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{{short description|MSDOS-like operating system}} {{other uses|DRDOS (disambiguation){{!}}DRDOS}} {{use list-defined references|date=December 2021}} {{use American English|date=May 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025|cs1-dates=y}} {{cs1 config|mode=cs1|name-list-style=none|display-authors=all}} {{infobox OS | name = DR-DOS | logo = DR DOS wordmark.jpg | logo size = 100px | screenshot = DeviceLogics DR-DOS 8.0 720x400.png | caption = DeviceLogics DR-DOS 8.0 | released = {{Start date and age|1988|05|28}} | developer = {{unbulleted list|[[Digital Research]]|[[Novell]]|[[Caldera (company)|Caldera]]|[[DeviceLogics]]<ref name="about"/>}} | family = [[DOS]] | working state = Discontinued | source model = Mixed; primarily [[closed-source]], some versions [[open-source software|open-source]] | discontinued = yes | latest release version = 7.01.08 | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2011|07|21}} | latest preview version = | latest preview date = | marketing target = | programmed in = | prog_language = | language = [[English language|English]], older versions also in German, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese | update model = | package manager = | supported platforms = [[x86]] | kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel]] | userland = | ui = [[Command-line interface]] ([[COMMAND.COM]]) | license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] | preceded by = | succeeded by = | website = {{URL|drdos.com}} (dead since 2018) }} '''DR-DOS'''{{refn|group="nb"|written as '''DR DOS''', without a hyphen, in versions up to and including 6.0}} is a [[disk operating system]] for [[IBM PC compatible]]s, originally developed by [[Gary A. Kildall]]'s [[Digital Research|Digital Research, Inc.]] and derived from [[Concurrent PC DOS]] 6.0, which was an advanced successor of [[CP/M-86]]. Upon its introduction in 1988, it was the first DOS that attempted to be [[Binary compatibility|compatible]] with [[IBM PC DOS]] and [[MS-DOS]]. Its first release was version 3.31, named so that it would match MS-DOS's then-current version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR DOS 3.x |url=https://winworldpc.com/product/dr-dos/3x |access-date=December 4, 2024 |website=WinWorld |language=en}}</ref> DR DOS 5.0 was released in 1990 as the first to be sold in [[retail]]; it was critically acclaimed<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2015 |title=Antitrust Division {{!}} Competitive Processes, Anticompetitive Practices And Consumer Harm In The Software Industry: An Analysis Of The Inadequacies Of The Microsoft-Department Of Justice Proposed Final Judgment |url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/competitive-processes-anticompetitive-practices-and-consumer-harm-software-industry-analysis |access-date=December 4, 2024 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> and led to DR DOS becoming the main rival to [[Microsoft]]'s MS-DOS,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/29/business/preaching-love-thy-competitor.html | title=Preaching Love Thy Competitor | work=The New York Times | date=March 29, 1992 | last1=Fisher | first1=Lawrence M. }}</ref> who quickly responded with its own MS-DOS 5.0 but releasing over a year later.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/13/business/microsoft-in-inquiry-by-ftc.html | title=Microsoft in Inquiry by F.T.C. | work=The New York Times | date=March 13, 1991 | last1=Fisher | first1=Lawrence M. }}</ref> It introduced a [[graphical user interface]] layer called [[ViewMAX]]. DR DOS 6.0 was released in 1991; then with [[Novell]]'s acquisition of Digital Research, the following version was named '''Novell DOS''' 7.0 in 1994. After another sale, to [[Caldera (company)|Caldera]], updated versions were released partly [[open-source]] under the Caldera moniker, and briefly as '''OpenDOS'''. The last version for [[Desktop computer|desktops]], Caldera DR-DOS 7.03, was released in 1999,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caldera DR-DOS Notes - zxnet |url=https://www.zx.net.nz/netware/drdos/caldera.shtml |access-date=December 4, 2024 |website=www.zx.net.nz}}</ref> after which the software was sold to [[embedded systems]] by Caldera and then by [[DeviceLogics]]. ==History== ===Origins in CP/M=== [[Digital Research]]'s original [[CP/M]] for the 8-bit [[Intel 8080]]- and [[Zilog Z80|Z80]]-based systems spawned numerous spin-off versions, most notably CP/M-86 for the [[Intel 8086]]/[[Intel 8088|8088]] family of processors. Although CP/M had dominated the market since the mid-1970s, and was shipped with the vast majority of non-proprietary-architecture personal computers, the [[IBM PC]] in 1981 brought the beginning of what was eventually to be a massive change. [[IBM]] originally approached Digital Research in 1980, seeking an [[x86]] version of CP/M. However, there were disagreements over the contract, and IBM withdrew. Instead, a deal was struck with [[Microsoft]], who purchased another operating system, [[86-DOS]], from [[Seattle Computer Products]] (SCP). This became Microsoft [[MS-DOS]] and [[IBM PC DOS]]. 86-DOS's command structure and application programming interface imitated that of [[CP/M 2.2]] (with [[Basic Disk Operating System|BDOS]] 2.2). Digital Research threatened legal action, claiming PC DOS/MS-DOS to be too similar to CP/M. In early 1982, IBM settled by agreeing to sell Digital Research's x86 version of CP/M, [[CP/M-86]], alongside PC DOS. However, PC DOS sold for {{currency|amount=40|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=yes}} while CP/M-86 had a $240 price tag. The proportion of PC buyers prepared to spend six times as much to buy CP/M-86 was very small, and the limited availability of compatible application software, at first in Digital Research's favor, was only temporary.<ref name="podtech"/> Digital Research fought a long losing battle to promote CP/M-86 and its multi-tasking multi-user successors [[MP/M-86]] and [[Concurrent CP/M-86]], and eventually decided that they could not beat the Microsoft-IBM lead in application software availability, so they modified Concurrent CP/M-86 to allow it to run the same applications as MS-DOS and PC DOS. This was shown publicly in December 1983<ref name="DRI_1984_PCMODE"/> and shipped in March 1984 as [[Concurrent DOS 3.1]] (a.k.a. CDOS with BDOS 3.1) to hardware vendors.<ref name="DRI_1984_CDOS31"/> While Concurrent DOS continued to evolve in various flavors over the years to eventually become [[Multiuser DOS]] and [[REAL/32]], it was not specifically tailored for the desktop market and too expensive for single-user applications. Therefore, over time two attempts were made to sideline the product: In 1985, Digital Research developed [[DOS Plus 1.0]] to [[DOS Plus 2.1|2.1]], a stripped-down and modified single-user derivative of [[Concurrent DOS 4.1]] and [[Concurrent DOS 5.0|5.0]], which ran applications for both platforms, and allowed switching between several tasks<ref name="DOS Plus"/><ref name="Wein_2009_DOSPLUS"/> as did the original CP/M-86. Its DOS compatibility was limited, and Digital Research made another attempt, this time a native DOS system.<ref name="Wein_2009_DOSPLUS"/> This new disk operating system was launched in 1988 as DR DOS. Although DRI was based in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] and later in [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], California, USA, the work on DOS Plus started in [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]], Berkshire in the UK, where Digital Research Europe had its OEM Support Group located since 1983.<ref group="nb" name="NB_Office-Locations"/> Beginning in 1986, most of the operating system work on [[Concurrent DOS 386]] and [[Concurrent DOS XM|XM]], Multiuser DOS, DR DOS and PalmDOS was done in Digital Research's European Development Centre (EDC) in [[Hungerford, Berkshire|Hungerford]], Berkshire.<ref group="nb" name="NB_Office-Locations"/> Later on some work was also done by Digital Research GmbH in [[Munich]], Germany. ==={{anchor|3.31|3.32|3.33|3.34|3.35|3.40|3.41|EZ|ROS}}First DR DOS version=== As requested by several [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]]s, Digital Research started a plan to develop a new DOS operating system addressing the defects left by MS-DOS in 1987.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> Of particular importance was a million dollar deal with [[Kazuhiko Nishi|Kazuhiko "Kay" Nishi]] of [[ASCII Corporation]], who had previously been instrumental in opening the Japanese OEM market for Microsoft.<ref name="Wein_2009_DOSPLUS"/> The first DR DOS version was released on May 28, 1988.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> Version numbers were chosen to reflect features relative to MS-DOS; the first version promoted to the public was DR DOS 3.31,<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> which offered features comparable to [[Compaq MS-DOS 3.31]] with large disk support ([[FAT16B]] a.k.a. "BIGDOS"). DR DOS 3.31 reported itself as "IBM PC DOS 3.31", while the internal BDOS ([[Basic Disk Operating System]]) kernel version was reported as 6.0, single-user nature, reflecting its origin as derivative of [[Concurrent DOS 6.0]] with the multitasking and multiuser capabilities as well as CP/M [[Application programming interface|API]] support stripped out and the [[XIOS]] replaced by an IBM-compatible [[DOS-BIOS]]. The system files were named [[DRBIOS.SYS]] (for the DOS-BIOS) and [[DRBDOS.SYS]] (for the BDOS kernel), the disk OEM label used was "DIGITAL␠". DR DOS offered some extended command line tools with command line help, verbose error messages, sophisticated [[command history|command line history]] and editing ([[HISTORY (CONFIG.SYS directive)|HISTORY]] directive) as well as support for file and directory passwords built right into the kernel.<ref name="Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983"/> It was also cheaper to license than MS-DOS, and was ROMable right from the start. The ROMed version of DR DOS was also named ROS (ROM Operating System).<ref name="Infoword_1988"/> DRI was approached by a number of PC manufacturers who were interested in a third-party DOS, which prompted several updates to the system. At this time, MS-DOS was only available to OEMs bundled with hardware. Consequently, DR DOS achieved some immediate success when it became possible for consumers to buy it through normal [[retail]] channels beginning with version 3.4x.<!-- This is known to have happened with either 3.40 or 3.41. --> Known versions are DR DOS 3.31 (BDOS 6.0, June 1988, OEM only), 3.32 (BDOS 6.0, August 17, 1988, OEM only), 3.33 (BDOS 6.0, September 1, 1988, OEM only), 3.34 (BDOS 6.0, OEM only), 3.35 (BDOS 6.0, October 21, 1988, OEM only), 3.40 (BDOS 6.0, January 25, 1989), 3.41 (BDOS 6.3, June 1989, OEM and retail). Like MS-DOS, most of them were produced in several variants for different hardware. While most OEMs kept the DR DOS name designation, 2001 Sales, Inc. marketed it under the name EZ-DOS 3.41 (also known as EZ-DOS 4.1).<ref name="2001Sales_1989"/><ref name="Paul_2002_OS"/> {{further|Comparison of DOS operating systems}} ==={{anchor|5.0}}DR DOS 5.0=== DR DOS version 5.0 (code-named "Leopard") was released in May 1990,<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/><!-- or August 1990<ref name="Salemi_1991_DR6"/> --> still reporting itself as "PC DOS 3.31" for compatibility purposes, but internally indicating a single-user BDOS 6.4 kernel. (Version 4 was skipped to avoid being associated with the relatively unpopular [[MS-DOS 4.0]].) This introduced [[ViewMAX]], a [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]]-based [[GUI]] file management shell.<ref name="CW_1990_DR5"/><ref name="Rosch_1991_DR5"/> ViewMAX's startup screen would present the slogan "Digital Research - We make computers work".<ref name="Digital_Research_1990_We_Make_Computers_Work"/><ref name="Elliott_2013_ViewMAX1"/><ref name="Elliott_2013_ViewMAX2"/> DR DOS 5.0 also introduced the patented [[BatteryMAX]] power management system, bundled disk-caching software (DRCACHE), a remote file transfer tool (FILELINK), a cursor shape configuration utility (CURSOR), and offered a vastly improved memory management system (MemoryMAX).<ref name="CW_1990_DR5"/><ref name="Rosch_1991_DR5"/> For compatibility purposes, the DR DOS 5.0 system files were now named [[IBMBIO.COM]] (for the DOS-BIOS) and [[IBMDOS.COM]] (for the BDOS kernel) and due to the advanced loader in the boot sector could be physically stored anywhere on disk.<ref name="Rosch_1991_DR5"/> The OEM label in the boot sectors was changed to "IBM␠␠3.3". [[File:Carry-i-front-and-rear.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Front and rear views of the ''[[Carry-I]]'' book-sized diskless workstation, bundled with DR DOS 5.0, based on an [[Intel 80286]] processor and produced by Taiwan's [[Flytech Technology]] {{Circa|1991}}]] DR DOS 5.0 was the first DOS to include load-high capabilities. The kernel and data structures such as disk buffers could be [[relocation (computing)|relocate]]d in the [[High Memory Area]] (HMA), the first 64 KB of [[extended memory]] which are accessible in [[real mode]]. This freed up the equivalent amount of critical "base" or [[conventional memory]], the first 640 KB of the PC's RAM – the area in which all DOS applications run.<ref name="Rosch_1991_DR5"/> Additionally, on [[Intel 80386]] machines, DR DOS's EMS memory manager allowed the operating system to load DOS device drivers into upper memory blocks, further freeing base memory. DR DOS 5.0 was the first DOS to integrate such functionality into the base OS (loading device drivers into [[upper memory block]]s was already possible using third-party software like [[QEMM]]). This allowed it, on 286 systems with supported chipsets and on 386 systems, to provide significantly more free conventional memory than any other DOS. Once drivers for a mouse, multimedia hardware and a network stack were loaded, an MS-DOS/PC DOS machine typically might only have had 300 to 400 KB of free conventional memory – too little to run much late-1980s software. In contrast to this, DR DOS 5.0, with a little manual tweaking, could load all this and still keep all of its conventional memory free – allowing for some necessary DOS data structures, as much as 620 KB out of the 640 KB. With MEMMAX +V, the conventional memory region could even be extended into unused portions of the graphics adapter card typically providing another 64 to 96 KB more free DOS memory. Because DR DOS left so much conventional memory available, some old programs using certain address wrapping techniques failed to run properly as they were now loaded unexpectedly (or, under MS-DOS, "impossibly") low in memory – inside the first 64 KB segment (known as "[[low memory]]"). Therefore, DR DOS 5.0's new MEMMAX -L command worked around this by pre-allocating a [[chunking (computing)|chunk]] of memory at the start of the memory map in order for programs to load above this barrier (but with less usable conventional memory then). By default, MEMMAX was configured for +L, so that applications could take advantage of the extra memory. ==={{anchor|6.0|6.0 business update|6.0/V}}DR DOS 6.0 / Competition from Microsoft=== [[File:DR-DOS 6.0 Digital Research.jpg|thumb|Digital Research DR DOS 6.0 startup disk]] [[File:ManualDRDOS60.jpg|thumb|Novell DR DOS 6.0 manual]] Faced with substantial competition in the DOS arena, Microsoft responded with an announcement of a yet-to-be released MS-DOS 5.0 in May 1990.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> This would be released in June 1991<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> and include similar advanced features to those of DR DOS.<ref name="Dryfoos_1991_DOS5"/> It included matches of the DR's enhancements in memory management.<ref name="Dryfoos_1991_DOS5"/> Almost immediately in September 1991, Digital Research responded with DR DOS 6.0,<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> code-named "Buxton". DR DOS 6.0, while already at BDOS level 6.7 internally, would still report itself as "IBM PC DOS 3.31" to normal DOS applications for compatibility purposes. This bundled in [[SuperStor]] on-the-fly disk compression, to maximize available hard disk space, and file deletion tracking and undelete functionality by Roger A. Gross. DR DOS 6.0 also included a task-switcher named TASKMAX<ref name="Salemi_1991_DR6"/> with support for the industry-standard task-switching API<!-- INT 2Fh/4Bh --><ref name="Caldera_1997_Multi"/> to run multiple applications at the same time. In contrast to Digital Research's Multiuser DOS (successor of Concurrent DOS in the multi-user products line), which would run DOS applications in pre-emptively multitasked virtual DOS machines, the DR DOS 6.0 task switcher would freeze background applications until brought back into the foreground. While it ran on x86-machines, it was able to swap to XMS memory on 286+ machines.<ref name="Salemi_1991_DR6"/> TASKMAX did support some [[Copy & Paste]] facility between applications.<ref name="Salemi_1991_DR6"/> Via the task-switcher API, graphical user interfaces such as [[ViewMAX]]<ref name="Salemi_1991_DR6"/> or [[PC/GEOS]] could register as the task manager menu and thereby replace the TASKMAX text mode menu, so that users could switch between tasks from within a GUI. Microsoft responded with MS-DOS 6.0, which again matched some features of DR DOS 6.0. In December 1991, a pre-release version of [[Windows 3.1]] was found to return a non-fatal error message if it detected a non-Microsoft DOS.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> This check came to be known as the [[AARD code]].<ref name="Chappell_AARD"/><ref name="Egbert_1998"/> It was a simple matter for Digital Research to patch DR DOS 6.0 to circumvent the AARD code 'authenticity check' in the Windows 3.1 beta by rearranging the order of two internal tables in memory (with no changes in functionality), and the patched version, named "business update", was on the streets within six weeks of the release of Windows 3.1.<ref name="CW_1992"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Caldera_1999_Statement_of_facts"/><ref name="Paul_2000_History"/> With the detection code disabled, Windows ran perfectly under DR DOS and its successor Novell DOS. The code was present but disabled in the released version of Windows 3.1.<ref name="DDJ"/> In July 1992, [[Digital Research Japan]] released DR DOS 6.0/V, a Japanese [[DOS/V]] compatible version of DR DOS 6.0.<ref name="Timeline_2014_DOSV"/><ref name="DRDOS60V_ViewMAX"/> A Korean version appears to have been available as well. ==={{anchor|1.0}}PalmDOS=== In 1992 Digital Research, still under its old name but already bought by Novell in July 1991,<ref name="BW_1991"/><ref name="Scott_1991_Merger"/> also embarked on a spin-off product code-named "Merlin" and later released as NetWare PalmDOS 1, which, as its name implies, was a very resource-light DR DOS 6.0 derivative aimed at the emerging [[Palmtop]]/[[Personal digital assistant|PDA]] market.<ref name="CW_1992_PalmDOS"/> PalmDOS was the first operating system in the family to support the new BDOS 7.0 kernel with native DOS compatible internal data structures instead of emulations thereof. Replacing the DOS emulation on top of a CP/M kernel by a true DOS compatible kernel helped a lot in improving compatibility with some applications using some of DOS' internal data structures and also was the key in reducing the resident size of the kernel code even further—a particular requirement for the PDA market. On the other hand, introducing a genuine [[Current Directory Structure]] ([[CDS (DOS technology)|CDS]]) imposed a limit on the depth of [[working directory|working directories]] down to 66 characters (as in MS-DOS/PC DOS), whereas previous issues of DR DOS had no such limitation due to their internal organization of directories as relative links to parent directories instead of as absolute paths.<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/><ref name="4DOS_8.00_HELP"/> PalmDOS still reported itself as "PC DOS 3.31" to applications in order to keep the kernel small and not run into compatibility problems with Windows, which would expect the [[DOSMGR]] API to be implemented for any DOS version since 5.0. As well as a ROM-executing kernel, PalmDOS had palmtop-type support for features such as [[PCMCIA]] [[PC Card]]s (with [[DOS Protected Mode Services|DPMS]] support), power management ([[BatteryMAX]] and the [[$IDLE$]] device driver with its patented dynamic idle detection<ref name="Dynamic_Idle_Detection"/> by Gross and John P. Constant), [[MINIMAX]] task switcher support for [[PIM (DOS technology)|PIM]] (Personal Information Modules) applications stored and executed from ROM via [[XIP]] ([[Execute-In-Place]]), etc. The PCMCIA stack for PalmDOS was partially written by [[Ian H. S. Cullimore]], the original instigator of the PCMCIA/PC Card movement. ==={{anchor|Novell DOS|7|Multi}}Novell DOS 7 / Contribution by Novell=== [[File:Novell DOS 7 screenshot.png|alt=A screenshot of Novell DOS 7|thumb|A typical command line in Novell DOS 7]] '''Novell DOS''' was [[Novell]] Corporation's name for DR DOS during the period when Novell sold DR DOS, after the acquisition of Digital Research in 1991.<ref name="sdtimes novell v microsoft"/><ref name="pcmag novell dos"/><ref name="Scott_1991_Merger"/><ref name="BW_1991"/><ref name="Allchin_1992"/> Regarding features and performance, it was typically at least one release ahead of MS-DOS.<ref name="nytimes rivals boost"/> In 1993, [[PC DOS 6.1]], [[MS-DOS 6.2]] and [[PC DOS 6.3]] were trumped by Novell's {{nowrap|DOS 7}}.<ref name="extremetech msdos 30"/> Novell CEO [[Robert J. Frankenberg]]'s strategy included "major trimming", selling off products like transactional database [[Btrieve]] and killing others such as Novell DOS and [[WordPerfect]]'s multimedia Main Street children's titles.<ref name="nytimes readies response"/> Novell licensed technology from [[Stac Electronics]] for use in Novell DOS and its [[network operating system]] [[NetWare]].<ref name="nytimes big losers"/><ref name="Sheesley_2008"/> Novell sold the product line off to [[Caldera (company)|Caldera]] on July 23, 1996, after it approached Novell looking for a DOS operating system to bundle with its [[OpenLinux]] distribution.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> [[Marc Perkel]] claimed to have had inspired Novell in February 1991 to buy Digital Research and develop something he envisioned as "NovOS".<ref name="Perkel_1991_NovOS"/> Novell had actually bought Digital Research in July 1991 with a view to using DR's product line as a lever in their comprehensive strategy to break the Microsoft monopoly. (This was part of a massive and ultimately disastrous spending spree for Novell: they bought [[WordPerfect]] Corporation at about the same time, some of [[Borland]]'s products, and invested heavily in [[Unix]] as well.) The planned "DR DOS 7.0", internally named "Panther", intended to trump Microsoft's troubled MS-DOS 6.0, was repeatedly delayed, while Novell was working on an optionally loadable Unix-like multi-user security extension (with, if loaded, file commands like [[BACKUP (DOS command)|BACKUP]], [[DELPURGE]], [[MOVE (DOS command)|MOVE]], [[TOUCH (DOS command)|TOUCH]], [[TREE (DOS command)|TREE]], [[UNDELETE (DOS command)|UNDELETE]], [[XATTRIB]], [[XCOPY (DOS command)|XCOPY]], [[XDEL]] and [[XDIR]] supporting an otherwise disabled /U:name command line option to select specific users or groups,<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> compatible with Multiuser DOS) and two new graphical user interfaces ([[ViewMAX 3]], a derivative of GEM, and "[[Star Trek project|Star Trek]]", a true port of Apple's [[System 7|System 7.1]] to run under the new DR DOS multitasker named "Vladivar"). When DR DOS eventually arrived in December 1993 (with localized versions released in March 1994), renamed Novell DOS 7 (a.k.a. "NWDOS"), and without these three components, it was a disappointment to some. It was larger and lacked some finishing touches,<ref name="Goodman_1994"/> but was nevertheless seen as best DOS by many industry experts.<ref name="Schneider_1994"/> In Germany, Novell DOS 7 was aggressively marketed with the slogan "{{lang|de|Trau keinem DOS unter 7}}" (''Don't trust any DOS below 7'') in the press and with free demo floppies in computer magazines.<ref name="ASW_1994_Novell_DOS_7"/><ref name="Hill_1994_Interview"/><ref name="Schneider_1994"/> The campaign aimed at 20% of the DOS market and resulted in about 1.5 million copies sold until February 1994 and more than 3000 dealers interested to carry the product.<ref name="ASW_1994_Novell_DOS_7"/><ref name="Hill_1994_Interview"/> Novell DOS 7 was available through various OEMs, a dedicated mail order shop and authorized dealers.<ref name="ASW_1994_Novell_DOS_7"/> A major functional addition was Novell's second attempt at a peer-to-peer networking system, [[Personal NetWare]] (PNW).<ref group="nb" name="NB_Remote-copy"/> This was better than its predecessor, [[NetWare Lite]] (NWL), but it was incompatible with Microsoft's networking system, now growing popular with support in [[Windows for Workgroups]], [[OS/2]], and [[Windows NT]]. A considerable amount of manual configuration was needed to get both to co-exist on the same PC, and Personal NetWare never achieved much success. Since Novell DOS 7 implemented the DOSMGR API and internal data structures had been updated, its BDOS 7.2 kernel could report with a DOS version of 6.0 and OEM ID "IBM" without risking compatibility problems with Windows. Most tools would report this as "PC DOS 6.1", because IBM PC DOS 6.1 also reported as DOS 6.0 to applications. Novell DOS 7 introduced much advanced memory management including new support for DPMI ([[DOS Protected Mode Interface]]) and DPMS ([[DOS Protected Mode Services]]) as well as more flexible loadhigh options.<ref name="Schneider_1994"/> It also introduced support for "true" pre-emptive multitasking<ref name="Schneider_1994"/> of multiple DOS applications in [[virtual DOS machine]]s (VDM), a component originally named MultiMAX. This was similar to Multiuser DOS, but now on the basis of a natively DOS compatible environment, similar to Windows 386 Enhanced Mode, but without a GUI. By default, the bundled TASKMGR would behave similar to the former DR DOS 6.0 TASKMAX. However, if [[EMM386]] was loaded with the option /MULTI, EMM386 would load a natively 32-bit 386 Protected Mode operating system core providing API support for pre-emptive multitasking, multi-threading, hardware virtualization and domain management of virtual DOS machines. This API could be used by DR DOS-aware applications. If TASKMGR was run later on, it would use this API to instance the current 16-bit DOS system environment, create virtual DOS machines and run applications in them instead of using its own Real Mode task-switcher support. The multitasker was compatible with Windows, so that tasks started before launching Windows could be seen as tasks under Windows as well. Novell DOS 7 and Personal NetWare 1.0 also shipped with [[NetWars]], a network-enabled 3D [[arcade game]]. Novell DOS 7 and Personal NetWare required several bug-fix releases (D70xyy with x=language, yy=number) and were not completely stable when the next development occurred. With beta versions of Microsoft's "[[Chicago (Microsoft)|Chicago]]" (what would later become Windows 95) in sight, Novell wound down further development on Novell DOS 7 in September 1994<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> and stopped maintenance in January 1996 after more than 15 updates. ==={{anchor|Caldera|Lineo|OpenDOS|DRFAT32|WINGLUE|7.01|7.02|7.03|7.04|7.05|7.06|7.07}}After Novell=== When Caldera approached Novell looking for a DOS operating system to bundle with their [[OpenLinux]] distribution,<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource"/> Novell sold the product line off to Caldera on July 23, 1996,<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/> by which time it was of little commercial value to them. Between the Caldera-owned DR-DOS and competition from IBM's PC DOS 6.3, Microsoft moved to make it impossible to use or buy the subsequent Windows version, [[Windows 95]], with any DOS product other than their own. Claimed by them to be a purely technical change, this was later to be the subject of a major [[Caldera v. Microsoft|lawsuit]] brought in [[Salt Lake City]] by Caldera with the help of the [[Canopy Group]].<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/><ref name="Caldera_Fullstory_Tech"/> Microsoft lawyers tried repeatedly to have the case dismissed but without success. Immediately after the completion of the pre-trial deposition stage (where the parties list the evidence they intend to present), there was an out-of-court settlement on January 7, 2000, for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="BBC_CalderaMicrosoft"/><ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/> This was revealed in November 2009 to be $280 million.<ref name="Groklaw_2009_NovellWP"/><ref name="Microsoft_2009_Memorandum"/><ref name="Caldera_Microsoft_2000_Settlement"/><ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/> In August 1996, the US-based Caldera, Inc. was approached by Roger A. Gross, one of the original DR-DOS engineers, with a proposal to restart DR-DOS development and to make Windows 95 run on DR-DOS which would help the court case. Following a meeting in September 1996 in [[Lindon, Utah|Lindon]], Utah, USA, between Gross, [[Ransom Love|Ransom H. Love]], [[Bryan Wayne Sparks]] and [[Raymond John Noorda]], Gross was hired and tasked to set up a new subsidiary in the UK.<ref group="nb" name="NB_Office-Locations"/> On September 10, 1996, Caldera announced the coming release of OpenDOS (COD) and their intent to also release the source code to the system,<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource"/> and Caldera UK Ltd. was incorporated on September 20, 1996.<ref name="Caldera_1996_UK"/><ref group="nb" name="NB_Office-Locations"/> Gross hired some of the original developers of the operating system from the Novell EDC as well as some new talents to continue work on the operating system in a converted barn at the periphery of [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], Hampshire, UK,<ref group="nb" name="NB_Office-Locations"/> nearby the former Digital Research and Novell EDC.<ref group="nb" name="NB_Office-Locations"/> Besides other improvements and enhancements all over the system, a string of new key features were added subsequently over the course of the next two years, including a [[TCP/IP]] stack (derived from [[LAN WorkPlace for DOS]] / [[NetWare Mobile]]), a graphical 32-bit DOS Protected Mode [[HTML 3.2]] web-browser [[DR-WebSpyder]] (originally based on source code from the [[Arachne (web browser)|Arachne]] web browser by [[Michal Polák (programmer)|Michal Polák]]) with LAN and modem dialup, a [[POSIX]] [[Pthreads]] extension to the multi-tasker by Andy T. Wightman, [[long filename]] (LONGNAME) support by Edward N. Hill Jr., as well as [[Logical block addressing|LBA]] and [[FAT32]] support (DRFAT32) by Matthias R. Paul. Gross also hired Andrew Schulman (who had been, with Geoff Chappell, instrumental in identifying the AARD code in 1992) to work as a consultant and, in Andover, assist Paul in his work on "WinGlue", a secret project to create a version of DR-DOS compatible with Windows 95, [[Windows 98|98]] and [[Windows 98 SE|98 SE]] and replace its MS-DOS 7.xx component.<ref name="Cebit_1998_Winglue"/><ref name="Lea_1998_Satellite"/><ref name="Schulman_2000_Dossier"/> This was demonstrated at [[CeBIT]] in March 1998,<ref name="Cebit_1998_Winglue"/><ref name="Lea_1998_Satellite"/> and later, in a small team, developed into "WinBolt", both versions of DR-DOS, which remained unreleased {{As of|2023|lc=on}}, but played an important role in the [[Caldera v. Microsoft|court case]].<ref name="Caldera_Fullstory_Tech"/><ref name="Romano_1998_Winbolt"/><ref name="Schulman_2000_Dossier"/><ref name="Schulman_2000_Undoc"/><ref name="Paul_2002_W4"/><ref name="Paul_2002_RMD"/><ref name="Paul_2002_HMA7"/> Caldera UK officially released Caldera OpenDOS 7.01 on February 3, 1997,<!-- this was still called a pre-release, followed by an "official" release a few weeks later --> but this version was just Novell DOS 7 update 10 (as of December 1994) compiled only with the necessary adaptations to incorporate the new name in display messages as well as in [[environment variable]]s and file names. It was missing a year's worth of patches which had been developed for the Novell DOS updates 11 (January 1995) to 15.2 (January 1996).<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> This was due to parts of the Novell DOS sources having been lost at Novell meanwhile.<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/> Consequently, this version still reported an internal BDOS version of 7.2, identical to Novell DOS 7. The new suite also lacked the [[SETFIFO]] command, which had been added with one of the Novell DOS updates, as well as [[Fifth Generation Systems|Fifth Generation]]'s [[Search&Destroy]] virus scanner and [[FastBack Plus 2.0]] utility, which previously came bundled with Novell DOS. Instead it came bundled with a newer version of [[PNUNPACK]] and brought a much advanced version of [[Advanced NetWars|NetWars]].<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> Parts of OpenDOS 7.01 were released as [[open-source software|open source]]<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource"/> in form of the M.R.S. kit (for Machine Readable Sources) in May 1997, but with [[software license|license]] terms mostly incompatible with existing [[open-source license]]s.<ref name="Caldera_1997_DOSSRC"/> The source was then [[proprietary software|closed]] again as Gross felt this would undermine the commercial aspirations of the system. After beta releases in September and November 1997, the next official release came in December 1997, with the name changed to Caldera DR-OpenDOS 7.02, soon followed by a further release in March 1998, when the DR-DOS name returned as Caldera DR-DOS 7.02,<ref name="Caldera_1998_Doctor"/> now for the first time written with a hyphen. Version 7.02 (now reporting itself as BDOS 7.3) incorporated improved BIOS and BDOS issues, developed by Paul,<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Brown_RBIL"/> adding many new boot and configuration options, integrating many compatibility enhancements, bug-fixes and optimizations for size and speed, and re-implementing all fixes of the missing Novell DOS updates.<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Brown_RBIL"/> The BIOS improved the coexistence of DR-DOS with [[Windows 9x]] and its support for third-party disk compression drivers such as Microsoft's [[DriveSpace]].<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2004_YESCHAR"/><ref name="Paul_2004_COMMAND"/> It introduced a diagnostics mode (activated by [[Scroll Lock]]),<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2004_YESCHAR"/> integrated debugger support (with [[DEBUG (CONFIG.SYS directive)|DEBUG=ON]] and a debugger loaded before or from within CONFIG.SYS)<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/> and more flexible CONFIG.SYS tracing capabilities via the {{keypress|F5}}/{{keypress|F6}}/{{keypress|F7}}/{{keypress|F8}} hotkeys<!-- NB. partial {{keypress|F5}} and {{keypress|F8}} support existed earlier. --> and the [[TRACE (CONFIG.SYS directive)|TRACE]] and [[TIMEOUT (CONFIG.SYS directive)|TIMEOUT]] commands<!-- NB. TIMEOUT was not new, but significantly enhanced with this version. -->,<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2000_CONFIG"/><ref name="Paul_2004_YESCHAR"/> thereby also improving the integration of alternative command line shells such as [[4DOS]].<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2004_YESCHAR"/><ref name="4DOS_8.00_HELP"/> Together with LOADER, SYS /DR:ext and the [[CHAIN (CONFIG.SYS directive)|CHAIN]] directive, it brought enhanced multi-configuration support for [[DCONFIG.SYS|DR/D/CONFIG.ext]] files<!-- NB. Neither of this was completely new, but the concept was significantly expanded with 7.02. --><ref name="Paul_2004_YESCHAR"/><ref name="Paul_2004_CHAIN"/> and came with enhancements to the BASIC-like CONFIG.SYS language<!-- NB. This configuration language already existed in previous versions of DR-DOS, but was significantly extended with 7.02, with added commands and parameters as well as behavioural changes. --> for more powerful boot menus, convenient user interaction<ref name="Paul_2004_YESCHAR"/> and programmatical acting upon conditions ([[CPU386 (CONFIG.SYS directive)|CPU386]]), return codes and error levels ([[ERROR (CONFIG.SYS directive)|ERROR]], [[ONERROR (CONFIG.SYS directive)|ONERROR]]).<!-- NB. ERROR and ONERROR were not new, but significantly enhanced with this version. --><ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/> It also allowed to change the [[SCROLLOCK (CONFIG.SYS directive)|SCROLLOCK]], [[CAPSLOCK (CONFIG.SYS directive)|CAPSLOCK]], [[INSERT (CONFIG.SYS directive)|INSERT]] and [[VERIFY (CONFIG.SYS directive)|VERIFY]] settings as well as the [[SWITCHAR (CONFIG.SYS directive)|SWITCHAR]], [[YESCHAR (CONFIG.SYS directive)|YESCHAR]],<!-- YESCHAR was not new, but was expanded with this release --> [[NOCHAR (CONFIG.SYS directive)|NOCHAR]] and [[RESUMECHAR (CONFIG.SYS directive)|RESUMECHAR]] characters.<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2004_YESCHAR"/> Various behavioural details could be controlled with new parameters /Q (Quiet), /L (Lowercase), /Y (Yes) and /S (Switch) for [[SWITCHES (CONFIG.SYS directive)|SWITCHES]].<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/> Further, it provided optional support for a LPT4: device and allowed to configure the built-in [[COM1 (CONFIG.SYS directive)|COMx:]] and [[LPT1 (CONFIG.SYS directive)|LPTx:]] devices as well as to change the [[PRN (CONFIG.SYS directive)|PRN:]] and [[AUX (CONFIG.SYS directive)|AUX:]] defaults.<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/> The handling of environment variables in CONFIG.SYS was improved and new load-high facilities included such as the [[HIFILES (CONFIG.SYS directive)|HIFILES]]/[[FILESHIGH (CONFIG.SYS directive)|FILESHIGH]] and [[HIFCBS (CONFIG.SYS directive)|HIFCBS]]/[[FCBSHIGH (CONFIG.SYS directive)|FCBSHIGH]] options to relocate file handles and FCB structures into UMBs, which typically gave between 1 and 4 KB (and up to 15 KB) more free conventional memory compared to previous versions, or the [[HISHELL (CONFIG.SYS directive)|HISHELL]]/[[SHELLHIGH (CONFIG.SYS directive)|SHELLHIGH]] SIZE directive to control the pre-allocation of HMA memory for [[COMMAND.COM]], which helped to avoid memory fragmentation and thereby typically gave between 5 and 8 KB more continuous HMA memory for HMA-capable third-party drivers<!-- such as ANSIPLUS --> to work with in conjunction with third-party command line shells<!-- such as 4DOS -->, which could not load into the HMA as COMMAND.COM with its /MH option.<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2000_CONFIG"/> At a reduced [[memory footprint]] version 7.02 also brought an enhanced [[National Language Support|NLS]] 4.xx sub-system by Paul to allow multiple, distributed and possibly user-configured COUNTRY.SYS files to be used by the system at the same time in a hierarchical model.<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2000_Enhancements"/><ref name="Paul_2000_CONFIG"/><ref name="Paul_2001_COUNTRY"/> This also gave dynamic parser support for MS-DOS/PC DOS COUNTRY.SYS file formats in addition to DR-DOS' own COUNTRY.SYS formats,<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2000_Enhancements"/><ref name="Paul_2000_CONFIG"/><ref name="Paul_2001_COUNTRY"/><ref name="Paul_2001_CPI"/><ref name="Paul_2001_CODEPAGE"/><ref name="Caldera_1998_NEW703"/> and it introduced support for the [[ISO 8601]] international date format<ref name="Paul_2001_COUNTRY"/><ref name="Paul_2000_CONFIG"/> (including automatic detection) and the then-new [[Euro currency]].<ref name="Paul_2001_COUNTRY"/><ref name="Paul_2000_CONFIG"/> Some DR-DOS files such as IBMBIO.COM, IBMDOS.COM and COUNTRY.SYS carried misleading file extensions for compatibility reasons; with DR-DOS 7.02 they were enhanced to incorporate a [[fat binary]]-style safety feature devised by Paul so that they would [[exit gracefully]] when called inappropriately.<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/><ref name="Caldera_1998_NEW703"/><ref name="Paul_2001_COUNTRY"/> DR-DOS 7.02 was fully [[Year 2000 problem|Year 2000]] compliant and provided special support to work with buggy system BIOSes. It also came with an updated [[FDISK]], which could partition and format FAT32 volumes (but not yet work with LBA). The sources of the Novell patches for the external tools and drivers had meanwhile been found in Germany and could thus be retro-fitted into the system as well, so that DR-DOS 7.02 finally not only caught up with Novell DOS 7, but was a true step forward. The release was followed by various updates in June, August and September 1998. The updated internal BDOS version number introduced a new problem: some legacy third-party applications with special support for Novell DOS, which were no longer being updated, stopped working. [[SETVER]] already allowed Novell DOS to disguise itself as DOS versions by file name and globally and, specifying a magic sub-version of 255, it would even disable its own internal BDOS version check in order to cope with programs specifically probing for "DR-DOS".<ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP"/> The modified kernel and SETVER driver by Paul would, in an hierarchical model, also support load paths in order to distinguish between multiple executables of the same file name, and it introduced an extended mode, in which SETVER could not only fake DOS versions, but also BDOS kernel versions.<ref name="Caldera_1998_NEW703"/> Sub-versions of 128 to 255 would be reported as DOS sub-versions 0 to 127 to applications, but with the BDOS version check disabled, while sub-versions 100 to 127 could be used to fake different BDOS versions,<ref name="Caldera_1998_NEW703"/> whereas the DOS revision number (typically set to 0 in a static, pre-boot patchable data structure) would be taken as the reported sub-version instead, so that SETVER /G /X 6.114 would allow versions of DR-DOS since 7.02 to still report themselves as a "DOS 6.0" and with a faked BDOS version 7.2 (114 decimal = 72 hexadecimal), thereby masquerading as Novell DOS 7 / OpenDOS 7.01.<ref name="Caldera_1998_NEW703"/> While otherwise beneficial, the new HIFILES triggered a compatibility problem in the DOS-UP feature of the third-party memory manager QEMM 8, which was hard-wired to expect a [[chunking (computing)|chunk]] of five handle structures in conventional memory under DR-DOS (as with previous versions up to 7.01), whereas version 7.02 by design left eight handles in low memory when loading high files in order to maintain full compatibility with older versions of Windows 3.xx.<ref name="Paul_2000_CONFIG"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/> Compatibility with Windows for Workgroups 3.11 had not been affected by this. A maintenance fix was devised to patch a single byte in IBMBIO.COM in order to switch the behaviour and optionally re-invoke the old chunking. This freed some 150 bytes of conventional memory and enabled full compatibility with DOS-UP, but at the same time broke compatibility with older versions of Windows 3.xx when using the HIFILES feature, and vice versa. The patch named IBMBIO85.SCR continued to work with newer versions of DR-DOS.<ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3"/><ref name="Paul_2001_IBMBIO85"/><ref name="Paul_2001_IBMBIO85_106"/><ref name="Paul_2003_IBMBIO85_108"/> In August 1998<ref name="Jones_2004"/><!-- NB. Caldera Thin Clients was incorporated in August 1998, and Caldera Systems on 1998-08-21. Press release was on 1998-09-02, but contracts date 1998-09-01. --> the US-based Caldera, Inc. created two new subsidiaries, [[Caldera Systems]], Inc. for the [[Linux]] business, and [[Caldera Thin Clients]], Inc. for the embedded and thin-client market.<ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries"/> Another version, DR-DOS 7.03 (still with BDOS 7.3 and reporting itself to applications as "PC DOS 6.0" for compatibility purposes), was pre-released at Christmas 1998 and then officially released on January 6, 1999, by Caldera UK. It came with significantly improved memory managers (in particular enhanced DPMI support in conjunction with the multitasker) and other enhancements, such as added DEVLOAD and DRMOUSE utilities, but a changed [[FAT OEM label|OEM label]] in the boot sector of volumes formatted under DR-DOS could also cause problems under other operating systems (which can be circumvented by NOVOLTRK).<ref name="Paul_2002_OEM"/><ref name="Paul_2004_OEM"/> DR-DOS 7.03 would become the last version of DR-DOS also tailored for desktop use.<!-- so far, 2023 --> Caldera, Inc.<!-- or Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. --> wanted to relocate the DR-DOS business into the US and closed the highly successful UK operation<ref name="Richardson_1999_Ball"/><ref name="Collins_2000"/> in February 1999<ref name="Lea_1999_UK"/> after Gross resigned and set up iCentrix to develop the [[MarioNet split web browser]]. Development was then moved into the US (which never worked out due to a total lack of expertise in this field at Caldera US),<ref name="Lea_1999_UK"/> and the DR-DOS line fell to its branch company, Caldera Thin Clients, which was renamed [[Lineo]], Inc. on July 20, 1999.<ref name="Caldera_1999_Lineo"/><ref name="Richardson_1999_Ball"/> DR-WebSpyder was renamed [[Embrowser]] and was said to be ported to Linux.<ref name="Caldera_1999_Lineo"/> Lineo re-released DR-DOS 7.03 in June and September 1999, still branded as "Caldera DR-DOS"<ref name="History"/> and without any changes, but otherwise focussed on Linux for embedded systems, based on a stripped-down version of OpenLinux named [[Embedix]].<ref name="Caldera_1999_Lineo"/><ref name="Richardson_1999_Ball"/> Among the latest and independently developed versions of DR-DOS were OEM DR-DOS 7.04 (as of August 19, 1999)<ref name="Paul_2001_IBMBIO85_106"/> and 7.05 (as of November 30, 1999), still branded as "Caldera DR-DOS".<ref name="Moriy_autoexec"/><ref name="moriy_config"/> These were variants of the system consisting only of the kernel and command shell. With a specialized native implementation of FAT32 and large hard disk support they could be found bundled with [[Ontrack]]'s [[Easy Recovery]] 5 in 2000, replacing the dynamically loadable DRFAT32 redirector driver, which still came with Easy Recovery 4.<ref name="ct_2000"/><ref name="OnTrack_1999_ER"/> They were also used for [[Seagate Technology]]'s [[SeaTools]]<ref name="reimagery"/> and the CD imaging software [[Nero Burning ROM]]. While still reporting a BDOS 7.3 internally, these were the first versions to report themselves as "PC DOS 7.10" to applications in order to indicate integrated FAT32 support. Designed to be mostly backwards-compatible, the DR-DOS 7.04/7.05 IBMBIO.COM could be combined with the DR-DOS 7.03 IBMDOS.COM in order to give the desktop-approved DR-DOS 7.03 kernel LBA capabilities and work with drives larger than 8 GB. For specific OEM requirements, DR-DOS 7.06 (as of December 14, 1999)<ref name="Paul_2003_IBMBIO85_108"/> by Wightman combined the kernel files into a single binary executable, so that, similar to [[IO.SYS]] of [[Windows 98]], it could be booted by MS-DOS 7.10 [[boot sector]]s (but no longer by DR-DOS boot sectors). DR-DOS 7.07 (with BDOS 7.4/7.7) by Paul introduced new [[Booting|bootstrap]] loaders and updated disk tools in order to combine support for [[Cylinder-head-sector|CHS]] and LBA disk access, the [[FAT12]], [[FAT16]] and FAT32 file systems, and the differing bootstrapping conventions of DR-DOS, PC DOS, MS-DOS, Windows<!-- dual-boot -->, [[REAL/32]] and LOADER into a single [[NEWLDR]] [[Master Boot Record|MBR]] and boot sector, so that the code would continue to load any version of DR-DOS down to 3.31 (and since DR-DOS 7.04 also with FAT32 support), but could also be used to launch the PC DOS or MS-DOS system files, including those of Windows 9x and PC DOS 7.10. At the same time the kernel could not only be booted by the new sectors, but also by any previously DR-DOS formatted disks, as well as off disks with existing PC DOS or MS-DOS boot sectors and a variety of other boot-loaders, thereby easing the coexistence and setup of [[multi-boot]] scenarios in conjunction with other operating systems. ===Later versions=== In 2002, Lineo was bought out, and some of Lineo's former managers purchased the name and formed a new company, DRDOS, Inc. dba [[DeviceLogics]] L.L.C. They have continued to sell DR-DOS for use in embedded systems. DR-DOS 8.0 was released on March 30, 2004, featuring FAT32 and large disk support, the ability to boot from ROM or Flash, multitasking and a DPMI memory manager. This version was based on the kernel from version 7.03.<ref name="freedos"/> The company later released DR-DOS 8.1 (with better FAT32 support) in autumn 2005. This version was instead based on OpenDOS 7.01.xx.<!-- Exact subversion xx to be determined. --> DR-DOS 8.1 was withdrawn for GPL violations (see [[#Controversies|Controversies]]). Aside from selling copies of the operating system, the DRDOS, Inc. website lists a buyout option for DR-DOS; the asking price is {{currency|amount=25000|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}.<ref name="Buyout"/> The OpenDOS 7.01 source code was a base for ''The DR-DOS/OpenDOS Enhancement Project'', set up in July 2002 in an attempt to bring the functionality of DR-DOS up to parity with modern PC non-Windows operating systems. The project's added native support for large disks ([[Logical block addressing|LBA]]) and the [[FAT32]] file system, and several other enhancements, including improved memory management and support for the new [[FAT32+]] file system extension which allows files of up to 256 GB in size on normal [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] partitions. DR-DOS 7.01.08 WIP (work in progress) was released on July 21, 2011.<ref name="EDR"/> From 2023 on the last Enhanced DR-DOS release 7.01.08 WIP was ported to an open source build tool chain, which makes the kernel and command interpreter cross-buildable from operating systems other than DOS.<ref name="edrdos_2023"/> The kernel can be built as a single binary ''KERNEL.SYS'' to make it compatible with boot loaders supporting the FreeDOS kernel. It received several bug fixes and updates and as of October 2024 is under active maintenance. ==Controversies== In October 2005, it was discovered that DR-DOS 8.1 included several utilities from [[FreeDOS]] as well as other sources, and that the kernel was an outdated version of the Enhanced DR-DOS kernel. DR DOS, Inc. failed to comply with the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) by not crediting the FreeDOS utilities to their authors and including the source code.<ref name="freedos"/> After complaints from FreeDOS developers (including the suggestion to provide the source code, and hence comply with the GPL), DR DOS, Inc. instead withdrew version 8.1, and also the unaffected 8.0, from its website. ==Commands== <!-- To be checked: JOIN --> APPEND, ASSIGN, BATCH, DBG, DELQ, ERA, ERAQ, MORE and SUBST have been among the internal commands supported since DR DOS 3.31. DR DOS 5.0 removed BATCH and added HILOAD.<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/><ref name="4DOS_8.00_HELP"/> GOSUB, IDLE<!-- one source states 5.0+ -->, RETURN and SWITCH were added as internal commands with DR DOS 6.0.<ref name="4DOS_8.00_HELP"/> ASSIGN and SUBST were changed to become external commands with DR DOS 6.0.<ref name="4DOS_8.00_HELP"/> ECHOERR and PAUSEERR existed as internal commands in DR DOS 6.0 (and in Multiuser DOS), but were not normally enabled.<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> MORE remained an internal command up to including PalmDOS, but was changed to an external command with Novell DOS 7. DBG was removed with Novell DOS 7<!-- possibly PalmDOS already? -->, LOADHIGH, LH and [[TRUENAME]]<!-- since update 8 and DR DOS 6.0 1993 --> were added as internal commands. APPEND{{Citation needed|reason=Not according to DR DOS 6.0 User Guide|date=August 2019}} was still an internal command in DR DOS 6.0, but was changed to an external command with Novell DOS 7. ===Internal commands=== The following list of [[Shell builtin|internal]] [[command (computing)|commands]] is supported by [[#6.0|DR DOS 6.0]]:<ref name="drdos6userguide"/><ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> {{Div col|colwidth=9em}} <!-- * /? /H since Novell DOS 7 only --> <!-- @ since Novell DOS 7 only --> * [[APPEND (DOS command)|APPEND]] * [[BREAK (DOS command)|BREAK]] * [[CD (DOS command)|CD]] * [[CHCP (DOS command)|CHCP]] * [[CHDIR (DOS command)|CHDIR]] * [[CLS (DOS command)|CLS]] * [[COPY (DOS command)|COPY]]<ref group="nb" name="NB_Remote-copy"/> * [[CTTY (DOS command)|CTTY]] * [[DATE (DOS command)|DATE]] * DBG<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[DEL (DOS command)|DEL]] * [[DELQ (DOS command)|DELQ]]<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[DIR (DOS command)|DIR]] * [[ERA (DOS command)|ERA]]<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[ERAQ (DOS command)|ERAQ]]<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[ERASE (DOS command)|ERASE]] * [[EXIT (DOS command)|EXIT]] * [[HILOAD (DOS command)|HILOAD]] * [[IDLE (DOS command)|IDLE]]<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[MD (DOS command)|MD]] * [[MKDIR (DOS command)|MKDIR]] * [[MORE (DOS command)|MORE]] * [[PATH (DOS command)|PATH]] * [[PROMPT (DOS command)|PROMPT]] * [[RD (DOS command)|RD]] * [[REN (DOS command)|REN]] * [[RENAME (DOS command)|RENAME]] * [[RMDIR (DOS command)|RMDIR]] * [[SET (DOS command)|SET]] * [[TIME (DOS command)|TIME]] * [[TYPE (DOS command)|TYPE]] * [[VER (DOS command)|VER]] * [[VERIFY (DOS command)|VERIFY]] * [[VOL (DOS command)|VOL]] {{Div col end}} ===Batch processing subcommands=== Batch processing subcommands of [[#6.0|DR DOS 6.0]] include:<ref name="drdos6userguide"/><ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> {{Div col|colwidth=9em}} * ?<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> <!-- * AND (since Novell DOS 7)--> * [[CALL (DOS command)|CALL]] * [[ECHO (DOS command)|ECHO]] * ECHOERR<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[FOR (DOS command)|FOR]] * [[GOSUB (DOS command)|GOSUB]] * [[GOTO (DOS command)|GOTO]] * [[IF (DOS command)|IF]] * OR<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[PAUSE (DOS command)|PAUSE]] * PAUSEERR<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[REM (DOS command)|REM]] * [[RETURN (DOS command)|RETURN]]<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> * [[SHIFT (DOS command)|SHIFT]] * [[SWITCH (DOS command)|SWITCH]]<ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN"/> {{Div col end}} ===External commands=== [[#6.0|DR DOS 6.0]] supports the following external commands:<ref name="drdos6userguide"/> {{Div col|colwidth=9em}} * [[ASSIGN (DOS command)|ASSIGN]] * [[ATTRIB]] * [[BACKUP (DOS command)|BACKUP]] * [[CHKDSK]] * [[COMMAND (DOS command)|COMMAND]]<ref group="nb" name="NB_Remote-copy"/> * [[COMP (DOS command)|COMP]] * CURSOR * DELPURGE * DELWATCH * [[DISKCOMP (DOS command)|DISKCOMP]] * [[DISKCOPY (DOS command)|DISKCOPY]] * DISKMAP * DISKOPT * DOSBOOK * EDITOR * [[EXE2BIN]] * [[FASTOPEN]] * [[File Compare|FC]] * [[FDISK (DOS command)|FDISK]] * FILELINK * [[find (Windows)|FIND]] * [[FORMAT (DOS command)|FORMAT]] * [[GRAFTABL (DOS command)|GRAFTABL]] * [[GRAPHICS (DOS command)|GRAPHICS]] * [[JOIN (DOS command)|JOIN]] * [[KEYB (DOS command)|KEYB]] * [[LABEL (DOS command)|LABEL]] * LOCK * [[MEM (DOS command)|MEM]] * MEMMAX * [[MODE (DOS command)|MODE]] * [[MOVE (DOS command)|MOVE]] * [[NLSFUNC (DOS command)|NLSFUNC]] * PASSWORD * [[PRINT (DOS command)|PRINT]] * [[RECOVER (DOS command)|RECOVER]] * RENDIR * [[REPLACE (DOS command)|REPLACE]] * [[RESTORE (DOS command)|RESTORE]] * SCRIPT * SETUP * [[SHARE (DOS command)|SHARE]] * SID * [[SORT (DOS command)|SORT]] * [[SuperStor|SSTOR]] * [[SUBST (DOS command)|SUBST]] * SUPERPCK * [[SYS (DOS command)|SYS]] * TASKMAX * [[TOUCH (DOS command)|TOUCH]] * [[TREE (DOS command)|TREE]] * [[UNDELETE (DOS command)|UNDELETE]] * [[UNFORMAT (DOS command)|UNFORMAT]] * UNINSTAL * [[XCOPY (DOS command)|XCOPY]] * XDEL * XDIR {{Div col end}} ==See also== <!-- Grouped logically, not sorted alphabetically: --> * [[CP/M]] * [[MP/M]] * [[DOS Plus]] * [[Multiuser DOS]] * [[NetWare]] * [[Comparison of DOS operating systems]] * [[Timeline of DOS operating systems]] * [[AARD code]] * [[General Software Embedded BIOS]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="nb"|refs= {{r|group="nb"|name="NB_Remote-copy"|r=In order to improve performance of [[file transfer]]s, the internal [[COPY (DOS command)|COPY]] command in some versions of COMMAND.COM since Novell DOS 7<!-- actually implemented for DR DOS Panther on 1992-06-22, see DOSSRC.ZIP: COMCPY.C/DOSIF.ASM --><ref name="Caldera_1997_DOSSRC"/> has built-in [[NCOPY]] capabilities, that is, it automatically detects if a file is to be copied locally on a remote NetWare<!-- TBD. At least in conjunction with version 4, possibly earlier... --> or [[Personal NetWare]]<!-- TBD. Not sure if this also worked with NetWare Lite. --> file server and then will initiate a remote file transfer eliminating the need to send the file contents over the network.}} {{r|group="nb"|name="NB_Office-Locations"|r=[[Digital Research Europe]]'s OEM Support Group was opened in [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]], Berkshire, UK ({{coord|51.40612|-1.326374|dim:50_region:GB|display=inline|name=Digital Research (UK) Ltd., Oxford House, 12-20 Oxford Street, Newbury, Berkshire, UK}}) in 1983. Relocated to [[Hungerford, Berkshire|Hungerford]], Berkshire, UK, in 1986, this facility became Digital Research's newly created European Development Centre (EDC), originally at Station Road ({{coord|51.414478|-1.512946|dim:50_region:GB|display=inline|name=Digital Research (UK) Ltd., Station Road, Hungerford, Berkshire, UK}}), but later moved to Charnham Park ({{coord|51.420339|-1.515223|dim:300_region:GB|display=inline|name=Digital Research (UK) Ltd., Charnham Park, Hungerford, Berkshire, UK}}<!-- Also the coordinates of Novell UK, Unit 2A, ???gate, Charnham Park, Hungerford, Berkshire, UK -->). It became Novell's Digital Research Systems Group between 1991 and 1992 and was later merged into Novell's Desktop Systems Group (DSG). The facility was closed between 1994 and 1996.<!-- exact date TBD --> Caldera's new Digital Research Systems Group opened Caldera UK Ltd. in [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], Hampshire, UK, in 1996. This was originally located at Winchester Street ({{coord|51.20531|-1.478786|dim:15_region:GB|display=inline|name=Caldera UK Ltd., Aldwych House, Winchester Street, Andover, Hampshire, SP10 2EA, UK}}<!-- Apparently, the company was originally incorporated as Law 774 Ltd. on 1996-09-20 and then renamed to Caldera UK Ltd. on 1996-12-12. Formally, it was dissolved on 2001-07-03. -->), but soon moved into a converted barn in Upper Clatford at the periphery of Andover ({{coord|51.188306|-1.487498|dim:25_region:GB|display=inline|name=Caldera UK Ltd., Norman Court Barns, Norman Court Lane, Upper Clatford, Andover, Hampshire, UK}}). It closed in 1998.}} }} ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="about">{{cite web |title=About DRDOS |work=DRDOS Embedded DOS |publisher=[[DRDOS, Inc.]] |date=2013 |url=http://drdos.com/company/about-drdos/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603094924/http://drdos.com/company/about-drdos/ |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |access-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Wein_2009_DOSPLUS">{{cite web |title=DRI History and Joe Wein |author-first=Josef "Joe" |author-last=Wein |editor-first=Herbert R. |editor-last=Johnson |date=February 19, 2010 |orig-date=November 2009 |url=http://retrotechnology.com/dri/dri_wein.html |access-date=January 17, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117185919/http://retrotechnology.com/dri/dri_wein.html |archive-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="podtech">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091226162826/http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1593/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1 The rest of the story: How Bill Gates beat Gary Kildall in OS war, Part 1 {{!}} ScobleShow: Videoblog about geeks, technology, and developers]</ref> <ref name="DRI_1984_PCMODE">{{cite journal |editor-first=Nan |editor-last=Borreson |publisher=[[Digital Research]] |date=March 1984 |title=PC-Mode bridges CP/M and PC-DOS |journal=Digital Dialogue - Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc. |volume=3 |number=1 |page=3 |url=http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/view.php?s=documents&id=1008 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910122042/http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/view.php?s=documents&id=1008 |archive-date=September 10, 2017}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175506/http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/documents/doc-4468e75a9255a.pdf]</ref> <ref name="DRI_1984_CDOS31">{{cite journal |editor-first=Nan |editor-last=Borreson |publisher=[[Digital Research]] |title=Concurrent DOS bridges PC-DOS, CP/M |journal=Digital Research News - for Digital Research Users Everywhere |volume=4 |number=2 |page=3 |date=May 1984 |url=http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/view.php?s=documents&id=1011 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910122747/http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/view.php?s=documents&id=1011 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |quote="[[Concurrent DOS 3.1|Concurrent DOS Release 3.1]] is rapidly gaining momentum and support from a wide range of microcomputer manufacturers," Wandryk said. "Some 60 hardware companies have licensed the product since it was released in early March."}} [http://corphist.computerhistory.org/corphist/documents/doc-4468e75a9255a.pdf]</ref> <ref name="DOS Plus">{{cite book |title=Master 512 Technical Guide |chapter=Chapter 7: DOS Plus: A short history |author-first=Robin |author-last=Burton |location=Leicestershire, UK |publisher=[[Dabs Press]] |publication-place=Prestwich, Manchester, UK |date=September 1989 |isbn=1-870336-80-1 |edition=First edition, first printing |chapter-url=http://bbc.nvg.org/doc/Master%20512%20Technical%20Guide/m512tech07.htm#Elements%20of%20DOS%20Plus |access-date=May 9, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910174042/http://bbc.nvg.org/doc/Master%20512%20Technical%20Guide/m512tech07.htm |archive-date=September 10, 2017}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20240725173413/https://acorn.huininga.nl/pub/docs/manuals/Acorn/80186%20Second%20Processor/Master%20512%20Technical%20Guide.pdf]</ref> <ref name="Infoword_1988">{{cite magazine |title=Award Software plans to implement Digital Research's OS on ROM chip |author-first=Bob |author-last=Ponting |date=August 15, 1988 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |access-date=September 6, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1997_Multi">{{cite book |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |date=August 1997 |title=OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — OpenDOS Multitasking API Guide — Programmer's Guide |id=Caldera Part No. 200-DOMG-004 |url=http://www.drdos.net/documentation/multtask/01mtch1.htm#651 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910173003/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/multtask/01mtch1.htm |archive-date=September 10, 2017}} (Printed in the UK.)</ref> <ref name="Chappell_AARD">{{cite web |url=http://members.ozemail.com.au/~geoffch@ozemail.com.au/editorial/aard/index.html |title=The AARD Code |access-date=September 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113045219/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~geoffch@ozemail.com.au/editorial/aard/index.html |archive-date=January 13, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="DDJ">[http://www.ddj.com/windows/184409070?pgno=4 Dr. Dobb's Journal investigation]</ref> <ref name="Egbert_1998">{{cite journal |title=Microsoft: Vorgetäuschter Bug legte DR-DOS lahm |language=de |author-first=Egbert |author-last=Meyer |date=August 27, 1998 |journal=[[Heise Online]] |publisher=[[Verlag Heinz Heise]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Microsoft-Vorgetaeuschter-Bug-legte-DR-DOS-lahm-14173.html |access-date=July 14, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714175147/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Microsoft-Vorgetaeuschter-Bug-legte-DR-DOS-lahm-14173.html |archive-date=July 14, 2018}} [https://heise.de/-14173]</ref> <ref name="Timeline_2014_DOSV">{{cite web |title=Timeline of DOS/V versions |date=November 28, 2014 |language=ja |url=http://lsair.html.xdomain.jp/a/e/timeline-of-dosv-versions.html |access-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051949/http://lsair.html.xdomain.jp/a/e/timeline-of-dosv-versions.html |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="DRDOS60V_ViewMAX">{{cite web |author-first1=Roy |author-last1=Tam |author-first2=John C. |author-last2=Elliott |title=DR DOS 6.0/V |date=January 12, 2014 |url=https://www.betaarchive.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=30331 |access-date=January 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903045928/https://www.betaarchive.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=30331 |archive-date=September 3, 2018}} (NB. Has screenshots of a [[DBCS]]-enabled version of [[ViewMAX 2]] running on DR DOS 6.0/V and a [[hex dump]] of the corresponding DRFONT database <code>SCREENHZ.FNT</code> for its <code>[[$FONT.SYS]]</code>.)</ref> <ref name="CW_1992_PalmDOS">{{cite journal |title=Markt für Desktop-Betriebssysteme im Visier - Novell kündigt die ersten Low-end-Produkte mit dem Betiebssystem DR DOS 6.0 an |language=de |date=September 11, 1992 |journal=[[Computerwoche]] |publisher=[[IDG Business Media GmbH]] |location=Munich, Germany |author=CW |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/novell-kuendigt-die-ersten-low-end-produkte-mit-dem-betiebssystem-dr-dos-6-0-an,1135975 |access-date=July 4, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704215744/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/novell-kuendigt-die-ersten-low-end-produkte-mit-dem-betiebssystem-dr-dos-6-0-an%2C1135975 |archive-date=July 4, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Dynamic_Idle_Detection">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407072428/http://www.wikipatents.com/US-Patent-5355501/idle-detection-system |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |url=http://www.wikipatents.com/US-Patent-5355501/idle-detection-system |title=US Patent 5355501 - Idle detection system}}</ref> <ref name="sdtimes novell v microsoft">{{cite web |url=http://www.sdtimes.com/blog/post/2011/12/19/Novell-v-Microsoft-trial-ends-in-hung-jury.aspx |title=Novell v. Microsoft trial ends in hung jury |publisher=[[SD Times]] |date=December 19, 2011 |access-date=March 2, 2012 |author-first=J. D. |author-last=Hildebrand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515082145/http://www.sdtimes.com/blog/post/2011/12/19/Novell-v-Microsoft-trial-ends-in-hung-jury.aspx |archive-date=May 15, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="pcmag novell dos">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=Novell+DOS&i=48102,00.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131022157/http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=Novell+DOS&i=48102,00.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 31, 2013 |title=Novell DOS |magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |access-date=March 2, 2012 }}</ref> <ref name="Scott_1991_Merger">{{cite journal |title=Novell/DRI merger to reap better client management |author-first=Karyl |author-last=Scott |date=July 29, 1991 |journal=[[InfoWorld]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA33 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |page=33}}</ref> <ref name="BW_1991">{{cite news |title=Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement |date=July 17, 1991 |work=[[Business Wire]] |url=http://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |access-date=January 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818133749/https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |archive-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Allchin_1992">{{cite web |title=Novell/Digital Research reach definitive agreement… |author-first=James Edward |author-last=Allchin |author-link=James Edward Allchin |date=May 27, 1992 |orig-date=1991-07-17 |type=Court document |id=Plaintiff's exhibit 828, [[Comes v. Microsoft]] |url=http://antitrust.slated.org/www.iowaconsumercase.org/011607/0000/PX00838.pdf |access-date=January 21, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119074834/http://antitrust.slated.org/www.iowaconsumercase.org/011607/0000/PX00838.pdf |archive-date=November 19, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes rivals boost">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/24/business/the-executive-computer-microsoft-s-operating-system-rivals-get-a-boost-sort-of.html?scp=1&sq=&pagewanted=2 |title=The Executive Computer; Microsoft's Operating System Rivals Get a Boost, Sort Of |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 24, 1994 |access-date=March 2, 2012 |author-last=Fisher |author-first=Lawrence M. |url-access=limited}}</ref> <ref name="extremetech msdos 30">{{cite news |url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/91202-ms-dos-is-30-years-old-today |title=MS-DOS is 30 years old today |work=[[ExtremeTech]] |date=July 27, 2011 |access-date=March 2, 2012 |author-last=Anthony |author-first=Sebastian}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes readies response">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/18/business/novell-readies-a-response-to-windows.html?scp=2&sq=&pagewanted=2 |title=Novell Readies a Response to Windows |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 18, 1995 |access-date=March 2, 2012 |author-last=Fisher |author-first=Lawrence M. |url-access=limited}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes big losers">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/06/business/the-executive-computer-will-users-be-the-big-losers-in-software-patent-battles.html?scp=3&sq=&pagewanted=2 |title=The Executive Computer; Will Users Be the Big Losers in Software Patent Battles? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 6, 1994 |access-date=March 2, 2012 |author-last=Fisher |author-first=Lawrence M. |url-access=limited}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit">{{cite web |title=Software Developer Caldera sues Microsoft for Antitrust practices alleges monopolistic acts shut its DR DOS operating system out of market |work=[[Caldera News]] |date=July 24, 1996 |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |access-date=June 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624232924/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Sheesley_2008">{{cite web |title=My DOS version can beat up your DOS version |author-last=Sheesley |author-first=John |work=[[TechRepublic]] |date=April 9, 2008 |url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/classic-tech/my-dos-version-can-beat-up-your-dos-version/118 |access-date=March 2, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101213823/https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/classics-rock/my-dos-version-can-beat-up-your-dos-version/ |archive-date=November 1, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_Fullstory_Tech">{{cite web |title=In the United States District Court - District of Utah, Central Division - Caldera, Inc. vs. Microsoft Corporation - Case No. 2:96CV 0645B - Caldera, Inc.'s Memorandum in opposition to defendant's motion for partial Summary Judgment on plaintiff's "Technological Tying" claim |author-first1=Stephen Daily |author-last1=Susman |author-link1=Stephen Daily Susman |author-first2=Charles R. |author-last2=Eskridge III |author-link2=Charles R. Eskridge III |author-first3=Harry P. |author-last3=Susman |author-first4=James T. |author-last4=Southwick |author-first5=Parker C. |author-last5=Folse III |author-first6=Timothy K. |author-last6=Borchers |author-first7=Ralph H. |author-last7=Palumbo |author-first8=Matthew R.<!-- Matt --> |author-last8=Harris |author-first9=Lynn M. |author-last9=Engel |author-first10=Philip S.<!-- Phil --> |author-last10=McCune |author-first11=Lawrence C. |author-last11=Locker |author-first12=Max D. |author-last12=Wheeler |author-first13=Stephen J. |author-last13=Hill |author-first14=Ryan E. |author-last14=Tibbitts |date=May 1999 |type=Court document |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/tech.html<!-- http://www.calderathin.com/legal/index.html exact former url not known --> |access-date=August 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805142843/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/tech.html |archive-date=August 5, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="BBC_CalderaMicrosoft">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/600488.stm |title=Caldera vs Microsoft - the settlement |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=January 13, 2000 |work=[[BBC News]] |via=bbc.co.uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/600488.stm |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement">{{cite news |title=Microsoft Will Pay $275 Million To Settle Lawsuit From Caldera |author-first=Lee |author-last=Gomes |date=January 11, 2000 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB947543007415899052 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 24, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231130504/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB947543007415899052 |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |quote=[[Microsoft Corp.]] agreed to pay an estimated $275 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit by [[Caldera Inc.]], heading off a trial that was likely to air nasty allegations from a decade ago. […] Microsoft and Caldera, a small Salt Lake City software company that brought the suit in 1996, didn't disclose terms of the settlement. Microsoft, though, said it would take a charge of three cents a share for the agreement in the fiscal third quarter ending March 31 […] the company has roughly 5.5 billion shares outstanding […]}}</ref> <ref name="Groklaw_2009_NovellWP">{{cite web |title=Exhibits to Microsoft's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment in Novell WordPerfect Case |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20091120165256836 |work=[[Groklaw]] |date=November 23, 2009 |access-date=October 22, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130821080038/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20091120165256836 |archive-date=August 21, 2013 |quote=[…] exhibits attached to Microsoft's Memorandum of Law in support of Microsoft's cross motion for summary judgment in the Novell v. Microsoft antitrust litigation. We finally find out what Microsoft paid [[Caldera, Inc.|Caldera]] to settle the DrDOS litigation back in 2000: $280 million. We even get to read the settlement agreement. It's attached as an exhibit. […] The settlement terms were sealed for all these years, but […] now that mystery is solved. […] We also find out what Caldera/[[Canopy Group|Canopy]] then paid Novell from that $280 million: $35.5 million at first, and then after Novell successfully sued Canopy in 2004, Caldera's successor-in-interest on this matter, an additional $17.7 million, according to page 16 of the Memorandum. Microsoft claims that Novell is not the real party in interest in this antitrust case, and so it can't sue Microsoft for the claims it has lodged against it, because, Microsoft says, Novell sold its antitrust claims to Caldera when it sold it DrDOS. So the exhibits are trying to demonstrate that Novell got paid in full, so to speak, via that earlier litigation. As a result, we get to read a number of documents from the Novell v. Canopy litigation. Novell responds it retained its antitrust claims in the applications market. […]}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_Microsoft_2000_Settlement">{{cite web |title=Settlement agreement - Microsoft Corporation and Caldera, Inc. reach agreement to settle antitrust lawsuit |author-first1=Thomas W. |author-last1=Burt |author-first2=Bryan Wayne |author-last2=Sparks |author-link2=Bryan Wayne Sparks |date=January 7, 2000 |id=Case 1:05-cv-01087-JFM, Document 104-8, Filed November 13, 2009; NOV00107061-NOV00107071; LT2288-LT2298; Lan12S311263739.1; Exhibit A |type=Faxed court document |url=http://www.groklaw.net/pdf2/NovvMS-104-8.pdf |access-date=August 3, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704220659/http://groklaw.net/pdf2/NovvMS-104-8.pdf |archive-date=July 4, 2017 |quote=[…] Microsoft will pay to [[Caldera, Inc.|Caldera]], by wire transfer in accordance with written instructions provided by Caldera, the amount of two hundred eighty million dollars ($280,000,000), as full settlement of all claims or potential claims covered by this agreement […]}} (NB. This document of the ''Caldera v. Microsoft'' case was an exhibit in the ''Novell v. Microsoft'' and ''[[Comes v. Microsoft]]'' cases.)</ref> <ref name="Microsoft_2009_Memorandum">{{cite web |title=Microsoft's memorandum in opposition to Novell's renewed motion for summary judgement on Microsoft's affirmative defenses and in support of Microsoft's cross-motion for summary judgement |author-first1=Richard J. |author-last1=Wallis |author-first2=Steven J. |author-last2=Aeschbacher |author-first3=Mark M. |author-last3=Bettilyon |author-first4=G. Stewar |author-last4=Webb, Jr. |author-first5=David B. |author-last5=Tulchin |author-first6=Steven L. |author-last6=Holley |date=November 13, 2009 |location=United States District Court, District of Maryland |type=Court document |id=Novell, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation, Civil Action No. JFM-05-1087 |page=16 |url=http://www.groklaw.net/pdf2/NovvMS-104-2.pdf |access-date=August 3, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154518/http://www.groklaw.net/pdf2/NovvMS-104-2.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |quote=[…] Microsoft paid $280 million to [[Caldera, Inc.|Caldera]] to settle the case, and $35.5 million of the settlement proceeds were provided by Caldera to Novell as a so-called "royalty." […] Dissatisfied with that amount, Novell filed suit in June 2000 against Caldera (succeeded by [[The Canopy Group]]), alleging that Novell was entitled to even more. […] Novell ultimately prevailed, adding $17.7 million to its share of the monies paid by Microsoft to Caldera, for a total of more than $53 million […]}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1996_UK">{{cite web |publisher=Company Data Rex |title=Basic information about company "Caldera (UK) Limited" |id=Company Number 03252883 |date=July 1, 2001 |url=http://www.cdrex.com/caldera-uk-limited-1134037.html |access-date=June 24, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624232240/http://www.cdrex.com/caldera-uk-limited-1134037.html |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Cebit_1998_Winglue">{{cite web |title=Cebit: Caldera shows Windows on DR-DOS, denying MS claims |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=March 23, 1998 |department=[[CeBIT]] news |location=Hanover, Germany |url=http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/1996865/cebit-caldera-windows-dr-dos-denying-ms-claims |access-date=June 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624231328/https://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/1996865/cebit-caldera-windows-dr-dos-denying-ms-claims |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Romano_1998_Winbolt">{{cite journal |author-first=Mike |author-last=Romano |title=The mouse that roared. Forget the feds. It's up to an obscure Utah company to prove what we already know: that Microsoft is a monopoly. |journal=[[Seattle Weekly]] |date=September 17, 1998 |orig-date=1998-09-16 |url=http://www.seattleweekly.com/1998-09-16/news/the-mouse-that-roared/ |access-date=June 24, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624231746/http://archive.seattleweekly.com/1998-09-16/news/the-mouse-that-roared/ |archive-date=June 24, 2017 |quote=Furthermore, Caldera claims that Microsoft's flagship product, [[Windows 95]], is nothing more than an "[[artificial tie]]" between its MS-DOS operating system and [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] graphic interface with no business justification other than to keep competing underlying operating systems—like Caldera's DR-DOS—off the market. To prove its point, Caldera will soon release a piece of demonstration software called "[[WinBolt]]," which, it says, will allow users to install the Windows 95 interface atop DR-DOS. The demo will show, Caldera says, that there is no significant technological advancement, or justified business efficiency, to the combination of MS-DOS with Windows in Windows 95.}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20010211085804/http://www.seattleweekly.com/features/9837/features-romano.shtml]</ref> <ref name="Paul_2002_RMD">{{cite web |title=[fd-dev] HMA access from TSR |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=April 10, 2002 |work=freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101846072627263&w=4 |access-date=September 9, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170909125117/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101846072627263&w=4 |archive-date=September 9, 2017 |quote=[…] [[MS-DOS 7.0]]+ […] introduced a […] for the most part undocumented RMD data structure usually located in the [[High memory area|HMA]]. The kernel collects and records configuration and Real Mode Driver data during boot (type of driver, interrupts hooked by driver, [[CONFIG.SYS]] line of invocation, etc.) and stores this information in a […] complicated […] growing data structure. Presumably […] meant to be used by the Windows core to get a better picture of the loaded Real Mode drivers […] or even attempt to unhook or unload some of them, […] it is only used to a very limited extent ([…] some of the info reflected in the log files created on […] startup, and some parts of the […] configuration manager also make use of it), […] leaving room […] beyond the technical side […] because nothing of the interesting stuff is documented […]}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2002_HMA7">{{cite newsgroup |title=Suche freien Speicherbereich unterhalb von 1 MB, der nicht von OS überschrieben wird |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=August 13, 2002 |newsgroup=de.comp.lang.assembler.x86 |language=de |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/de.comp.lang.assembler.x86/boKnIpqPl-Q/ZLDFDX9E1e0J |access-date=September 3, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170904001428/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/de.comp.lang.assembler.x86/boKnIpqPl-Q/ZLDFDX9E1e0J |archive-date=September 4, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2002_W4">{{cite newsgroup |title=Will Windows 3.1 work with DR-DOS 7.03? |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=July 25, 2002 |newsgroup=alt.os.free-dos |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.os.free-dos/Cmyxty6vj-A/--5cpmEGDngJ |access-date=May 9, 2018 |quote=[…] DR-DOS 7.03 is compatible with Windows and [[Windows for Workgroups]] up to 3.xx (and internal versions of DR-DOS even with Windows 4.xx aka Windows 95/98/[[Windows 98 SE|SE]] […]}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP">{{cite book |title=NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds |department=MPDOSTIP |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=July 30, 1997 |orig-date=1994-05-01 |edition=3 |version=Release 157 |language=de |url=http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm |access-date=August 6, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910194752/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm |archive-date=September 10, 2017}} (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger <code>MPDOSTIP.ZIP</code><!-- still named TIPS_MP.ZIP between 1991 and 1996-11 --> collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the <code>NWDOSTIP.TXT</code> file.) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152204/https://www.sac.sk/download/text/mpdostip.zip<!-- A yet older version 155 from 1997-05-13 of the 1997-07-15 distribution archive. -->]</ref> <ref name="Paul_1997_OD-A3">{{cite web |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |title=Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT |url=http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzs180/download/ibmbioa3.zip |date=October 2, 1997 |access-date=March 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004074600/http://www-student.informatik.uni-bonn.de/~frinke/ibmbioa3.zip |archive-date=October 4, 2003}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225154705/http://mirror.macintosharchive.org/max1zzz.co.uk/+Windows%20&%20DOS/DOS/System/Novell/Support/Bins/Op702src.zip<!-- Op702src.zip is an unofficial renamed distribution of the ibmbioa3.zip file -->]</ref> <ref name="Brown_RBIL">[[Ralf D. Brown]]. ''[[Ralf Brown's Interrupt List]]'', INTER61 as of July 16, 2000 ([https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ralf/files.html]), entry for DR-DOS version check under INT 21h/AH=4452h.</ref> <ref name="4DOS_8.00_HELP">{{cite book |title=4DOS 8.00 online help |title-link=4DOS 8.00 |author-first1=Hardin |author-last1=Brothers |author-first2=Tom |author-last2=Rawson |author-link2=Tom Rawson |author-first3=Rex C. |author-last3=Conn |author-link3=Rex C. Conn |author-first4=Matthias R. |author-last4=Paul |author-first5=Charles E. |author-last5=Dye |author-first6=Luchezar I. |author-last6=Georgiev |date=February 27, 2002}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2000_Enhancements">{{cite web |title=Possible DR-DOS enhancements<!-- [Was: Re: SCI-Tech Display Drivers] --> |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=January 11, 2000 |work=www.delorie.com/opendos |url=http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2000/01/11/12:39:07 |access-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420091325/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos%2F2000%2F01%2F11%2F12%3A39%3A07 |archive-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2001_COUNTRY">{{cite web |title=DOS COUNTRY.SYS file format |type=COUNTRY.LST file |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=June 10, 2001 |edition=1.44 |orig-date=1995 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip<!-- not an official distribution archive, but contains an older version of COUNTRY.LST --> |access-date=August 20, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065252/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip |archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2001_CPI">{{cite web |title=Format description of DOS, OS/2, and Windows NT .CPI, and Linux .CP files |type=CPI.LST file |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=June 10, 2001 |edition=1.30 |orig-date=1995 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip<!-- not an official distribution archive, but contains an older version of CPI.LST --> |access-date=August 20, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065252/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip |archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2001_CODEPAGE">{{cite web |title=Overview on DOS, OS/2, and Windows codepages |type=CODEPAGE.LST file |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=June 10, 2001 |edition=1.59 preliminary |orig-date=1995 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip<!-- not an official distribution archive, but contains an older preliminary version of CODEPAGE.LST --> |access-date=August 20, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420065252/http://www.columbia.edu/~em36/wpdos/MatthiasPaulCPI.zip |archive-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2003_IBMBIO85_108">{{cite newsgroup |title=drdos + qemm = problems |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=January 6, 2003 |orig-date=2003-01-04, 1997 |version=1.08 |newsgroup=comp.os.msdos.misc |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.msdos.misc/_fX3MxLub9Y/VW_O_2fvlt0J |access-date=May 11, 2018 |quote=[…] DR-DOS 7.06 up to 1999-12-14 […] -->}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2001_IBMBIO85_106">{{cite newsgroup |title=QEMM 8.xx and Linux |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=November 28, 2001 |orig-date=1997 |version=1.06 |newsgroup=comp.os.msdos.desqview |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.msdos.desqview/M5dB_Ohs1Lo/swKOOswhwhEJ |access-date=May 11, 2018 |quote=[…] DR-DOS 7.04/7.05 (1999-08-19) […] -->}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2001_IBMBIO85">{{cite web |title=QEMM OPTIMIZE and DR-DOS |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=November 5, 2001 |work=OpenDOS |url=http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2001/11/05/10:09:45 |access-date=May 11, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511111713/http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos%2F2001%2F11%2F05%2F10%3A09%3A45 |archive-date=May 11, 2018 |quote=[…] FILES+FCBS […] are now grouped in 3 chunks while they were arranged in 2 chunks previously […] [[QEMM]]'s DOS-UP feature does not expect this […] This results in ca. 1 Kb less conventional memory than the theoretical possible maximum under QEMM […] I once wrote a patch (a DEBUG script named IBMBIO85.SCR […]) […] which will reenable the old handle memory layout. This will free even more conventional memory under DR-DOS, but causes serious compatibility problems with Windows 3.xx when the [[FILESHIGH (CONFIG.SYS directive)|FILESHIGH=]], [[FCBSHIGH (CONFIG.SYS directive)|FCBSHIGH=]], or [[DOS (CONFIG.SYS directive)|DOS=]]AUTO directives are used […] because it will leave only 5 handles in low memory in contrast to the 8 handles that are required for Windows to work properly due to an extremely dangerous hack on Microsoft's side to determine the size of the […] SFT structures (this is known as "CON CON CON CON CON" hack, because Windows opens CON five times and […] scans the first 512 Kb of memory for the "CON" string to measure the displacement […] something that could be easily fooled by just placing some "CON" strings in the […] memory image with incorrect offsets from each other […]}}</ref> <ref name="Jones_2004">{{cite web |author-first=Pamela |author-last=Jones |author-link=Pamela Jones |title=Caldera, Inc./Caldera Systems, Inc. 1998 Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement |publisher=[[Groklaw]] |date=February 29, 2004 |url=http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20040229023446199 |access-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191938/http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20040229023446199 |archive-date=June 25, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries">{{cite web |author=Caldera |author-link=Caldera (company) |title=Caldera Creates Two {{sic|hide=y|Wholly|-}}Owned Subsidiaries |type=Press-release |date=September 2, 1998 |publisher=[[PRNewswire]] |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=15948 |access-date=June 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234105/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/caldera-creates-two-wholly-owned-subsidiaries-156626585.html |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2002_OEM">{{cite newsgroup |title=Need DOS 6.22 (Not OEM) |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=February 20, 2002 |newsgroup=alt.msdos.programmer |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.msdos.programmer/MAv9LuYQjs8/HuYCph4KsQYJ |access-date=October 14, 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170909145248/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.msdos.programmer/MAv9LuYQjs8/HuYCph4KsQYJ |archive-date=September 9, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2004_OEM">{{cite web |title=NOVOLTRK.REG |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=August 25, 2004 |website=www.drdos.org |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/win9x/NOVOLTRK.ZIP |access-date=December 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124755/http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/win9x/NOVOLTRK.ZIP |archive-date=March 4, 2016}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20051111015142/http://public.www.planetmirror.com/pub/freedos/win9x/]</ref> <ref name="History">{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedos.org/freedos/news/press/2000-drdos-hist.txt |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125115620/http://www.freedos.org/technotes/press/2000-drdos-hist.txt |archive-date=November 25, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1999_Lineo">{{cite web |author=Caldera, Inc. |author-link=Caldera (company) |title=((Embedded Linux moved to top priority at Lineo, Inc. formerly known as Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.)) |type=press-release |date=July 20, 1999 |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/lineoprl.html |access-date=June 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625000805/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/lineoprl.html |archive-date=June 25, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Moriy_autoexec">http://drdos.moriy.com/files/autoexec.gif{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> <ref name="moriy_config">http://drdos.moriy.com/files/configsys.gif{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> <ref name="reimagery">{{Cite web |url=http://reimagery.com/fsfd/os.htm#drdos45 |title=FREE SOFTWARE FOR DOS — Operating Systems |access-date=September 8, 2009 |archive-date=November 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104093748/http://reimagery.com/fsfd/os.htm#drdos45 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="freedos">{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedos.org/freedos/news/press/2005-drdos.txt |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626202749/http://www.freedos.org/freedos/news/press/2005-drdos.txt |archive-date=June 26, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Buyout">{{cite web |title=DR DOS Buy Out |work=DRDOS Embedded DOS |publisher=[[DRDOS, Inc.]] |date=2013 |url=http://drdos.com/products/dr-dos/dr-dos-buy-out/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603094951/http://drdos.com/products/dr-dos/dr-dos-buy-out/ |archive-date=June 3, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="EDR">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160706205139/http://www.drdosprojects.de/ Welcome to the DR-DOS/OpenDOS Enhancement Project!]</ref> <ref name="ct_2000">{{cite journal |title=Notaufnahme - Alle Daten futsch - was nun? |author-first1=Oliver |author-last1=Diedrich |author-first2=Christian |author-last2=Rabanus |date=March 11, 2000 |language=de |journal=[[c't - magazin für computertechnik]] |publisher=[[Heise Verlag]] |issue=6 |volume=2000 |pages=106+ |url=https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Notaufnahme-287594.html<!-- http://www.heise.de:80/ct/00/06/106/default.shtml --> |access-date=May 13, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513192906/https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Notaufnahme-287594.html<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20070922063358/http://www.heise.de:80/ct/00/06/106/default.shtml --> |archive-date=May 13, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Lea_1998_Satellite">{{cite web |title=Caldera's DR gets OnSatellite of love - Service to offer voice, email and smartie cards |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=September 28, 1998 |website=[[The Register]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1998/09/28/caldera_s_dr_gets_onsatellite/ |access-date=February 13, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214838/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1998/09/28/caldera_s_dr_gets_onsatellite/ |archive-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource">{{cite web |title=Caldera announces open source code model for DOS - DR DOS + the Internet = Caldera OpenDOS |editor-first1=Lyle |editor-last1=Ball |editor-link1=Lyle Ball |editor-first2=Nancy |editor-last2=Pomeroy |date=September 10, 1996 |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |location=Provo, UT, USA |url=http://caldera.com:80/news/pr002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018220910/http://caldera.com/news/pr002.html |archive-date=October 18, 1996 |access-date=July 14, 2019 |quote=Caldera […] will openly distribute the source code for DOS via the Internet as part of the company's plans to encourage continued development of DOS technologies and applications, further leveling the playing field for software developers worldwide. This effort, targeted to benefit both individual developers and industry partners, follows Caldera's commitment to embrace and fund an open software environment. Caldera also announced plans for internal development and marketing of DOS, including a new product called Caldera OpenDOS. […] Caldera plans to openly distribute the source code for all of the DOS technologies it acquired from Novell […] including CP/M, DR DOS, PalmDOS, Multi-User DOS and Novell DOS 7. Pending an evaluation and organization of the […] technologies, the source code will be made available from Caldera's web site during Q1 1997 […] Individuals can use OpenDOS source for personal use at no cost. Individuals and organizations desiring to commercially redistribute Caldera OpenDOS must acquire a license with an associated small fee. Source code for proprietary third-party components of Novell DOS 7 will not be published. […]}}</ref> <ref name="OnTrack_1999_ER">{{cite web |title=EasyRecovery - Sophisticated Data Recovery |publisher=[[Ontrack Data International, Inc.]] |date=1999 |url=http://mirror.macintosharchive.org/max1zzz.co.uk/+Windows%20&%20DOS/DOS/System/Novell/Support/Bins/er32fre..txt |access-date=August 26, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005202/http://mirror.macintosharchive.org/max1zzz.co.uk/+Windows%20%26%20DOS/DOS/System/Novell/Support/Bins/er32fre..txt |archive-date=August 26, 2018}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005120/http://mirror.macintosharchive.org/max1zzz.co.uk/+Windows%20%26%20DOS/DOS/System/Novell/Support/Bins/er32fre.exe]</ref> <ref name="Lea_1999_UK">{{cite web |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |title=Caldera closes UK thin client development unit - Development being moved over to Utah |website=[[The Register]] |date=April 27, 1999 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/27/caldera_closes_uk_thin_client/ |access-date=June 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625000425/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/27/caldera_closes_uk_thin_client/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1998_Doctor">{{cite web |title=The Doctor Is Back! |date=February 1998 |publisher=Caldera |url=http://www.caldera.com/dos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980205073857/http://www.caldera.com/dos/ |archive-date=February 5, 1998}}</ref> <ref name="ASW_1994_Novell_DOS_7">{{cite journal |title=Novell: Power-Marketing I - Dosis gegen den Marktfuehrer |language=de |trans-title=Novell: Power marketing I - dosis against the market leader |journal=Absatzwirtschaft |number=4 |date=April 1, 1994 |page=8 |series=Neue Marktauftritte |url=http://printarchiv.absatzwirtschaft.de/Content/_p=1004040,an=049401003,049401003;printpage |access-date=September 2, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902152839/http://printarchiv.absatzwirtschaft.de/Content/_p=1004040,an=049401003,049401003;printpage |archive-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Hill_1994_Interview">{{cite journal |author-first=Jürgen |author-last=Hill |title=Microsoft wird mehr Wind von vorne bekommen |language=de |date=May 27, 1994 |journal=[[Computerwoche]] |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/microsoft-wird-mehr-wind-von-vorne-bekommen,1121624 |access-date=September 2, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902160333/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/microsoft-wird-mehr-wind-von-vorne-bekommen,1121624 |archive-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Digital_Research_1990_We_Make_Computers_Work">{{cite web |title=Digital Research - We Make Computers Work |id=Serial Number 74087063 |date=November 13, 1992 |orig-date=1990-08-13 |url=https://trademarks.justia.com/740/87/digital-research-we-make-computers-work-74087063.html |access-date=September 2, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151236/https://trademarks.justia.com/740/87/digital-research-we-make-computers-work-74087063.html |archive-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Goodman_1994">{{cite journal |title=Novell ups the ante for DOS functionality - But long-awaited revamp of DR DOS is slightly unstable, and some utilities lack finish |author-first=John M. |author-last=Goodman |journal=[[InfoWorld]] |date=May 2, 1994 |pages=107–110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA107}}</ref> <ref name="Elliott_2013_ViewMAX1">{{cite web |title=ViewMAX/1 screenshots |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax1.html |date=2013 |access-date=September 10, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111211126/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax1.html |archive-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Elliott_2013_ViewMAX2">{{cite web |title=ViewMAX/2 screenshots |author-first=John C. |author-last=Elliott |work=Seasip.info |url=http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html |date=2013 |access-date=September 10, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180911232803/http://www.seasip.info/Gem/History/viewmax2.html |archive-date=September 11, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_2000_History">{{cite web |title=25 years of DR DOS history - Digital Research DOS history |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=September 18, 2000 |website=FreeDOS.org |url=http://www.freedos.org/freedos/news/press/2000-drdos-hist.txt |access-date=October 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125115620/http://www.freedos.org/technotes/press/2000-drdos-hist.txt |archive-date=November 25, 2016 |quote=See footnote #19 (BDOS 1067h "[[DR DOS 6.0]] Windows 3.1 update, April 1992"; 1992-03, 1992-04-07: "This public DR DOS 6.0 update only includes patches addressing full Windows 3.1 compatibility. There should have been a full "business update" for registered users, shipping a little bit later."), #27 (BDOS 1072h "Novell DOS 7 Panther/Smirnoff BETA 3", 1993-09: "This issue does not have workarounds for Windows 3.1 AARD code."), #29 (BDOS 1072h "Novell DOS 7 German release"; 1994-02-22: "This issue is known to have workarounds for Windows 3.1 AARD code. This should also apply to the earlier English issue.")}}</ref> <ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-date=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=0-201-63287-X |location=Reading, Massachusetts |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1999_Statement_of_facts">{{cite web |title=In the United States District Court - District of Utah, Central Division - Caldera, Inc. vs. Microsoft Corporation - Consolidated statement of facts in support of its responses to motions for summary judgement by Microsoft Corporation - Case No. 2:96CV 0645B |author-first1=Stephen Daily |author-last1=Susman |author-link1=Stephen Daily Susman |author-first2=Charles R. |author-last2=Eskridge III |author-link2=Charles R. Eskridge III |author-first3=James T. |author-last3=Southwick |author-first4=Harry P. |author-last4=Susman |author-first5=Parker C. |author-last5=Folse III |author-first6=Ralph H. |author-last6=Palumbo |author-first7=Matthew R.<!-- Matt --> |author-last7=Harris |author-first8=Philip S.<!-- Phil --> |author-last8=McCune |author-first9=Lynn M. |author-last9=Engel |author-first10=Stephen J. |author-last10=Hill |author-first11=Ryan E. |author-last11=Tibbitts |date=April 1999 |type=Court document |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/factstat.html<!-- http://www.calderathin.com/legal/index.html exact former link not known --> |access-date=August 5, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805184350/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/factstat.html |archive-date=August 5, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1998_NEW703">{{cite book |title=DR-DOS 7.03 WHATSNEW.TXT - Changes from DR-DOS 7.02 to DR-DOS 7.03 |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |date=December 24, 1998 |url=http://www.lookas.net/ftp/incoming/darbui/Justas/DRDOS/WHATSNEW.TXT |access-date=April 8, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408142232/http://www.lookas.net/ftp/incoming/darbui/Justas/DRDOS/WHATSNEW.TXT |archive-date=April 8, 2019}} (NB. The file states these changes were introduced with DR-DOS 7.03, however, many of them became actually available with updated 7.02 revisions already.)</ref> <ref name="Paul_2004_YESCHAR">{{cite web |title=Re: Random Lockups with DR-DOS 7.03 |date=June 17, 2004 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=opendos@delorie.com; [[FidoNet]] conference: ALT_DOS |number=1 |url=https://fidonet.ozzmosis.com/echomail.php/alt_dos/7e55a758c10339d0.html |access-date=April 28, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190428181923/https://fidonet.ozzmosis.com/echomail.php/alt_dos/7e55a758c10339d0.html |archive-date=April 28, 2019}} [https://archive.today/20190501023752/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2004/06/17/07:47:11.1][https://archive.today/20190428182007/http://www.fybertech.com/misc/qwkview/qwkview.pl?conf=3010]</ref> <ref name="Paul_2004_CHAIN">{{cite web |title=Re: Random Lockups with DR-DOS 7.03 |date=June 17, 2004 |number=2 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=opendos@delorie.com; [[FidoNet]] conference: ALT_DOS |url=https://fidonet.ozzmosis.com/echomail.php/alt_dos/f2b6d63fc10339d0.html |access-date=April 28, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190428181843/https://fidonet.ozzmosis.com/echomail.php/alt_dos/f2b6d63fc10339d0.html |archive-date=April 28, 2019}} [https://archive.today/20190501023518/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2004/06/17/07:47:11][https://archive.today/20190428182007/http://www.fybertech.com/misc/qwkview/qwkview.pl?conf=3010]</ref> <ref name="Paul_2004_COMMAND">{{cite web |title=Re: Random Lockups with DR-DOS 7.03 |date=June 17, 2004 |number=3 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=opendos@delorie.com; FidoNet conference: ALT_DOS |url=https://fidonet.ozzmosis.com/echomail.php/alt_dos/e812a919c10339d0.html |access-date=April 28, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190428181749/https://fidonet.ozzmosis.com/echomail.php/alt_dos/e812a919c10339d0.html |archive-date=April 28, 2019}} [https://archive.today/20190501023329/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2004/06/17/06:23:16][https://archive.today/20190428182007/http://www.fybertech.com/misc/qwkview/qwkview.pl?conf=3010]</ref> <ref name="Paul_2000_CONFIG">{{cite web |title=Optimizing CONFIG.SYS… |date=November 22, 2000 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=opendos@delorie.com |url=http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2000/11/22/11:09:09 |access-date=May 6, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190506023131/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2000/11/22/11:09:09 |archive-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Perkel_1991_NovOS">{{cite web |title=Digital Research - The Untold Story |author-first=Marc |author-last=Perkel |author-link=Marc Perkel |date=October 18, 1996 |orig-date=1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-21, 1991-07-24, August 2, 1991 |url=http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm |access-date=April 19, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419190806/http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm |archive-date=April 19, 2019}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191036/http://www.ctyme.com/dri1.htm][https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191113/http://www.ctyme.com/dri2.htm<!-- 1991-02-16, 1991-02-18, 1991-03-04 -->][https://web.archive.org/web/20190419144412/http://www.ctyme.com/dri3.htm<!-- 1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-24, 1991-08-02 -->]</ref> <ref name="Richardson_1999_Ball">{{cite magazine |title=Interview: Lyle Ball, Lineo |editor-first=Marjorie "Margie" |editor-last=Richardson |author-first=Lyle |author-last=Ball |author-link=Lyle Ball |date=October 1, 1999 |orig-date=1999-08-04 |magazine=[[Linux Journal]] |url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3656 |access-date=June 1, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213160947/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3656 |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |quote=[…] We […] have very deep experience with embedding DR DOS, and we've been making millions from that. So we are in a unique position: we are not a startup and we have funding. Our DOS product paid for all our [[R&D]] on embedded [[Linux]]. […] we are […] evolving our focus from an embedded DOS-only company to an [[embedded Linux]] company. […] We are not killing our DOS product immediately; […] the market is not killing our DOS product. There is still a high demand for embedded DOS, and we will continue to sell and market it. However, there has been an increasing demand for embedded Linux. So we are shifting our focus and renaming the company to match our longer-term revenue stream, which will be Linux-based […] as the market has requested us to do […] We will keep selling both technologies during the transition. […] we spoke to our OEM companies—not just in the U.S., but around Europe and Asia—they were interested in our DOS solution and they would […] like to switch to Linux […]}}</ref> <ref name="CW_1992">{{cite magazine |title=DR DOS 6.0 does Windows 3.1 |date=April 20, 1992 |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |series=News Shorts |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1yCn870hscC&pg=PA6 |access-date=July 22, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190722175928/https://books.google.nl/books?id=w1yCn870hscC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Dryfoos_1991_DOS5">{{cite web |title=MS-DOS 5.0 Development Post-Mortem Report |date=September 18, 1991 |orig-date=1991-07-19 |editor-first=Mike |editor-last=Dryfoos |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |type=mail as court document |id=MS-PCA1179169 (MS-PCA1179159-MS-PCA1179191). MS7020988 (MS7020978-MS7021010). Depo. Ex. 1109. [[Comes v Microsoft]] Plaintiff's Exhibit 3473. C<!-- or O? -->A.No.2:96CV645B<!-- or E? --> Plaintiff's Exhibit 477. |page=10 |url=http://www.windowswiki.info/wp-content/uploads/codenames/PX03473.pdf |access-date=July 22, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402223233/http://www.windowswiki.info/wp-content/uploads/codenames/PX03473.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |quote=[…] One of the most important stimulanta for adding features was competitive pressure from [[#5.0|DRDOS 5.0]], which we first learnt of in the spring of 1990. The DRDOS feature set led us to add [[upper memory block|UMB]] support, task swapping, and Undelete. […] Considerable amounts of the team's management attention was diverted to new features such as file transfer software, undelete and network installation […] Eventually this situation reached a crisis point at the end of July 1990, and, led by [[Brad Silverberg|BradS]], the team's management spent an arduous series of meetings nailing down a schedule and process for closing the project down […]}} (1+32 pages)</ref> <ref name="Rosch_1991_DR5">{{cite magazine |title=DR DOS 5.0 - The better operating system? |author-first=Winn L. |author-last=Rosch |magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |date=February 12, 1991 |volume=10 |number=3 |pages=241–246, 257, 264, 266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxFTezF9-sMC&pg=PT246 |access-date=July 26, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190725223320/https://books.google.nl/books?id=YxFTezF9-sMC&pg=PT250&lpg=PT250&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="CW_1990_DR5">{{cite magazine |title=Kompatibles PC-Betriebssystem kann mehr als MS-DOS und PC-DOS - Digital Research stellt sich dem Monopolisten mit DR-DOS 5.0 |language=de |date=July 6, 1990 |magazine=[[Computerwoche]] |publisher=IDG Business Media GmbH |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/digital-research-stellt-sich-dem-monopolisten-mit-dr-dos-5-0,1146584 |access-date=July 26, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190725224953/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/digital-research-stellt-sich-dem-monopolisten-mit-dr-dos-5-0,1146584 |archive-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Salemi_1991_DR6">{{cite magazine |title=DR DOS 6.0 Leapfrogs MS-DOS 5.0 With Task-Switching in RAM |author-first=Leo |author-last=Salemi |series=First Looks |magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |date=November 12, 1991 |volume=10 |number=19 |pages=48, 50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb5VnujctzAC&pg=PT39 |access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="drdos6userguide">{{cite book |title=DR DOS 6.0 User Guide Optimisation and Configuration Tips |edition=3 |date=February 1992 |id=10005695 0045-5424 |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |url=https://www.4corn.co.uk/archive/docs/DR%20DOS%206.0%20User%20Guide-opt.pdf |access-date=August 14, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930135943/http://www.4corn.co.uk/archive/docs/DR%20DOS%206.0%20User%20Guide-opt.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2019}} (NB. Licensed from [[Novell]] to [[Acorn Computers|Acorn]].)</ref> <ref name="Paul_1997_DRDOS6UN">{{cite book |title=Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von DR DOS 6.0 |language=de |trans-title=Summary of documented and undocumented features of DR DOS 6.0 |department=MPDOSTIP |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=April 13, 1997 |orig-date=1993-12-01 |version=Release 60 |url=http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm |access-date=August 14, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214458/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/drdos6un.htm |archive-date=October 11, 2018}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190601152204/https://www.sac.sk/download/text/mpdostip.zip]</ref> <ref name="Collins_2000">{{cite web |title=Settlement fuels Caldera 'family' - Orem company is 'settling up' with spinoffs thriving |date=January 16, 2000 |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |author-first1=Lois M. |author-last1=Collins |author-first2=Jenifer |author-last2=Nii |url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/1/16/19486018/settlement-fuels-caldera-family-br-orem-company-is-settling-up-with-spinoffs-thriving |access-date=November 30, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191130200831/https://www.deseret.com/2000/1/16/19486018/settlement-fuels-caldera-family-br-orem-company-is-settling-up-with-spinoffs-thriving |archive-date=November 30, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Brown-Strutynski-Wharton_1983">{{Cite magazine |title=Tweaking more performance from an operating system - Hashing, caching, and memory blocking are just a few of the techniques used to punch up performance in the latest version of CP/M. |author-first1=David K. |author-last1=Brown |author-first2=Kathryn |author-last2=Strutynski |author-link2=Kathryn Strutynski |author-first3=John Harrison |author-last3=Wharton |author-link3=John Harrison Wharton |magazine=Computer Design - The Magazine of Computer Based Systems |department=System Design/Software |publisher=[[PennWell Publications]] / [[PennWell Publishing Company]] |publication-place=Littleton, Massachusetts, USA |issn=0010-4566 |oclc=1564597 |volume=22 |number=6 |date=May 14, 1983 |id={{CODEN|CMPDA}}. <!-- |ia=bitsavers_computerDe_206764578 -->ark:/13960/t3hz07m4t |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_206764578/page/105/ 193]–194, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204 |url=http://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_206764578 |access-date=August 14, 2021}} (7 pages) (NB. This source is about [[CP/M Plus]], where some similar concepts were introduced into the DRI family of operating systems a couple of years earlier.)</ref> <ref name="Paul_2002_OS">{{cite web |title=How to detect FreeCOM/FreeDOS in-batch? |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=February 20, 2002 |url=http://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101423986407077&w=2 |publisher=freedos-dev mailing list |access-date=August 6, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106220459/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101423986407077&w=2 |archive-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref> <ref name="2001Sales_1989">{{cite magazine |title=EZ-DOS - Break the stranglehold on your PC. |magazine=[[BYTE Magazine]] |issn=0360-5280 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |volume=14 |number=5 |date=May 1989 |type=Advertisement |id=<!-- |ia=byte-magazine-1989-05 -->ark:/13960/t88g9x33p |pages=[https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1989-05/page/n219/mode/1up 198], [https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1989-05/page/n360/mode/1up 320C] |url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1989-05 |access-date=November 14, 2021}}</ref> <ref name="Schulman_2000_Dossier">{{cite web |title=The Caldera v. Microsoft Dossier |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Schulman |date=February 7, 2000 |work=[[O'Reilly Network]] |publisher=[[O'Reilly and Associates, Inc.]] |url=http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2000/02/07/schulman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000819023434/http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2000/02/07/schulman.html |archive-date=August 19, 2000}}</ref> <ref name="Schulman_2000_Undoc">{{cite web |title=Undoc |website=Undoc.com |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Schulman |date=March 2, 2000 |url=http://www.undoc.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816174318/http://www.undoc.com/ |archive-date=August 16, 2000}}</ref> <ref name="Caldera_1997_DOSSRC">{{cite web |title=Caldera OpenDOS Machine Readable Source Kit (M.R.S) 7.01 |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |date=May 1, 1997 |url=https://archive.sundby.com/retro/DR-DOS/dossrc.zip |access-date=January 2, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807095409/https://archive.sundby.com/retro/DR-DOS/dossrc.zip |archive-date=August 7, 2021}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220102102656/https://archive.sundby.com/retro/OpenDOS/OPENDOS_7.01_CODE.ZIP]</ref> <ref name="Schneider_1994">{{cite journal |title=Das Ende von DOS ist nur noch eine Frage der Zeit |language=de |trans-title=The end of DOS is only a question of time |author-first=Stefanie |author-last=Schneider |journal=[[Computerwoche]] |publisher=[[IDG Business Media GmbH]] |location=Munich, Germany |date=June 17, 1994 |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/das-ende-von-dos-ist-nur-noch-eine-frage-der-zeit,1121952 |access-date=January 2, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102151737/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/das-ende-von-dos-ist-nur-noch-eine-frage-der-zeit,1121952 |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |quote=[…] Novells DOS 7 fuer viele die Nummer eins […] Novell-DOS 7 gilt bei vielen Fachleuten derzeit als bestes DOS. […]}}</ref> <ref name="Paul_1997_NWDOS7UN">{{cite book |title=NWDOS7UN.TXT — Zusammenfassung der dokumentierten und undokumentierten Fähigkeiten von Novell DOS 7 |department=MPDOSTIP |chapter=Chapter 1.3.xi: Überlange Pfade |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=June 7, 1997 |orig-date=April 1994 |language=de |url=http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm |access-date=November 7, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107122352/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdos7un.htm |archive-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="edrdos_2023">{{cite web |title=Enhanced DR-DOS kernel and command interpreter |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/SvarDOS/edrdos |access-date=October 4, 2024}}</ref> }} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |author=Digital Research, Inc. |author-link=Digital Research, Inc. |date=1990 |title=DR DOS 5.0 Retail box with lid |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |id=Part Number 1176-6114-001}} * {{cite book |author=Digital Research, Inc. |author-link=Digital Research, Inc. |date=May 1990 |title=DR DOS 5.0 User Guide |edition=1 |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |id=Part Number 1176-2004-002}} (501 pages) * {{cite book |author=Digital Research, Inc. |author-link=Digital Research, Inc. |date=May 1990 |title=ViewMAX User Guide |edition=1 |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |id=Part Number: 1174-2004-002}} (88 pages) * {{cite book |author=Digital Research, Inc. |author-link=Digital Research, Inc. |date=August 1990 |title=DR DOS 5.0 Release Notes |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |id=Part Number: 1176-1001-002}} (11 pages) * {{cite book |author=Digital Research, Inc. |author-link=Digital Research, Inc. |date=August 1991 |title=DR DOS 6.0 Software performance report |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |id=Part No. 000-1200-00}} (A5 – 1 fold) * {{cite book |author=Digital Research, Inc. |author-link=Digital Research, Inc. |date=August 1991 |title=DR DOS 6.0 User Guide |edition=2 |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |id=Part Number. 1182-2004-002}} (698 pages) * {{cite book |author=Digital Research, Inc. |author-link=Digital Research, Inc. |date=August 1991 |title=ViewMAX User Guide |edition=2 |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |id=Part Number. 1192-2054-002}} (106 pages) * {{cite web |title=DRTIPS.ZIP |date=January 7, 1993 |orig-date=1992 |author=[[Novell Desktop Systems Group]] |publisher=[[Digital Research]] / Novell |url=https://www.pcorner.com/list/AOS/DRTIPS.ZIP/INFO/ |access-date=April 3, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180912215956/https://www.pcorner.com/list/AOS/DRTIPS.ZIP/INFO/ |archive-date=September 12, 2018}} ==External links== * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180705033720/http://drdos.com/ Official website]}} (archived snapshot as of 2018-07-05) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160706205139/http://www.drdosprojects.de/ Enhanced DR-DOS/OpenDOS Project] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180821031854/http://www.drdos.com/dosdoc/ DR-DOS 7 online manual]}} * [http://www.drdos.org DR-DOS Wiki] {{Digital Research}} {{Disk operating systems}} {{Authority control}} <!-- Mostly grouped logically and sorted chronologically, not alphabetically: --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dr-Dos}} [[Category:Caldera (company) operating systems]] [[Category:Novell]] [[Category:Digital Research operating systems]] <!-- [[Category:Digital Research operating systems]] applies only to "DR DOS", not to "DR-DOS", hence we leave it out here and add it to the "DR DOS" redirect page only. --> [[Category:1988 software]] [[Category:Disk operating systems]] [[Category:DOS variants]] [[Category:Embedded operating systems]] [[Category:Floppy disk-based operating systems]] [[Category:Microcomputer software]] [[Category:Microsoft criticisms and controversies]] [[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]] [[Category:Proprietary operating systems]] [[Category:ROM-based operating systems]] [[Category:Assembly language software]]
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