Editing Cutout animation

{{Short description|A form of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-dimensional pieces of material}}
{{original research|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Animacion CutOut clip.webm|thumb|Video about making cutout animation, in Spanish with English subtitles]]
 
'''Cutout animation''' is a form of [[stop-motion animation]] using flat characters, [[theatrical property|prop]]s and backgrounds cut from materials such as [[paper]], card, stiff [[Textile|fabric]] or [[photograph]]s. The props would be cut out and used as puppets for stop motion. The world's earliest known animated feature films were cutout animations (made in [[Argentina]] by [[Quirino Cristiani]]),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bendazzi |first1=Giannalberto |title=Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator |url=https://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html |website=Animation World Network |access-date=19 October 2018}}</ref> as is the world's earliest surviving animated feature ''[[Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed]]'' (1926) by [[Lotte Reiniger]].{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

The technique of most cutout animation is comparable to that of [[shadow play]], but with stop motion replacing the manual or mechanical manipulation of flat puppets. Some films, including ''Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed'', also have much of their silhouette style in common with shadow plays. Cutout animation pioneer Lotte Reiniger studied the traditions of shadow play and created several shadow play film sequences, including a tribute to [[François Dominique Séraphin]] in [[Jean Renoir]]'s film ''[[La Marseillaise (film)|La Marseillaise]]'' (1938).<ref name = wfp/>

While sometimes used as a relatively simple and cheap animation technique in children's programs (for instance in ''[[Ivor the Engine]]''), cutout animation has also often been used as a highly artistic medium that distinguishes itself more clearly from hand-drawn animation.

Cutout animation can be made with figures that have joints made with a rivet or pin or, when simulated on a computer, an anchor. These connections act as [[mechanical linkage]], which have the effect of a specific, fixed motion. Similar flat, jointed puppets have been in use in [[shadow play]]s for many centuries, such as in the Indonesian [[wayang]] tradition and in the "ombres chinoises" that were especially popular in France in the 18th and 19th century. The subgenre of [[silhouette animation]] is more closely related to these shadow shows and to the silhouette cutting art that has been popular in Europe especially in the 18th and 19th centuries. 

While many cutout animation puppets and other material is often purposely-made for films, ready-made imagery has also been heavily used in collage/[[photomontage]] styles, for instance in [[Terry Gilliam]]'s famous animations for ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' (1969-1975).

Lotte Reiniger, and movies like ''[[Twice Upon a Time (1983 film)|Twice Upon a Time]]'' (1983), used backlit animation, where the source of light comes from below. Animators like Terry Gilliam use light coming from above.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IVkkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Prince+Achmed+ever+made+Reiniger+backlit+Gilliam+top-lighted&pg=SA5-PA52 Frame-By-Frame Stop Motion: The Guide to Non-Puppet Photographic Animation Techniques]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/cinefamily-resurrects-lucasfilms-twice-upon-a-time-1983-123081/ Cinefamily resurrects Lucasfilm's “Twice Upon A Time” (1983)]</ref>

Cutout techniques were relatively often used in animated films until cel animation became the standard method (at least in the United States). Before 1934, Japanese animation mostly used cutout techniques rather than cel animation, because celluloid was too expensive.<ref>Sharp, Jasper (2009). "The First Frames of Anime". ''The Roots of Japanese Anime'', official booklet, DVD.</ref><ref name="Midnight">{{cite web|url=http://www.midnighteye.com/features/pioneers-of-anime.shtml|title=Pioneers of Japanese Animation (Part 1)|last=Sharp|first=Jasper|date=September 23, 2004|publisher=Midnight Eye|access-date=December 10, 2009}}</ref>

Today, cutout-style animation is frequently produced using [[computer]]s, with scanned images or [[vector graphics]] taking the place of physically cut materials. ''[[South Park]]'' is a notable example of the transition, since its [[Cartman Gets an Anal Probe|pilot episode]] was made with paper cutouts before switching to [[computer animation|computer software]].

== Short films ==
* [[Edwin S. Porter]] used "jumble captions" in ''[[How Jones Lost His Roll]]'', ''[[The Whole Dam Family and the Dam Dog]]'', and ''Everybody Works But Father'' (all 1905). ''The Whole Dam Family'' also includes an animated silhouette of a dog with firecrackers attached to its tail.<ref name="Style">{{cite book |last1=Salt |first1=Barry |title=Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis |date=1992 |publisher=Starword |page=48 |isbn=978-0-9509066-2-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/filmstyletechnol0000salt/page/48/mode/2up |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[Lotte Reiniger]] made animated silhouette sequences for ''Die Schöne Prinzessin von China'' (1917), ''Apokalypse'' (1918. lost) and ''Der Verlorene Schatten'' (1920)<ref name = wfp>{{Cite web|title=Lotte Reiniger – Women Film Pioneers Project|url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/lotte-reiniger/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=wfpp.columbia.edu}}</ref> 
* Reiniger created her own short silhouette films ''Das Ornament des Verliebten Herzens'' (1919), ''Amor und das Standhafte Liebespaar'' (1920), ''Der Fliegende Koffer'' (1921), ''Der Stern von Bethlehem'' (1921), ''Aschenputtel'' (1922), ''Das Geheimnis der Marquise'' (1922, advertisement for Nivea), ''Dornröschen'' (1922) and ''Barcarole'' (1924, advertisement for Mauxion), before creating her first feature. After ''Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed'' she continued to make dozens of shorts. From 1938 to 1982 she worked and lived in the United Kingdom.<ref name = wfp/>
*[[Noburo Ofuji]] worked primarily with cutout animation, for instance using ''chiyogami'' ([[Japan]]ese colored paper) in ''馬具田城の盗賊'' (Burglars of "Baghdad" Castle) (1926).<ref>{{cite web|author=Armen Boudjikanian|title=Early Japanese Animation: As Innovative as Contemporary Anime|publisher=Frames Per Second Magazine|url=http://www.fpsmagazine.com/blog/2008/02/early-japanese-animation-as-innovative.php|date=February 26, 2008|access-date=2008-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928042511/http://www.fpsmagazine.com/blog/2008/02/early-japanese-animation-as-innovative.php|archive-date=September 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''Le merle'' (1958) by [[Norman McLaren]] is a combination of (white) cut-outs and (pastel) backgrounds to the music of the French folksong "Mon Merle".<ref name="La Merle">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/le_merle|title=Le merle|last=McLaren|first=Norman|year=1958|work=NFB.ca|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=2009-08-31}}</ref>
*''[[The Little Island (film)|The Little Island]]'' (1958), by [[Richard Williams (animator)|Richard Williams]], a combination of both [[traditional animation]] and paper cut-out elements{{cn|date=October 2024}}
* [[Famous Studios]]' [[Modern Madcaps]] episode ''Bouncing Benny'' (1960) used paper cutout characters by animators Place and Feuer to create shadow effects<ref>https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/paramount-cartoons-1960-1961/</ref>
<!---* [[Yuri Norstein]] used cutout techniques in his famous animations--->
*''[[How Death Came to Earth]]'' (1971), by [[Ishu Patel]]{{cn|date=October 2024}}
*''Tabi'' (1973) and ''Shijin no Shôgai'' (1974), two cutout animations by [[Kihachirō Kawamoto]] (who was otherwise primarily a [[Puppet animation|puppet animator]]){{cn|date=October 2024}}
*''[[The Miracle of Flight]]'', (1974)<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMpXUd_kesA ''The Miracle of Flight''] on YouTube</ref> by [[Terry Gilliam]]
* Before co-founding [[:cs:Art And Animation studio|Art And Animation Studio]] with her husband, Dagmar Doubková created several short cutout animations, such as ''Oparádivé Sally'' (1976) (broadcast in the US as ''About Dressy Sally'' on [[Nickelodeon]]'s ''[[Pinwheel (TV series)|Pinwheel]]'' and subject of a 5-year long lost media search on internetfora),<ref>{{Cite web|title=A 30-Year-Old Mystery Put to Rest: Holy Grail, "Clock Man", Has Been Found!|url=https://www.zackbanack.com/blog/clockman|access-date=2020-12-04|website=Zack Banack|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Perníkový dědek'' (Gingerbread Man) (1977) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=bLxdozC3MCo | title=Perníkový dědek &#124; Moderní animovaná pohádka &#124; HD | website=[[YouTube]] | date=5 August 2022 }}</ref>,''Sbohem, Ofélie'' (Goodbye Ophelia) (1978), ''Královna Koloběžka první'' (Queen Scooter First) (1981), ''The Impossible Dream'' (1983) and ''Shakespeare 2000'' (1988)
* ''[[The Spirit of Christmas (short films)|The Spirit of Christmas]]'' (1992-1995) by [[Trey Parker]] and [[Matt Stone]]

== Feature films ==
[[File:Three Little Pigs National Media Museum UK Paper Animation Families 2012.ogv|thumb| An example of cutout animation, produced at the UK's [[National Media Museum]]]]
*''[[El Apóstol]]'' (1917) by Italian-Argentine cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], was also the world's first animated feature film.
*''[[The Adventures of Prince Achmed]]'' (1926) by [[Lotte Reiniger]] is a [[silhouette animation]] using armatured cutouts with backgrounds that were variously painted or composed of blown sand and even soap.
*''No. 12'', also known as ''[[Heaven and Earth Magic]]'' by [[Harry Everett Smith]], completed in 1962, utilizes cut-out illustrations culled from 19th century catalogs.
*[[Soyuzmultfilm]]'s ''[[Lefty (1964 film)|Lefty]]'' (1964) and ''[[Go There, Don't Know Where]]'' (1966), directed by [[Ivan Ivanov-Vano]]
*[[René Laloux]]'s early films made use of armatured cutouts, while his first feature ''[[Fantastic Planet|La Planète sauvage (Fantastic Planet)]]'' (1973) is a rare example of ''un''armatured cutout animation{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
*The opening sequence of ''[[L'armata Brancaleone]]'' (1966), a film by Italian director [[Mario Monicelli]], features cutout animation, made by the Italian [[Emanuele Luzzati]]
*[[Karel Zeman]] made several animated movies using cutout animation (''[[Krabat – The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]'') (1978) as well as live action movies combined with cutout animation (''[[The Fabulous Baron Munchausen]]'')
*''[[Twice Upon a Time (1983 film)|Twice Upon a Time]]'' (1983), an animated movie directed by [[John Korty]] and produced by [[George Lucas]], uses a form of cutout animation, which the filmmakers called "Lumage", that involved prefabricated cut-out plastic pieces that the animators moved on a light table
* ''[[South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]]'' (1999) and ''[[Imaginationland: The Movie (South Park)|Imaginationland: The Movie]]'' (2008) use computer animation to imitate cutout animation.
*''[[Strange Frame]]'' (2012) relies primarily on an innovative cutout style combined with both traditional and 3D elements
*''[[The Breadwinner (film)|The Breadwinner]]'' (2017) uses digital animation to imitate cutout animation in the storyworld sequences.

== Television series ==
*[[John Ryan (cartoonist)|John Ryan]]'s ''[[Captain Pugwash]]'' (1957–1966, 1974–1975) used cardboard cutouts that were manipulated with levers in front of painted backgrounds while filmed real-time 
*[[Oliver Postgate]] and [[Peter Firmin]]'s [[Smallfilms]] created and produced ''Alexander the Mouse'' (1957–1958, lost), ''[[Ivor the Engine]]'' (1959, 1975–1977) and ''[[Noggin the Nog]]'' (1959–1965, 1982). Their initial animation system used magnets on cutouts to move the figures around during real-time broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toonhound - Alexander the Mouse (1958)|url=http://www.toonhound.com/alexander.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626021826/http://www.toonhound.com/alexander.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 26, 2009|access-date=2020-12-31|website=www.toonhound.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bresson|date=2017-11-14|title=Animated Spotlight: Smallfilms|url=https://the-avocado.org/2017/11/14/animated-spotlight-smallfilms/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=The Avocado|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Ten short episodes of an early black and white animated adaptation of ''[[:fr:Les Schtroumpfs (série télévisée d'animation, 1961)|Les Schtroumpfs]]'' ([[The Smurfs]]) (1961-1967) by [[:fr:TVA Dupuis|TVA Dupuis]] used cutout animation for many of its characters.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
*''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' (1969) contained animation sketches with paper cut-out, as animated by Monty Python member [[Terry Gilliam]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Malbus Moma|title=Terry Gilliam explains Monty Python animations|date=2015-11-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ7JTB2CaN0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/SQ7JTB2CaN0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2019-07-23}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*[[David McKee]]'s ''[[King Rollo]]'' (1980)
*''[[Pigeon Street]]'' (1981) was created by Alan Rogers and Peter Lang, who would both go on to create animations for programmes like ''[[Words and Pictures (BBC series)|Words and Pictures]]'', ''[[Numbertime]]'', ''[[Rosie and Jim]]'' and ''Hotch Potch House''
*the intro and outro of ''[[Charlie Chalk]]'' (1987) featured cutout animation, while the episodes featured stop motion puppetry
* [[:cs:Jan Sarkandr Tománek|Jan Sarkandr Tománek]] created several cutout animation series, including ''[[:cs:Medvěd 09|Medvěd 09]]'' (Bear 09) (1988), ''[[:cs:Balabánci|Balabánci]]'' (1993), ''[[:cs:Dobrodružství pod vrbami|Dobrodružství pod vrbami]]'' (adaptation of ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'') (1999)
* [[:cs:Art And Animation studio|Art And Animation Studio]] combined puppet and cutout animation in ''Hajadla'' (2006){{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
*''[[Blue's Clues]]'' (1996-2006) used cutout animation for many of its characters
*''[[South Park]]'' (since 1997) used construction paper cutouts in [[Cartman Gets an Anal Probe|its first episode]] before switching to [[PowerAnimator]] and, later, [[Autodesk Maya|Maya]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}
*''[[Angela Anaconda]]'' (1999-2002) used black-and-white photographs of faces that were superimposed on computer-generated bodies and backgrounds
*[[Bill Cosby]]'s ''[[Little Bill]]'' (1999-2004) used a mix of cutout animation and [[flash animation]]{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*[[Lauren Child]]'s ''[[Charlie and Lola (TV series)|Charlie and Lola]]'' (2005-2008) featured a collage style that mashed together 2D [[Flash animation]], paper cutout, fabric design, real textures, [[photomontage]], and archive footage
*''[[Outer Space Astronauts]]'' (2009) blended live-action footage of actors' heads on computer-generated bodies against 2D and/or 3D backgrounds, a style that is associated with cutout animation
*''[[Uncle Grandpa]]'' (2013-2017) featured photographic cutout character "the Giant Realistic Flying Tiger"

== Music videos ==
[[Jim Blashfield]] used cutout animation in his music videos for [[Talking Heads]]' ''[[And She Was]]'' (1985), [[Paul Simon]]'s ''[[The Boy in the Bubble|Boy in the Bubble]]'', [[Michael Jackson]]'s ''[[Leave Me Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Leave Me Alone]]'' (1989, winning a Grammy Award, a Cannes Golden Lion and an MTV Award), [[Tears for Fears]]' ''[[Sowing the Seeds of Love]]'' (1989, winning two MTV Awards) and others.

The video for [[Röyksopp]]'s ''[[Eple]]'' (2003), features a specific kind of cutout animation, continuously zooming out and panning through many old (still) pictures that are seamlessly combined. The technique is a variation of the [[Ken Burns effect]], which has often been used in documentary films to add motion to still imagery, but rarely as a standalone animated production. 

Other music videos featuring cutout animation include [[Skindred]]'s "[[Pressure (Skindred song)|Pressure]]" (2006),{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} [[Serj Tankian]]'s "[[Lie Lie Lie (Serj Tankian song)|Lie Lie Lie]]" (2007),{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} [[B.o.B]]'s "[[Nothing on You]]" (2009), and [[Redbone (band)|Redbone]]'s "[[Come and Get Your Love]]".

== Internet ==
*The humour animation site [[JibJab]] primarily uses cutout animation from photographs
*[[Joel Veitch]] uses [[SWF]] cutout animation style on his website Rathergood.com
* [[Hallmark Cards]]' characters [[Hoops and Yoyo]] appear in [[E-card]]s and cutout-animated cartoons since 2003{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== Video games ==
*[[Nintendo]]'s ''[[Paper Mario (series)|Paper Mario]]'' series (since 2000) use cutout characters to explore the various locations in or around the [[Mushroom Kingdom]]. The commercial for the [[Nintendo 3DS]] game ''[[Paper Mario: Sticker Star]]'' (2012) also used cutout animation.
*[[Sega]]'s ''[[Sonic 4: Episode I]] and [[Sonic 4: Episode II|II]]'' game opening logo used cutout animation with 3D model sprites of modern [[Sonic the Hedgehog (character)|Sonic]] and [[Miles "Tails" Prower|Tails]].
* The mobile game ''Sega Heroes'' features cutout sprite characters.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
*[[PlayStation]]'s ''[[PaRappa the Rapper]]'' features cutout characters, including its spin-off ''[[Um Jammer Lammy]]''.

==See also==
* [[List of stop-motion films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Animation}}

[[Category:Animation techniques]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Stop motion]]