A NASA.jpg|thumb|C-46A being used for research in 1946, by [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]] (Predecessor to NASA)]]
Overall, the C-46 had been successful in its primary role as a wartime cargo transport and had benefited from a series of improvements. Like the C-47/DC-3, the C-46 seemed destined for a useful career as a postwar civilian passenger airliner and was considered for that by [[Eastern Airlines]]. However, the high operating costs of the C-46 (up to 50 percent greater than the C-47), soon caused most operators to change their minds and most postwar C-46 operations were limited to commercial cargo transport and then only for certain routes. One of the C-46's failings was the prodigious fuel consumption of its powerful {{cvt|2000|hp|kW}} engines, which used fuel at a much higher rate than the C-47/DC-3. Maintenance was also more intensive and costlier.<ref name= "Mondey p. 72"/> Despite these disadvantages, surplus C-46s were used by some air carriers, including [[Capitol Air]]ways, [[Flying Tiger Line|Flying Tigers]], [[Civil Air Transport]] and [[World Airways]] to carry cargo and passengers. Many other small carriers also eventually operated the type on scheduled and non-scheduled routes. The C-46 became a common sight in South America and was widely used in Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina and Chile, especially in mountainous areas (where a good climb rate and high service ceiling were required) or to overfly deep jungle terrain where ground transport was impracticable.

C-46 Commandos also went back to war. A dozen surplus C-46's were purchased in the United States covertly for use in Israel's 1948 war for independence and flown to Czechoslovakia in a circuitous route along South America and then across to Africa. The type's long range proved invaluable in flying cargo, including desperately needed dismantled [[Avia S-199|S-199]] fighters from Czechoslovakia as well as other weapons and military supplies. On the return flight the C-46's would dump bombs out the cargo door on various targets at night, including Gaza, El Arish, Majdal, and Faluja (Egypt and Israel also used C-47s as bombers and transports locally).{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} C-46's served in [[Korean War|Korea]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] for various U.S. Air Force operations, including supply missions, paratroop drops and clandestine agent transportation. The C-46 was also employed in the abortive U.S.-supported [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay of Pigs invasion]] in 1961. The C-46 was not officially retired from service with the U.S. Air Force until 1968.

The type served in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA). The C-46 played a supporting role in many clandestine operations during the late 1940s and early 1950s, including supply efforts to Chiang Kai-Shek's troops battling Mao's Communists in China as well as flying cargoes of military and medical supplies to French forces via [[Gialam Airfield]] in Hanoi and other bases in French Indochina. The CIA operated its own "airline" for these operations, Civil Air Transport, which was eventually renamed [[Air America (airline)|Air America]] in 1959. An Air America C-46 was the last fixed-wing aircraft flown out of Vietnam [Saigon] at the close of hostilities there. On 29 April 1975, Capt. E. G. Adams flew a 52-seat version, with 152 people on board, to [[Bangkok, Thailand]].<ref>Adams, Capt E.G. [http://www.air-america.org/Articles/Fall_of_Saigon.shtml#adams "Memories of the Fall of Saigon – April 29, 1975 – Fred Walker's Diary: The Beginning of the End."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084338/http://www.air-america.org/Articles/Fall_of_Saigon.shtml |date=20 July 2011 }} ''air-america.org.'' Retrieved: 27 October 2011.</ref>

The [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]] used the Commando until at least 1978. The Republic of China Air Force operated the C-46 up until 1982 before it was retired. Although their numbers began to dwindle, C-46s continued to operate in remote locations and could be seen in service from Canada and Alaska to Africa and South America. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the [[Canada|Canadian]] [[airline]] [[Lamb Air]] operated several C-46s from their bases in [[Thompson, Manitoba|Thompson]] and [[Churchill, Manitoba|Churchill]], [[Manitoba]]. One of the largest C-46 operators was Air Manitoba, whose fleet of aircraft featured gaudy color schemes for individual aircraft. In the 1990s, these aircraft were sold to other owner/operators.<ref>Groves 1994, p. 32.</ref>  Between 1993 and 1995, Relief Air Transport operated three Canadian registered C-46s on Operation Lifeline [[Sudan]] from Lokichoggio, [[Kenya]]. These aircraft also transported humanitarian supplies to [[Goma]], [[Zaire]] and [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]] from their base in [[Nairobi]], Kenya. One of the aircraft (C-GIXZ) was lost near Lokichoggio while the remaining two (C-GTXW & C-GIBX) eventually made their way back to Canada. These two aircraft were then operated as freighters for [[First Nations Transportation]] in [[Gimli, Manitoba]] but the airline later ceased operations with one aircraft sold to Buffalo Airways and the other tied up in receivership.<ref>Wiebe, Lindsey. [http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/first-nations-transportation-banned-from-flying-50347287.html "First Nations Transportation banned from flying: 20 people laid off while airline fights suspension."] ''Winnipeg Free Press'', 7 October 2009.</ref> According to First Nations Transport, as of Jan 2016, the latter aircraft (C-GIBX) was claimed to be airworthy with two new engines and available for sale with the fire bottles and props needing updates. The other former First Nations Transportation C-46 (C-GTXW) flew for [[Buffalo Airways]] until it was scrapped in 2015. Two aircraft of the same type (C-GTPO and C-FAVO) continue to be used by the same carrier primarily in Canada's Arctic. They have been featured on the [[Ice Pilots NWT]] television show.<ref>[http://www.buffaloairways.com/index.php?page=curtiss-c-46 "Buffalo Airways Fleet: C-46 Commando."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122163537/http://www.buffaloairways.com/index.php?page=curtiss-c-46 |date=2013-01-22 }} ''buffaloairways.com'', 2011. Retrieved: 11 May 2011.</ref> Prices for a used C-46 in 1960 ranged from £20,000 for a C-46F conversion, to £60,000 for a C-46R.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%202681.html "Curtiss CW-20/C-46 (Commando)."] ''Flight'', 18 November 1960.</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:Curtiss CW-20A BOAC at Gibraltar c1941.jpg|thumb|"St. Louis", the [[British Overseas Airways Corporation|BOAC]] CW-20A at [[Gibraltar]], 1941–42. Was previously C-55 with Curtiss and USAAC, after conversion from twin-tail CW-20T]]
[[File:C46F Curtiss Commando.jpg|thumb|C-46F "China Doll", [[Camarillo Airport]] Museum]]

;CW-20
:Original passenger airliner design.
;CW-20T
:The original passenger airliner prototype, fitted with a dihedralled [[tailplane]] and endplate fins, powered by two {{cvt|1700|hp|kW}} [[R-2600|Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone]] radial [[piston engine]]s.
;CW-20A
:Company designation of the '''C-55'''.
;CW-20B
:Company designation of the '''C-46A'''.
;CW-20B-1
:Company designation of the '''XC-46B'''.
;CW-20B-2
:Company designation of the '''C-46D'''.
;CW-20B-3
:Company designation of the '''C-46E'''.
;CW-20B-4
:Company designation of the '''C-46F'''.
;CW-20B-5
:Company designation of the '''C-46G'''.
;CW-20E
:Company designation of the '''AC-46K'''.
;CW-20G
:Company designation of the '''XC-46C'''.
;CW-20H
:Company designation of the '''XC-46L'''.
;C-55
:Modification to the original CW-20T prototype, tail redesigned with a large single tail fin and rudder and an elevator with no dihedral and other improvements, including a change to Pratt & Whitney R-2800-5 radials. It was used as a C-46 military transport prototype aircraft, also designated '''XC-46'''. Later sold to [[BOAC]]
;C-46 Commando
:Twin-engined military transport aircraft, powered by two {{cvt|2,000|hp}} Pratt & Whitney R-2800-43 radial piston engines.
;{{visible anchor|C-46A}} Commando
:Twin-engined military transport aircraft, powered by two 2,000&nbsp;hp Pratt & Whitney R-2800-51 radial piston engines, fitted with a large cargo door on the port side of the fuselage, equipped with strengthened cargo floor, a hydraulic winch and folding seats for up to 40 troops.
;TC-46A
:Three C-46As converted to crew trainers.
:XC-46A
:A C-46A used for development tests; converted back to C-46 after tests were completed.
[[File:Curtiss XC-46B in flight.jpg|thumb|XC-46B in flight]]
;XC-46B Commando
:One C-46A was converted into a test aircraft to evaluate a stepped windscreen design, it was powered by two {{cvt|2100|hp|kW}} R-2800-34W radial piston engines with water injection.
;XC-46C Commando
:Redesignated from C-46G, later redesignated XC-113.
;{{visible anchor|C-46D}} Commando
:Twin-engined personnel, paratroop transport aircraft, fitted with an extra door on the port side; 1,610 built.
;TC-46D
:15 C-46Ds converted to crew trainers.
;C-46E Commando
:17 C-46Ds modified with a large single cargo door on the port side of the fuselage, fitted with a stepped windscreen and 2,000 hp R-2800-75 engines with 3-bladed Hamilton Standard propellers.
;ZC-46E
:Redesignation of C-46Es in 1946.
;{{visible anchor|C-46F}} Commando
:Twin-engined cargo transport aircraft, equipped with single cargo doors on both sides of the fuselage, fitted with square cut wingtips; 234 built.
;C-46G Commando
:This one-off aircraft was fitted with a stepped windscreen and square wingtips, one built.
;C-46H
:More powerful version of C-46F, equipped with [[twin tail]] wheels, 300 ordered but later cancelled. One C-46A was modified to C-46H standard after WWII.
;C-46J
:Planned update for C-46E with stepped windscreen; never ordered.
[[File:Curtiss XC-113.jpg|thumb|right|The XC-113]]

;AC-46K Commando
:Unbuilt version, intended to be powered by two {{cvt|2500|hp|kW}} [[Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone|Wright R-3350-BD]] radial piston engines.
;XC-46K
:Conversion project for C-46F with two 2,500 hp Wright R-3350-BD engines.
;XC-46L
:In 1945 three C-46As were fitted with Wright R-3350 radial piston engines.
[[File:Curtiss C-46D Super 46C HR-LAJ LANSA FLL 25.02.78.jpg|thumb|right|Curtiss C-46R/Super 46C post-war modified C-46D of LANSA Honduras in 1978]]
;XC-113
:Engine change: One C-46G, s/n 44-78945, was converted into an engine testbed, the aircraft was fitted with a [[General Electric T31]] turboprop in place of right-hand side R-2800. The aircraft handled so poorly on the ground that it was never flown.
;R5C-1
:Twin-engined military transport aircraft for the U.S. Marine Corps. Similar to the C-46A Commando; 160 built.
;C-46R
:Riddle Airlines, of USA, conversion, with modification kit (mid-1950s) which added {{cvt|40|mph|kph}} to cruising speed and {{cvt|1000|kg|lb|order=flip}} to the payload. Riddle subsequently converted its own fleet of 32 to have {{cvt|2100|hp|kW}} Pratt & Whitney engines.<ref>[http://www.aviastar.org/manufacturers/1778.html Manufacturers – Riddle Airlines] ''(accessed 2015-05-10)''</ref> This conversion was also referred to as the '''Super 46C'''.

==Operators==

===Military operators===
[[File:Curtiss C-46 Commando.JPG|thumb|right|Curtiss C-46 "Commando" in flight]]
[[File:C-46 taiwan.jpg|thumb|right|C-46 from Republic of China Air Force, at the RoCAF Museum, Taiwan]]
[[File:C-46 PLAAF.jpg|thumb|People's Liberation Army Air Force C-46 at Beijing Civil Aviation Museum]]
[[File:Koukukouen 20051008 C-46A 2.jpg|thumb|C-46A 2 of the [[Japan Air Self-Defence Force]]]]
[[File:C-46 cockpit.jpg|thumb|"Working office" of a C-46, c. 2006, over northern Manitoba]]
[[File:Commando 'China Doll' APU.JPG|thumb|The [[Auxiliary power unit|APU]] of "China Doll"]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
;{{ARG}}
* [[Argentine Air Force]] – two aircraft{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
;{{BOL}}
* [[Bolivian Air Force]]
* [[Transporte Aéreo Militar]]<ref name="AE34 p37">Green and Swanborough ''Air Enthusiast'' September–December 1987, p. 37.</ref>
;{{BRA}}
* [[Brazilian Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p37"/>
;{{CAM}}
* [[Khmer Air Force|Royal Khmer Aviation]] (AVRK) – six aircraft
;{{ROC}}
* [[Republic of China Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p36"/>
;{{PRC}}
* [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p36"/>
;{{COL}}
* [[Colombian Air Force]] – one aircraft
;{{CUB}}
* [[Cuban Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p37"/>
;{{DOM}}
* [[Dominican Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p37"/>
;{{ECU}}
* [[Ecuadorian Air Force]]
;{{EGY}}
* [[Egyptian Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p37"/>
;{{HAI}}
* [[Haiti Air Corps|Haitian Air Corps]]

;{{HON}}
* [[Honduran Air Force]]
;{{ISR}}
* [[Israeli Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p37"/>
;{{JPN}}
* [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]]<ref name="AE34 p36-7">Green and Swanborough ''Air Enthusiast'' September–December 1987, pp. 36–37.</ref>
;{{KOR}}
* [[South Korean Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p36">Green and Swanborough ''Air Enthusiast'' September–December 1987, p. 36.</ref>
;{{flag|Laos|1952}}
* [[Royal Lao Air Force]]
;{{MEX}}
* [[Mexican Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p37"/>
;{{PER}}
* [[Peruvian Air Force]]<ref name="AE34 p37"/>
;{{USSR}}
* [[Soviet Air Force]] – one aircraft<ref>Hardesty 1991, p. 253 (Appendixes).</ref>
;{{USA}}
* [[United States Army Air Forces]]
* [[United States Air Force]]
* [[United States Marine Corps]]
* [[United States Navy]]
* [[Air America (airline)|Air America]]
{{div col end}}

===Civil operators===
{{inc-transport|date=August 2014}}
[[File:C-46 'Buffalo Airways'.jpg|thumb|[[Buffalo Airways]] C-46 in northern Canada, c. 2005]]
[[File:Curtiss C-46 Lambair.jpg|thumb|right|Lamb Air C-46]]
[[File:C-46-First Nations Transportation,.jpg|thumb|C-46 ''C-GIBX'' from First Nations Transportation, c. 2006]]
[[File:Everts Air Cargo C-46 touching down at ANC (6624453783).jpg|thumb|Everts Air Cargo C-46 touches down in Alaska in 2011]]
[[File:BELIZE NO 1.jpg|thumb|right|An Aeropesca Colombia C-46 at [[Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport]], [[Belize]]]]
[[File:Curtiss C-46A PJ-CLD MIA 19.10.70 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|C-46A of Caraibische Lucht Transport (Curaçao) in 1970]]
[[File:Lufthansa Curtiss C-46D Commando at Düsseldorf.jpg|thumb|right|C-46D of Lufthansa/Capitol Air at [[Düsseldorf Airport]] in 1964]]
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
;{{ARG}}
* Aeroplan
* [[Aerotransportes Litoral Argentino]] (ALA)
* [[Aerovias Halcon]]<ref name="jawa69airp4">Taylor 1969, Appendix: World Directory of Airlines, p. 4.</ref>
* [[Austral Lineas Aereas]]
* [[Aerolineas Carreras Transoprtes Aereos]] (ACTA)
* [[Transamerican Air Transport]]
* Transcontinental (TSA)
;{{BOL}}<ref>jp airline-fleets international</ref>
* [[Air Beni]]
* [[CAMBA Transportes Aéreos]]
* [[Frigorifico Santa Rita]]<ref name="end79p73">Endres 1979, p. 73.</ref>
* LAC Lineas Aereas Canedo
* [[Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano]]<ref name="jawa52 p14">Bridgman 1952, p. 14.</ref>
* [[Northeast Bolivian Airways|NEBA – North East Bolivian Airways]]
* [[SAO – Servicios Aéreos del Oriente]]
* SkyTeam Flight Training
;{{BRA}}
* [[Aero Geral]]<ref name="jawa52 p14"/>
* [[Aeronorte]]
* [[Aerovias Brasil]]<ref name="jawa52 p15">Bridgman 1952, p. 15.</ref>
* [[Companhia Itaú de Transportes Aéreos]]
* [[Linha Aérea Transcontinental Brasileira]]
* [[Linhas Aéreas Paulistas – LAP]]
* [[Lóide Aéreo Nacional]]<ref name="jawa52 p15"/>
* [[NAB – Navegação Aérea Brasileira]]
* [[Paraense Transportes Aéreos]]
* [[Real Transportes Aéreos]]
* [[Sadia Transportes Aéreos|Sadia]]
* [[TABA – Transportes Aéreos da Bacia Amazônica|TABA]]
* [[TAS – Transportes Aéreos Salvador]]
* [[Transportes Aéreos Nacional]]
* [[Transportes Aéreos Universal]]
* [[Varig]]<ref name="jawa52 p15"/>
* [[VASP]]<ref name="jawa69airp8">Taylor 1969, Appendix: World Directory of Airlines, p. 8.</ref>
;{{CAN}}
* [[Air Manitoba]]
* [[Buffalo Airways]]
* [[Canadian Pacific Air Lines]]<ref name="jawa58 p18">Bridgman 1958, p. 18.</ref>
* [[Commando Air Transport]]
* [[Lambair]]<ref name="end79p34">Endres 1979, p. 34.</ref>
* [[First Nations Transportation]]
* [[Maritime Central Airways]]<ref name="jawa52 p16">Bridgman 1952, p. 16.</ref>
* [[Pacific Western Airlines]]
* [[World-Wide Airways]]
;{{CHI}}
* Linea Aerea Sud Americana – LASA<ref name="jawa69airp16">Taylor 1969, Appendix: World Directory of Airlines, p. 16.</ref>
;{{COL}}
* [[Aerocondor Colombia]]<ref name="jawa69airp16"/>
* [[Aeropesca Colombia]]<ref name="end79p155">Endres 1979, p. 155.</ref>
* [[Aerosucre]]<ref name="end79p155"/>
* [[ARCA Space Corporation|Arca]]
* [[Avianca]]<ref name="jawa52 p17">Bridgman 1952, p. 17.</ref>
* [[CORAL Colombia]]
* [[Líneas Aéreas La Urraca]]<ref name="end79p159">Endres 1979, p. 159.</ref>
;{{CGO}}
* [[Congofrigo]]
;{{CRC}}
* [[LACSA]] (Líneas Aéreas Costarricenses S.A. / Costa Rica)<ref name="jawa52 p17"/>
;{{CUB}}
* [[Cubana de Aviación|Cubana]]<ref name="jawa69airp18">Taylor 1969, Appendix: World Directory of Airlines, p. 18.</ref>
;{{Flag|Curacao}}
* Carabaische Lucht Transport
;{{DOM}}
* [[Aeromar]]
* [[Dominicana de Aviación]]<ref name="jawa52 p17"/>
;{{EGY}}
* [[Arabian American Airways]]
* [[SAIDE - Services Aériens Internationaux d'Egypte]]
;{{GER}}
* [[Lufthansa]] (leased from [[Capitol Air|Capitol International Airways]])
;{{GTM}}
* [[Aviateca]]<ref name="jawa52 p19">Bridgman 1952, p. 19.</ref>
;{{Flag|Haiti}}
* [[Air Haiti]]
;{{HON}}
* [[Sahsa|Servicicio Aereo de Honduras SA]]
;{{HKG}}
* [[Hong Kong Airways]]
;{{IRL}}
* [[Irish International Airlines]] (leased from Seaboard & Western Airlines)
;{{ISR}}
* [[Arkia]]<ref name="jawa52 p21">Bridgman 1952, p. 21.</ref>
* [[El Al]]<ref name="jawa52 p21"/>
;{{ITA}}
* [[Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane]]
* [[Società Aerea Mediterranea]]
;{{JOR}}
* [[Air Jordan (airline)|Air Jordan]]<ref name="jawa58 p28">Bridgman 1958, p. 28.</ref>
;{{KEN}}
* [[Relief Air Transport]]
;{{flag|Laos|1952}}
* [[Royal Air Lao]]
;{{LIB}}
* [[Lebanese International Airways]]
;{{LUX}}
* [[Luxembourg Airlines]]
;{{MAR}}
* [[Aigle Azur Maroc]]
* [[Royal Air Maroc]]<ref name="jawa52 p18">Bridgman 1952, p. 18.</ref>
;{{NIC}}
* [[LANICA]] (Líneas Aéreas de Nicaragua S.A./ Nicaragua)<ref name="jawa58 p31">Bridgman 1958, p. 31.</ref>
;{{Flag|Norway}}
* [[Fred. Olsen Airtransport|Fred Olsen Air Transport]]<ref>Hagby 1998, p. 34.</ref>
;{{Flag|Panama}}
* [[Copa Airlines]]
;{{PAR}}
* Paraguayan Airways Service/Servicios Aéreos del Paraguay (PAS) – 3 aircraft
* Lloyd Aéreo Paraguayo S.A. (LAPSA) – 2 aircraft
* Aerocarga Asociados (ACA) – 1 aircraft
* International Products Corporation (IPC Servicio Aéreo) – 1 aircraft
;{{PER}}
* SATCO – Servicio Aereo de Transportes Commerciales
* APSA – [[Aerolíneas Peruanas]] S.A.
;{{ROC}}
* [[Central Air Transport Corporation]]<ref>Best ''Air-Britain Archive'' Autumn 2009, pp. 104–107</ref>
* [[China National Aviation Corporation]]<ref>Best ''Air-Britain Archive'' Summer 2010, pp. 64–67</ref>
* [[Civil Air Transport]]<ref name="jawa58 p34">Bridgman 1958, p. 34.</ref> – former operator
* [[TransAsia Airways|Foshing Airlines]]<ref name="jawa58 p34"/>
;{{Flag|Sweden}}
* Fairline AB
* Tor-Air
* Transair Sweden
;{{UK}}
* [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]] (CW-20)
;{{Flag|United States|1912}}
* [[AAXICO Airlines]]<ref name="jawa58 p35">Bridgman 1958, p. 35.</ref>
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Air America|Air America]] (earlier airline than the [[Air America (airline)|CIA operator]])
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Air Services|Air Services]]
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Air Transport Associates|Air Transport Associates]]
* [[Alaska Airlines]]<ref name="jawa52 p13">Bridgman 1952, p. 13.</ref>
* [[Supplemental air carrier#American Air Transport and Flight School|American Air Transport and Flight School]]
* [[Aerovias Sud Americana]] (aka ASA International Airlines)
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Argonaut Airways|Argonaut Airways]]
* [[Braniff]] (Braniff International Airways)
* [[California Coastal Airlines]] [[trade name|dba]] [[California Central Airlines]]
* [[Capitol Air]] (Capitol International Airways)
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Caribbean American Lines|Caribbean American Lines]]
* [[Central Airlines]]<ref name="jawa52 p25">Bridgman 1952, p. 25.</ref>
* [[Civil Air Transport]]<ref name="jawa52 p15"/> (later became Air America)
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Continental Charters|Continental Charters]]
* [[Cordova Airlines]]<ref name="jawa58 p13">Bridgman 1958, p. 13.</ref>
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Currey Air Transport|Currey Air Transport]]
* [[Delta Air Lines]]
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Economy Airways|Economy Airways]]
* Fairbanks Air Service
* [[Flying Tiger Line]]
* [[Lake Central Airlines]]<ref name="jawa52 p26">Bridgman 1952, p. 26.</ref>
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Meteor Air Transport|Meteor Air Transport]]
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Monarch Air Service|Monarch Air Service]]
* [[National Airlines (1934–1980)|National Airlines]]<ref name="jawa52 p26"/>
* [[Supplemental air carrier#New England Air Express|New England Air Express]]
* [[Wien Air Alaska|Northern Consolidated Airlines]]<ref name="jawa52 p13"/>
* [[Pan American World Airways]]<ref name="jawa52 p27">Bridgman 1952, p. 27.</ref>
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Peninsular Air Transport|Peninsular Air Transport]]
* [[Reeve Aleutian Airways]]<ref name="jawa58 p13"/>
* [[Resort Airlines]]
* [[Riddle Airlines]]
* Shamrock Airlines
* [[Seaboard World Airlines]]
* [[Slick Airways]]
* [[Supplemental air carrier#S.S.W.|S.S.W.]]
* [[Standard Air Lines (1945–1949)]]
* Tatonduk Outfitters Limited (Parent Company of Everts Air Fuel, [[Everts Air Cargo]] and Everts Air Alaska)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Everts Air Cargo|url = http://www.evertsair.com/pages/company/history.php|website = www.evertsair.com|access-date = 2016-02-08|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160216183526/http://evertsair.com/pages/company/history.php|archive-date = 2016-02-16}}</ref>
* [[Supplemental air carrier#Westair Transport|Westair Transport]]
* [[Wien Air Alaska|Wien Alaska Airlines]]<ref name="jawa52 p13"/>
* [[Trans Caribbean Airways]]
* [[Trans Continental Airlines]]
* [[Supplemental air carrier#U.S. Aircoach|U.S. Aircoach]]
* [[U. S. Airlines]]
* [[Zantop Air Transport]]
;{{Flag|Uruguay}}
* [[ARCO Aerolíneas Colonia S.A.]]
* [[Compañía Aeronáutica Uruguaya]] S.A. (CAUSA)
;{{Flag|Venezuela}}
* [[Avensa]]<ref name="jawa58 p40"/>
* [[Linea Aeropostal Venezolana]]<ref name="jawa58 p40">Bridgman 1958, p. 40.</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Accidents and incidents==
{{main|List of accidents and incidents involving the Curtiss C-46 Commando}}
[[File:Curtiss C-46 N355BY F1999-Bah3-20-V-2.jpg|thumb|Wreckage of a Curtiss C-46 Commando that crashed in shallow water at [[Norman's Cay]] in November 1980 (1999)]]

==Surviving aircraft==
{{main|List of surviving Curtiss C-46 Commandos}}

==Specifications (C-46A)==
[[File:Curtiss C-46 Commando 3-view line drawing.png|thumb|3-view line drawing of the Curtiss R5C-1 Commando]]

{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947,<ref name="Bowers p456">Bowers 1979, p. 456.</ref> Air Enthusiast<ref name="AE34 p42">Green and Swanborough ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'' September–December 1987, p. 42.</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!--   General characteristics
-->
|crew=4 or 5
|capacity=<br>
** 40 troops ''or''
** 30 stretcher patients ''or''
** {{convert|15000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} cargo<ref name="Bowers p453">Bowers 1979, p. 453.</ref>
|length ft=76
|length in=4
|length note=
|span ft=108
|span in=0
|span note=
|height ft=21
|height in=9
|height note=
|wing area sqft=1360
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil='''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 23017]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 4410.5]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=30669
|empty weight note={{#tag:ref|Cargo configuration|group=N}}<ref name="AE34 p42"/>
|gross weight lb=45000
|gross weight note={{#tag:ref|Normal maximum weight. Overload weight {{convert|49600|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="AE34 p42"/>|group=N}}
|max takeoff weight lb=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--   Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney R-2800-51 Double Wasp]]
|eng1 type=18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines
|eng1 hp=2000

|prop blade number=4
|prop name=[[Curtiss Electric]] constant-speed propellers
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--   Performance
-->
|max speed mph=270
|max speed note=at {{cvt|15000|ft}}
|cruise speed mph=173
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed note=
|range miles=3150
|range note= at {{cvt|173|mph|kn km/h}}; {{cvt|1000|mi|nmi km}} at {{cvt|237|mph|kn km/h}}
|combat range miles=
|combat range note=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling ft=24500
|ceiling note=
|g limits=<!-- aerobatic -->
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|glide ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude= {{cvt|10000|ft}} in 17 minutes 24 seconds
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=

|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
|similar aircraft=
* [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]]
* [[Boeing 307 Stratoliner]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
* [[List of military aircraft of the United States]]
* [[List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)]]
|see also=
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=N}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* Andrade, John M. ''US Military Aircraft Designations and Serials''. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. {{ISBN|0-904597-21-0}}.
* Best, Martin S. "The Development of Commercial Aviation in China: Part 8B: Central Air Transport Corporation - Fleet Lists". ''Air-Britain Archive'', Autumn 2009. pp.&nbsp;103–118. {{ISSN|0262-4923}}.
* Best, Martin S. "The Development of Commercial Aviation in China: Part 10B: China National Aviation Corporation 1945–1949". ''Air-Britain Archive'', Summer 2010. pp.&nbsp;63–74. {{ISSN|0262-4923}}.
* Bowers, Peter M. ''Curtiss Aircraft, 1907–1947''. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979. {{ISBN|0-370-10029-8}}.
* Bridgman, Leonard. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1952–53''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1952.
* [[Leonard Bridgman|Bridgman, Leonard]]. ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958–59''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd., 1958.
* {{cite book|last=Carter|first=John D.|year=1958|chapter=Chapter 1: The Air Transport Command|editor-first=Wesley Frank|editor-last=Craven|editor2-first=James Lea|editor2-last=Cate|title=The Army Air Forces in World War II: Services Around the World|volume=7|publisher=Air Force Historical Studies Office|chapter-url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/Nov/05/2001329892/-1/-1/0/aaf_wwii-v7-2.pdf|pages=3–45}}
* Davis, John M., Harold G. Martin and John A. Whittle. ''The Curtiss C-46 Commando''. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1978. {{ISBN|0-85130-065-0}}.
* Devlin, Gerard M. ''Paratrooper!: The Saga of Parachute And Glider Combat Troops During World War II''. London: Robson Books, 1979. {{ISBN|0-312-59652-9}}.
* Endres, Günter G. ''World Airline Fleets 1979''. Hounslow, UK: Airline Publications & Sales Ltd, 1979. {{ISBN|0-905117-53-0}}.
* Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Commando: A Dove from Curtiss-Wright". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'' 34, September–December 1987, pp.&nbsp;25–42. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}
* Groves, Clinton. ''Propliners: A Half-Century of the World's Great Propeller-Driven Airliners'' (Enthusiast Color Series). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-87938-866-9}}.
* Hagby, Kay. [http://www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/e38c175e6746f06628c09886091e4707 ''Fra Nielsen & Winther til Boeing 747'' (in Norwegian).] Drammen, Norway. Hagby, 1998. {{ISBN|82-994752-0-1}}.
* Hardesty, Von. ''Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941–1945''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, First edition 1982, 1991. {{ISBN|0-87474-510-1}}.
* Johnson, E.R. "The Airliner that Went to War." ''Aviation History'' Vol. 18, no. 1, September 2007.
* Love, Terry.'' C-46 Commando in action''. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 2003. {{ISBN|0-89747-452-X}}.
* Mondey, David. ''The Hamlyn Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II''. New York: Bounty Books, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-7537-1461-4}}.
* Mormillo, Frank B. ''The Other Warbird Transport: A C-46 Commando Portfolio''. [[Air Enthusiast]] 87, May–June 2000, pp.&nbsp;23–25. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}
* Myasnikov, Avinoam and Amos Dor. ''Commando Story: The Life and Times of an Israeli C-46''. [[Air Enthusiast]] 115, January–February 2005, pp.&nbsp;76–77 {{ISSN|0143-5450}}
* Pereira, Aldo. ''Breve História da Aviação Comercial Brasileira'' (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Europa, 1987. {{ISBN|978-85-61936-00-6}}.
* {{cite magazine|last=Reinhard|first=Martin A.|title=Talkback|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]] |date=January–February 2004|issue=109 |page=74 |issn=0143-5450}}
* [[John W. R. Taylor|Taylor, John W. R.]] ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1969–70''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1969.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf8vvplmxF0C&pg=PA56 Illustrations in ''Flying Magazine'' January 1941 showing single versus twin-tail configurations of CW-20 prototype]
* [http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&biw=1440&bih=688&tbm=isch&tbnid=-0cTOMDp5lzPyM:&imgrefurl=http://images.google.com/hosted/life/8c26ef4c10fba9ce.html&docid=udtKVYi0iOzy1M&imgurl=http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/9ec1ae826100f61b_thumb&w=64&h=64&ei=pjOgT5GON43D8QOQ14GjAQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1023&vpy=409&dur=437&hovh=64&hovw=64&tx=71&ty=46&sig=108412345345016776534&page=1&tbnh=64&tbnw=64&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:12,s:0,i:97 1942 ''Life'' magazine photos of loading arrangement demonstrations with the C-46]

{{Curtiss-Wright aircraft}}
{{USAF transports}}
{{USN transports}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Curtiss aircraft]]
[[Category:1940s United States military transport aircraft|Curtiss C-046 Commando]]
[[Category:1940s United States cargo aircraft]]
[[Category:1940s United States airliners]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1940]]
[[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear]]