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Cutaneous receptor
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{{short description|Type of sensory receptor}} A '''cutaneous receptor''' is a [[sensory receptor]] found in the skin that provides information about [[Thermoception|temperature]], [[Haptic perception|touch]] (including vibration and pain), [[Proprioception|spatial orientation]],[[Mechanoreceptor|pressure]] (stretching or squeezing), and [[Chemoreceptor|metabolic circumstances]] (including those induced by external chemical substances). The main four types of cutaneous receptors are [[tactile corpuscle]]s, [[bulbous corpuscle]]s, [[Pacinian corpuscle]]s, and [[Merkel nerve ending]]s, although the latter do not qualify as sensory corpuscles in the narrow sense.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cobo |first1=Ramón |last2=García-Piqueras |first2=Jorge |last3=Cobo |first3=Juan |last4=Vega |first4=José A. |date=2021-01-10 |title=The Human Cutaneous Sensory Corpuscles: An Update |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=227 |doi=10.3390/jcm10020227 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=7827880 |pmid=33435193}}</ref> ==Types== <!-- Cutaneous nociceptor redirects here--> The sensory receptors in the skin are: *[[Mechanoreceptor]]s **[[Bulbous corpuscle]]s (skin stretch) **[[Bulboid corpuscle]]s (Cold) **[[Tactile corpuscle]]s (changes in texture, slow vibrations) **[[Pacinian corpuscle]]s (deep pressure, fast vibrations) **[[Merkel nerve ending]]s (sustained touch and pressure) **[[Free nerve ending]]s *[[thermoreceptor]] *[[nociceptors]] *[[chemoreceptors]] ==Modalities== <!--Cutaneous receptor modalities redirects here--> With the above-mentioned receptor types the skin can sense the modalities touch, pressure, vibration, temperature and pain. The modalities and their receptors are partly overlapping, and are innervated by different kinds of [[Axon|fiber types]]. {| class="wikitable" |+Cutaneous receptors |- ! [[stimulus modality|Modality]] !! Type !! [[Axon|Fiber type]] |- ! Touch | [[mechanoreceptor|Rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors]] ([[tactile corpuscle]]s<br/> [[Pacinian corpuscle]]s<br/> [[hair plexus|hair follicle receptors]] <br/> some [[free nerve ending]]s) || [[Aβ fibers]] |- ! Touch and pressure | [[mechanoreceptor|Slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors]] ([[Merkel nerve ending]] and [[bulbous corpuscle]]s<br/> some [[free nerve ending]]s) || [[Aβ fibers]] (Merkel and Ruffini's), [[A delta fiber|Aδ fibers]] (free nerve endings) |- ! Vibration | [[Tactile corpuscle]]s and [[Pacinian corpuscle]]s || [[Aβ fibers]] |- ! Temperature | [[Thermoreceptor]]s || [[A delta fiber|Aδ fibers]] (cold receptors)<br/> [[C fibers]] (warmth receptors) |- ! Pain and Itch | [[Free nerve ending]] [[nociceptor]]s || [[A delta fiber|Aδ fibers]] (Nociceptors of [[neospinothalamic tract]]) <br/> [[C fibers]] (Nociceptors of [[paleospinothalamic tract]]) |} ==Morphology== Cutaneous receptors are at the ends of afferent neurons. works within the capsule. Ion channels are situated near these networks. In [[sensory transduction]], the [[afferent nerve]]s transmit through a series of [[synapse]]s in the [[central nervous system]], first in the [[spinal cord]], the ventrobasal portion of the [[thalamus]], and then on to the [[somatosensory cortex]].<ref>Mada S. S. (2000): Human Biology. McGraw–Hill, New York, {{ISBN|0-07-290584-0}}.</ref> ==See also== *[[Sense]] *[[Sensory receptor|Receptor]] *[[Skin]] *[[Epithelium]] *{{section link|Opsin|Opsins in the human eye, brain, and skin}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sensory receptors]]
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