Editing Cyst

{{About|cysts in the body|the ICAO airport code CYST|St. Theresa Point Airport|hard-shelled resting stages of some small organisms|Microbial cyst}}{{Distinguish|Cist}}{{Short description|Closed sac growth on the body}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Cyst
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| image         = bronchogenic_cyst_high_mag.jpg
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| alt           = Histological micrographic image of a bronchogenic cyst of the mediastinum. Sample has been stained with hematoxylin and eosin to improve contrast.
| caption       = [[H&E stain]]ed [[micrograph]] of a [[mediastinal]] [[bronchogenic cyst]]
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| specialty     = [[Pathology]], [[general surgery]]
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[[File:Simple cyst, kidney.jpg|thumb|Benign cyst kidney; radiological appearances mimic renal cancer,]]
A '''cyst''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|s|t}} is a closed [[Wikt:sac|sac]], having a distinct [[Cell envelope|envelope]] and [[cell division|division]] compared with the nearby [[Biological tissue|tissue]]. Hence, it is a cluster of [[Cell (biology)|cells]] that have grouped together to form a sac (like the manner in which water molecules group together to form a bubble); however, the distinguishing aspect of a cyst is that the cells forming the "shell" of such a sac are distinctly abnormal (in both appearance and behaviour) when compared with all surrounding cells for that given location. A cyst may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. A collection of [[pus]] is called an [[abscess]], not a cyst. Once formed, a cyst may resolve on its own. When a cyst fails to resolve, it may need to be removed [[surgically]], but that would depend upon its type and location.

[[Cancer]]-related cysts are formed as a defense mechanism for the body following the development of [[mutation]]s that lead to an uncontrolled [[cellular division]]. Once that mutation has occurred, the affected cells divide incessantly and become cancerous, forming a [[tumor]]. The body encapsulates those cells to try to prevent them from continuing their division and contain the tumor, which becomes known as a cyst. That said, the cancerous cells still may mutate further and gain the ability to form their own [[blood vessel]]s, from which they receive nourishment before being contained. Once that happens, the capsule becomes useless, and the tumor may advance from [[Benign tumor|benign]] to cancerous.

Some cysts are [[neoplasm|neoplastic]], and thus are called '''cystic tumors'''. Many types of cysts are not neoplastic, they are [[dysplasia|dysplastic]] or [[metaplasia|metaplastic]]. [[Pseudocyst|''Pseudocysts'']] are similar to cysts in that they have a sac filled with fluid, but lack an [[epithelium|epithelial]] lining.

==Terminology==

* ''microcyst – a'' small cyst that requires magnification to be seen
* ''macrocyst –'' a cyst that is larger than usual or compared to others

==Related structures==
A ''[[pseudocyst]]'' is very similar to a cyst, but is a collection of cells without a distinct membrane ([[epithelial]] or [[endothelial]] cells).

A ''[[syrinx (medicine)|syrinx]]'' in the [[spinal cord]] or [[brainstem]] is sometimes inaccurately referred to as a "cyst".

==Cysts by location==
===Female reproductive system===

*[[Nabothian cyst]] (on the surface of the cervix)<ref name="Okamoto 2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Okamoto Y, Tanaka YO, Nishida M, Tsunoda H, Yoshikawa H, Itai Y | title = MR imaging of the uterine cervix: imaging-pathologic correlation | journal = Radiographics | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 425–45; quiz 534-5 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12640157 | doi = 10.1148/rg.232025065 }}</ref>
*[[Ovarian cyst]] (ovary)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Farghaly SA | title = Current diagnosis and management of ovarian cysts | journal = Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology | volume = 41 | issue = 6 | pages = 609–12 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25551948 | doi = 10.12891/ceog20322014 | s2cid = 1512424 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*[[Paratubal cyst]] (in front of fallopian tube behind the ovary)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kiseli M, Caglar GS, Cengiz SD, Karadag D, Yılmaz MB | title = Clinical diagnosis and complications of paratubal cysts: review of the literature and report of uncommon presentations | journal = Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | volume = 285 | issue = 6 | pages = 1563–9 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22526447 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-012-2304-8 | s2cid = 5638006 }}</ref>

[[File:Relative incidences of ovarian cysts.jpg|thumb|300px|Relative incidences of different types of [[ovarian cyst]]s<ref name="AbduljabbarBukhari2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abduljabbar HS, Bukhari YA, Al Hachim EG, Alshour GS, Amer AA, Shaikhoon MM, Khojah MI | title = Review of 244 cases of ovarian cysts | journal = Saudi Medical Journal | volume = 36 | issue = 7 | pages = 834–8 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26108588 | pmc = 4503903 | doi = 10.15537/smj.2015.7.11690 | doi-access = free }}</ref>]]

*[[Vaginal cysts]]<ref name="Heller 2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Heller DS | title = Vaginal cysts: a pathology review | journal = Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 140–4 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22126833 | doi = 10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182320ef0 | s2cid = 826917 }}</ref>
**[[Gartner's duct cyst]] (lateral to vaginal wall)<ref name="Heller 2012"/>
**[[Bartholin's cyst]] (at [[vaginal introitus]])<ref name="Heller 2012"/>
**[[Skene's duct cyst]] (beside the [[urinary meatus]])<ref name="Heller 2012"/>
**Ectopic ureterocoele (around the urinary meatus)<ref name="Heller 2012"/>
**Urethral diverticulum (in front of vaginal wall)<ref name="Heller 2012"/>

=== Male reproductive system ===
* [[Rete tubular ectasia]] (within the [[rete testis]])<ref name="Dogra 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Rubens DJ, Liao L | title = Benign intratesticular cystic lesions: US features | journal = Radiographics | volume = 21 Spec No | issue = suppl_1 | pages = S273-81 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11598263 | doi = 10.1148/radiographics.21.suppl_1.g01oc15s273 }}</ref>
* [[Epididymal cyst]] (in the [[epididymis]])
* [[Hydrocele testis]] ([[testicle]]): clear fluid within the [[cavum vaginale]]
* [[Spermatocele]] ([[testicle]]): fluid within the head of epididymis

===Cutaneous and subcutaneous===
* [[Acne]] cyst – Pseudocysts associated with [[cystic acne]] - an inflammatory nodule with or without an associated epidermoid inclusion cyst
* [[Arachnoid cyst]] (between the surface of the brain and the [[Human cranium|cranial]] base or on the arachnoid membrane)
* [[Epidermoid cyst]]
* [[Myxoid cyst]] (cutaneous condition often characterized by nail plate depression and grooves)
* [[Pilar cyst]] (cyst of the scalp)
* [[Pilonidal cyst]] (skin infection near tailbone)
* [[Sebaceous cyst]] – sac below skin
* [[Trichilemmal cyst]] – same as a pilar cyst, a familial cyst of the scalp

===Head and neck===
[[File:Relative incidence of odontogenic cysts.jpg|thumb|Relative incidence of [[odontogenic cyst]]s<ref name="Borges2012">{{cite journal| vauthors = Borges LB, Fechine FV, Mota MR, Sousa FB, Alves AP |title=Odontogenic lesions of the jaw: a clinical-pathological study of 461 cases.|journal=Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia|year=2012|volume=60|issue=1|url=http://revodonto.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-86372012000100010&lng=pt&nrm=iso}}</ref>]]
* [[Odontogenic cyst]]
* [[Ceruminous]] cyst (ear)
* [[Chalazion|Chalazion cyst]] (eyelid)
* [[Mucous cyst of the oral mucosa]]
* [[Nasolabial cyst]]
* [[Nasopalatine duct cyst]]
* [[Thyroglossal cyst]]
* [[Vocal fold cyst]]

===Chest===
* [[Fibrocystic breast changes|Fibrous cyst]] ([[breast cyst]])
* [[Pulmonary cyst]] (air pocket in the lung)
* [[Pericardial cyst]] (abnormal dilatation of [[pericardium]])

===Abdomen===
* [[Liver]] cysts
** Simple cysts<ref name="Rawla 2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rawla P, Sunkara T, Muralidharan P, Raj JP | title = An updated review of cystic hepatic lesions | journal = Clinical and Experimental Hepatology | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–29 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30915403 | pmc = 6431089 | doi = 10.5114/ceh.2019.83153 }}</ref>
** [[Hydatid cyst]]s<ref name="Rawla 2019"/>
** [[Cystadenoma|Biliary cystadenoma]]<ref name="Rawla 2019"/>
** Biliary cystadenocarcinoma<ref name="Rawla 2019"/>
** [[Polycystic liver disease]]<ref name="Rawla 2019"/>
* [[Adrenal]] cyst (glands located above the kidneys) - It is a rare disease, affecting 0.06 to 0.18% of [[autopsy]] studies. It constitutes 5.4 to 6.0% of adrenal gland diseases. There are five major types of adrenal cysts: simple or endothelial cysts, true or epithelial cysts, pseudocysts, parasitic cysts, and cysts not classified elsewhere. 7% of the cysts can be malignant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pogorzelski R, Toutounchi S, Krajewska E, Fiszer P, Pachucki J, Bednarczuk T, Łoń I, Gaciong Z, Marek B, Skórski M | display-authors = 6 | title = Laparoscopic treatment of adrenal cysts--own research and literature review | journal = Endokrynologia Polska | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 469–72 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26457502 | doi = 10.5603/EP.2015.0057 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Renal cyst]] (kidneys)
* [[Pancreatic cyst]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stark A, Donahue TR, Reber HA, Hines OJ | title = Pancreatic Cyst Disease: A Review | journal = JAMA | volume = 315 | issue = 17 | pages = 1882–93 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27139061 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.4690 }}</ref>
* Peritoneal inclusion cyst (lining of the abdominal cavity) - It is a cluster of fluid-filled cysts lining the abdominal cavity of reproductive age women with a history of pelvic, abdominal surgeries, or abdominal inflammation. Those affected maybe presented with an abdominal, pelvic, lower back that lasted for months.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vallerie AM, Lerner JP, Wright JD, Baxi LV | title = Peritoneal inclusion cysts: a review | journal = Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey | volume = 64 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–34 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19386139 | doi = 10.1097/OGX.0b013e31819f93d4 | s2cid = 34639668 }}</ref>
*[[Enteric duplication cyst]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu R, Adler DG | title = Duplication cysts: Diagnosis, management, and the role of endoscopic ultrasound | journal = Endoscopic Ultrasound | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 152–60 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25184121 | pmc = 4145475 | doi = 10.4103/2303-9027.138783 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Central nervous system===
* [[Choroid plexus cyst]] 
* [[Colloid cyst]] 
* [[Pineal gland cyst]] (in the [[pineal gland]] in the brain)
* Glial cyst
* [[Tarlov cyst]] (spinal canal)

===Musculoskeletal system===
* [[Aneurysmal bone cyst]], a benign bone tumor with a [[x-ray|radiographic]] cystic appearance.<ref name=ABC>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zadik Y, Aktaş A, Drucker S, Nitzan DW | title = Aneurysmal bone cyst of mandibular condyle: a case report and review of the literature | journal = Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery | volume = 40 | issue = 8 | pages = e243-8 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22118925 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcms.2011.10.026 }}</ref>
* [[Baker's cyst]] or popliteal cyst (behind the knee joint)
* [[Mucoid cyst]] (ganglion cysts of the digits)
* [[Stafne static bone cyst]] (an anatomic variant with radiographic cystic appearance in the [[posterior (anatomy)|posterior]] [[mandible]])
* Subchondral cyst (cysts near the bony joints)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Kransdorf MJ | title = Cysts, geodes, and erosions | journal = Radiologic Clinics of North America | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 73–87 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 15049524 | doi = 10.1016/S0033-8389(03)00165-9 }}</ref>

===Seen in various locations===
* [[Dermoid cyst]] (seen in ovaries, testes, and many other locations, from head to tailbone)
* [[Ganglion cyst]] (hand and foot joints and tendons)
* [[Mucoid cyst]] (ganglion cysts of the digits)

==Infectious cysts==
* [[Cysticercosis|Cysticercal cyst]] – an infection due to the larval stage of ''Taenia sp.'' (Crain's backs)
* [[Hydatid cyst]] – an infection in the liver or other parts of the body due to the larval stage of ''Echinococcus granulosus'' ([[tapeworm]])

== Neoplastic cysts ==
* [[Dermoid cyst]]
* [[Keratocystic odontogenic tumor]]
* [[Calcifying odontogenic cyst]]

==Treatment==
Treatment ranges from simple [[enucleation (surgery)|enucleation]] of the cyst to [[curettage]] to [[Segmental resection|resection]]. There are cysts—e.g., [[buccal bifurcation cyst]]—that resolve on their own, in which just close observation may be employed, unless it is [[infection|infected]] and [[symptom]]atic.<ref name="BBC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zadik Y, Yitschaky O, Neuman T, Nitzan DW | title = On the self-resolution nature of the buccal bifurcation cyst | journal = Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | volume = 69 | issue = 7 | pages = e282-4 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21571416 | doi = 10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.124 }}</ref>

==Cystic fibrosis==
Despite being described in 1938 as "the [[microscopic]] appearance of cysts in the pancreas",<ref name=Andersen1938>{{cite journal | vauthors = Andersen DH | author-link = Dorothy Hansine Andersen | year = 1938 | title = Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and its relation to celiac disease | journal = American Journal of Diseases of Children | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 344–399 | doi = 10.1001/archpedi.1938.01980140114013 }}</ref> [[cystic fibrosis]] is an example of a [[genetic disorder]] whose name is related to fibrosis of the [[cystic duct]] (which serves the [[gallbladder]]) and does not involve cysts.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenholz SK, Krishnadasan B, Marr C, Cannon R | title = Biliary obstruction in infants with cystic fibrosis requiring Kasai portoenterostomy | journal = Journal of Pediatric Surgery | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–9; discussion 179-80 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9044117 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90174-3 }}</ref>

This is just one example of how the Greek root ''cyst-'', which simply means a fluid-filled sac, also is found in medical terms that relate to the [[urinary bladder]] and the [[gallbladder]], neither of which involve cysts.

== See also ==
* [[List of cutaneous conditions]]
* [[Against a Wen]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news |last1=Stöppler |first1=Melissa Conrad |title=What Is a Cyst? Types, Symptoms, Signs, and Causes |url=https://www.medicinenet.com/cyst_symptoms_and_causes/views.htm |work=MedicineNet }}
* {{cite journal |last1=De Maio |first1=Fernando |last2=Di Marcantonio |first2=Arianna |last3=De Luna |first3=Vincenzo |last4=Caterini |first4=Alessandro |last5=Tresoldi |first5=Ilaria |last6=Farsetti |first6=Pasquale |title=Synovial cyst of the acromioclavicular joint with and without rotator cuff tear: A case series of two patients |journal=International Journal of Surgery Case Reports |date=2020 |volume=75 |pages=390–393 |doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.09.084 |pmid=32992095 |pmc=7522442 }}

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[[Category:Cysts| ]]
[[Category:Dermatologic terminology]]
[[Category:Gross pathology]]