Editing Cyperus

{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|15.97|Recent|[[Middle Miocene]] – Recent}}
|image = Cyperus diffusus1.jpg
|image_caption = Dwarf umbrella-sedge, ''[[Cyperus albostriatus]]''
|taxon = Cyperus
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[List of Cyperus species|About 700]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |id=330001-2 |title=''Cyperus'' L. |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>
|synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} 
*''Acorellus'' <small>Palla ''ex'' Kneuck.</small>
*''Adupla'' <small>Bosc ''ex'' Juss.</small>
*''Aliniella'' <small>J.Raynal</small>, ''[[nomen illegitimum|nom. illeg.]]'', ''non'' <small>Skvortzow</small>
*''Alinula'' <small>J.Raynal</small>
*''Androcoma'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Androtrichum'' <small>(Brongn.) Brongn.</small>
*''Anosporum'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Antrolepis'' <small>Welw.</small>
*''Ascolepis'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Ascopholis'' <small>C.E.C.Fisch.</small>
*''Atomostylis'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Borabora'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Chlorocyperus'' <small>Rikli</small>
*''Comostemum'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Courtoisina'' <small>Soják</small>
*''Crepidocarpus'' <small>Klotzsch ''ex'' Boeckeler</small>
*''Cylindrolepis'' <small>Boeckeler</small>
*''Cyprolepis'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Diclidium'' <small>Schrad. ''ex'' Nees</small> 
*''Didymia'' <small>Phil.</small>
*''Distimus'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Duval-jouvea'' <small>Palla</small> 
*''Epiphystis'' <small>Trin.</small>
*''Eucyperus'' <small>Rikli</small>
*''Galilea'' <small>Parl.</small>
*''Hedychloe'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Hemicarpha'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Hydroschoenus'' <small>Zoll. & Moritzi</small>
*''Hypaelyptum'' <small>Vahl</small>
*''Indocourtoisia'' <small>Bennet & Raizada</small>
*''Juncellus'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
*''Killinga'' <small>T.Lestib.</small>
*''Kyllinga'' <small>Rottb.</small>
*''Kyllingiella'' <small>R.W.Haines & Lye</small>
*''Lipocarpha'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''Lyprolepis'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Mariscopsis'' <small>Cherm.</small>
*''Marisculus'' <small>Goetgh</small>
*''Mariscus'' <small>Gaertn.</small>, ''nom. illeg.'', ''non'' <small>Scop.</small>
*''Mariscus'' <small>Vahl</small>, ''[[nomen conservandum|nom. cons.]]''
*''Megarrhena'' <small>Schrad. ex Nees</small>
*''Opetiola'' <small>Gaertn.</small>
*''Oxycaryum'' <small>Nees</small> 
*''Papyrus'' <small>Willd.</small>
*''Platylepis'' <small>Kunth</small>
*''Pseudomariscus'' <small>Rauschert</small>
*''Pterachne'' <small>Schrad. ex Nees</small>
*''Pterocyperus'' <small>Opiz</small>
*''Pterogyne'' <small>Schrad. ex Nees</small>
*''Pycreus'' <small>P.Beauv.</small>
*''Queenslandiella'' <small>Domin</small>
*''Raynalia'' <small>Soják</small>
*''Remirea'' <small>Aubl.</small>
*''Rikliella'' <small>J.Raynal</small>
*''Sorostachys'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Sphaerocyperus'' <small>Lye</small>
*''Sphaeromariscus'' <small>E.G.Camus</small>
*''Thryocephalon'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
*''Torreya'' <small>Raf.</small>
*''Torulinium'' <small>Desv. ''ex'' Ham.</small>
*''Trentepohlia'' <small>Boeckeler</small>
*''Ungeria'' <small>Nees ''ex'' C.B.Clarke</small>
*''Volkiella'' <small>Merxm. & Czech</small>
{{hidden end}}
}}

'''''Cyperus''''' is a large [[genus]] of about 700 [[species]] of [[Cyperaceae|sedge]]s, distributed throughout all continents in both tropical and temperate regions.<ref name=opoly>{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=235513 |work=Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |title=''Cyperus'' L., Sp. Pl.: 44 (1753) |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=22 March 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Win Huygh |author2=Isabel Larridon |author3=Marc Reynders |author4=A. Muthama Muasya |author5=Rafaël H. A. Govaerts |author6=David A. Simpson |author7=Paul Goetghebeur |year=2010 |title=Nomenclature and typification of names of genera and subdivisions of genera in Cypereae (Cyperaceae): 1. Names of genera in the ''Cyperus'' clade |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1883–1890 |doi=10.1002/tax.596021 |bibcode=2010Taxon..59.1883H }}</ref>

== Description ==
They are [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial plant]]s, mostly [[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic]] and growing in still or slow-moving water up to {{convert|0.5|m|in}} deep. The species vary greatly in size, with small species only {{convert|5|cm|0}} tall, while others can reach {{convert|5|m}} in height. Common names include ''papyrus sedges'', ''flatsedges'', ''nutsedges'', ''umbrella-sedges'', ''galingales'', and ''zozoro'' (from [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]). The stems are circular in cross-section in some, triangular in others, usually leafless for most of their length, with the slender [[Poaceae|grass]]-like leaves at the base of the plant, and in a [[Whorl (botany)|whorl]] at the apex of the flowering stems. The [[flower]]s are greenish and [[Anemophily|wind-pollinated]]; they are produced in clusters among the apical leaves. The [[seed]] is a small [[Pyrena|nutlet]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gordon C. Tucker |author2=Brian G. Marcks |author3=J. Richard Carter |year=2003 |series=Flora of North America |editor=Flora of North Americaial Committee |volume=23 |title=Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae |pages=141–191 |chapter=''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 26. 1754 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=109010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=C. D. Adams |year=1994 |chapter=5. ''Cyperus'' L. |volume=6 |pages=423–440 |editor=G. Davidse |editor2=M. Sousa Sánchez |editor3=A. O. Chater |title=Flora Mesoamericana |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] |location=[[Mexico City]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=G. E. Schatz, S. Andriambololonera, Andrianarivelo, M. W. Callmander, Faranirina, P. P. Lowry, P. B. Phillipson, Rabarimanarivo, J. I. Raharilala, Rajaonary, Rakotonirina, R. H. Ramananjanahary, B. Ramandimbisoa, A. Randrianasolo, N. Ravololomanana, Z. S. Rogers, C. M. Taylor & G. A. Wahlert |year=2011 |title=Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar |series=Monographs in Systematic Botany |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]}}</ref>

==Ecology==
''Cyperus'' species are eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including ''[[Chedra microstigma]]''.  They also provide an alternative food source for ''[[Bicyclus anynana]]'' larvae.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rinny E. Kooi |author2=Paul M. Brakefield |author3=William E. M.-T. Rossie |year=1996 |title=Effects of food plant on phenotypic plasticity in the tropical butterfly ''Bicyclus anynana'' |journal=[[Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00906.x|bibcode=1996EEApp..80..149K |s2cid=221678693 }}</ref> The seeds and tubers are an important food for many small [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s.

''[[Cyperus microcristatus]]'' (from [[Cameroon]]) and ''[[Cyperus multifolius|C.&nbsp;multifolius]]'' (native to [[Panama]] and [[Ecuador]]) are possibly [[extinct]]; the former was only found once, in 1995, and the latter has not been seen in the last 200 years. The "true" papyrus sedge of [[Ancient Egypt]], ''C.&nbsp;papyrus'' subsp. ''hadidii'', is also very rare today due to draining of its wetland habitat; feared extinct in the mid-20th century, it is still found at a few sites in the [[Wadi El Natrun]] region and northern [[Sudan]].

Some tuber-bearing species on the other hand, most significantly the purple nutsedge, ''[[Cyperus rotundus|C.&nbsp;rotundus]]'', are considered [[invasive weed]]s in much of the world.

==Diversity==
{{Main|List of Cyperus species}}
Around 700 species are currently recognised in the genus ''Cyperus''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Cyperaceae/Cyperus/ |title=''Cyperus'' |publisher=[[The Plant List]] |access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

==Fossil record==
Many [[fossil]] fruits of a ''Cyperus'' species have been described from [[middle Miocene]] [[strata]] of the Fasterholt area near [[Silkeborg]] in Central [[Jutland]], [[Denmark]].<ref>Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by [[Else Marie Friis]], The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985</ref> Several [[fossil]] fruits of †''Cyperus distachyoformis'' have been extracted from [[borehole]] samples of the [[Middle Miocene]] fresh water deposits in [[Nowy Sacz]] Basin, [[West Carpathians]], [[Poland]].<ref>Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3–117.</ref>

==Use by humans==
Papyrus sedge (''[[Cyperus papyrus|C.&nbsp;papyrus]]'') of [[Africa]] was of major historical importance in providing [[papyrus]]. ''[[Cyperus giganteus|C.&nbsp;giganteus]]'', locally known as ''cañita'', is used by the [[Yokot'an]] [[Maya peoples|Maya]] of [[Tabasco]], [[Mexico]], for weaving ''petates'' (sleeping mats) and [[sombrero]]s. ''[[Cyperus textilis|C.&nbsp;textilis]]'' and ''[[Cyperus pangorei|C.&nbsp;pangorei]]'' are traditionally used to produce the typical mats of [[Palakkad]] in [[India]], and the ''[[makaloa]]'' mats of [[Niihau]] were made from ''[[Cyperus laevigatus|C.&nbsp;laevigatus]]''.

In [[Madagascar]], cyperii grasses (''zozoro'') are a common material for making brooms and mats.<ref name=R/> Fabric woven from ''zozoro'' is often produced and traded by the [[Sihanaka]] with other peoples including the once-influential [[Merina people|Merina]].<ref>{{cite book |page=318 |title=Textile Trades, Consumer Cultures, and the Material Worlds of the Indian Ocean: An Ocean of Cloth |year=2018  |first1=Pedro  |last1=Machado |first2=Sarah |last2=Fee |first3=Gwyn |last3=Campbell |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-58265-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |pages=40–1 |first=Gwyn |last=Campbell |title=An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83935-8}}</ref> Pottery with ''zozoro'' motifs are common among [[Antsahabe]]ans.<ref>{{cite book |page=146|title=Ny Tany Sy Ny Fanjakana, the Land and the State: Archaeological Landscape Survey in the Andrantsay Region of Madagascar  |first=Zoë |last=Crossland  |year=2001 |publisher=University of Michigan. |isbn=978-0-493-41583-3}}</ref> There is a taboo ([[Fady (taboo)|''fady'']]) surrounding one ''zozoro'' type ''C. aequalis'' as a sacred ancestral plant; in which the grass shall not be cut when the paddy grains yellow or else hail and rain will fail his own crop.<ref name=R>{{cite book |page=67 |title=Taboo: A Study of the Malagasy Fady |first=Jørgen |last=Ruud |date=1960 |publisher=Oslo University Press }}</ref>

The [[Cyperus esculentus|chufa flatsedge]] (''C.&nbsp;esculentus'') has edible [[tuber]]s and is grown commercially for these; they are eaten as vegetables, made into sweets, or used to produce the ''[[horchata]]'' in the [[Valencian Community|Valencia]] region. Several other species – e.g. [[Australian bush onion]] (''C.&nbsp;bulbosus'') – are eaten to a smaller extent. For some Northern [[Northern Paiute|Paiutes]], ''Cyperus'' tubers were a mainstay food, to the extent that they were known as ''tövusi-dökadö'' ("nutsedge tuber eaters")<ref>{{Cite book|title=Corbett Mack: The Life of a Northern Paiute|last=Hittman|first=Michael|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|year=1996|isbn=9780803223769|pages=[https://archive.org/details/corbettmacklifeo0000hitt/page/274 274–275]|url=https://archive.org/details/corbettmacklifeo0000hitt/page/274}}</ref><!-- unclear; N Paiute group names were typically "[food type]-eater". Paiute word for "eater" is given as "ticutta", which is clearly related to "dökadö" but perhaps not identical; "dökadö"  might be from other Numic language (Mono?) -->

Priprioca (''[[Cyperus articulatus|C.&nbsp;articulatus]]'') is one of the traditional [[spice]]s of the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]] region and its reddish [[essential oil]] is used commercially both by the cosmetic industry, and increasingly as a [[flavoring]] for food.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Atala | first1 = A. | doi = 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2011.11.001 | title = A new ingredient: The introduction of priprioca in gastronomy | journal = International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science | volume = 1 | pages = 61–81 | year = 2012 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.natura.net/port/hotsite/ekos_priprioca/index.asp|title=Perfumes baseados em Priprioca|author=Natura|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403052219/http://www.natura.net/port/hotsite/ekos_priprioca/index.asp|archive-date=2009-04-03|author-link=Natura}}</ref> Interest is increasing in the larger, fast-growing species as crops for [[paper]] and [[biofuel]] production.

Some species are grown as [[ornamental plant|ornamental]] or [[pot plant]]s, notably:
* ''[[Cyperus alternifolius]]'' syn. ''C. involucratus'' (umbrella papyrus)<ref name=AZEGP>{{cite book | editor-last = Brickell | editor-first = Christopher | title = The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants | year = 2008 | page = 302 | publisher = Dorling Kindersley | location = United Kingdom | isbn = 9781405332965}}</ref>
*''[[Cyperus albostriatus]]'' (dwarf umbrella sedge), formerly called ''C.&nbsp;diffusus'')<ref name=AZEGP/>
*''[[Cyperus haspan]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pondinformer.com/dwarf-papyrus-cyperus-haspan/ |title=How to Plant & Grow Dwarf Papyrus (''Cyperus haspan'') |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 January 2021 |website=Pond Informer |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Cyperus longus]]''<ref name=AZEGP/><ref name=WildePlNL>{{cite web |url=https://wilde-planten.nl/roodcypergras.htm |title=Rood cypergras – ''Cyperus longus'' |last=Dijkstra |first=K.M. |date=2022 |website=Wilde planten in Nederland en België |publisher=K.M. Dijkstra |language=nl |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>
*''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' (papyrus)<ref name=AZEGP/>

Some ''Cyperus'' species are used in [[folk medicine]]. Roots of [[Near East]] species were a component of ''[[kyphi]]'', a medical [[incense]] of [[Ancient Egypt]]. Tubers of ''[[Cyperus rotundus|C.&nbsp;rotundus]]'' (purple nut-sedge) tubers are used in ''[[kampō]]''.

An unspecified ''Cyperus'' is mentioned as an [[abortifacient]] in the 11th-century poem ''{{lang|la|[[De viribus herbarum]]}}''.<ref>{{cite book |author=John M. Riddle |year=1994 |title=Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |isbn=978-0674168763}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Amphoe Nong Prue]], a district in [[Thailand]]. The name of its capital Nong Prue <big>(หนองปรือ)</big> literally means "''Cyperus'' swamp".
* The sedge ''[[Carex pseudocyperus]]'' is a related plant [[convergent evolution|convergent]] in appearance to ''Cyperus''.

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}
*{{Wikispecies inline}}
* [http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/cyperus/cyperus.html CYPERUS interactive identification key  by D. M. Ferguson @ LSU Herbarium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829171038/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/cyperus/cyperus.html |date=29 August 2015 }}
* [http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/ CYPERACEAE interactive identification keys @ LSU Herbarium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709002648/http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/carex/carex.html |date=9 July 2010 }}
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=109010 Flora of China Vol. 23 Page 219, 莎草属 suo cao shu, ''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753.]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=109010 Flora of Pakistan, V. 206 Page 89, ''Cyperus'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 44. 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 26. 1754; Boiss., Fl. Or. 5: 363. 1882; C.B.Clarke in Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 597. 1893; R. R. Stewart, l.c. 86. 1972; ''Kukkonen'' in Rech.f., Fl. Iranica 173: 85. 1998.]
*[https://flora.org.il/en/books/plant-stories-2/chapter-1/useful_plants_a4/ Cords and a fishnet from Cyperus & Scirpus]

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q161224|from2=Q24195205|from3=Q95919585}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cyperus| ]]
[[Category:Freshwater plants]]
[[Category:Cyperaceae genera]]