Editing Daniel Hale Williams

{{Short description|American cardiologist (1856–1931)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image             = Daniel Hale Williams.jpg
| caption           = Williams {{circa|1900}}
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1856<!-- please do not change this date, see below on discussion about date -->|1|18}}
| birth_place       = [[Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania]], US
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1931|8|4|1856|1|18}}
| death_place       = [[Idlewild, Michigan]], US
| field             = [[Cardiology]]
| alma_mater        = [[Feinberg School of Medicine|Chicago Medical College]]
| workplaces        = {{ubl|[[Provident Hospital (Chicago)|Provident Hospital]]|[[Meharry Medical College]]|[[Howard University Hospital|Freedman's Hospital]]|[[Rush University Medical Center|St. Lukes Hospital]]|[[John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County|Cook County Hospital]]}}
| known_for         = Being the first to perform a successful [[heart surgery]]
}}

'''Daniel Hale Williams''' (January 18, 1856<!-- please do not change this date, see below on discussion about date -->{{efn|Although a half dozen biographical dictionaries place Daniel Hale Williams's birth date in 1858, 1856 is the date given in the U.S. Census records of [[Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania]], for 1860 and of Janesville, Wisconsin, for 1880; these agree on 1856, and the former was given by his parents. Also, when Dan Williams registered officially with the Illinois State Board of Health as a physician, on April 18, 1883, he gave his age as twenty-eight. This too points to 1856, making him at his registration twenty-seven years and three months old, or in his twenty-eighth year. Buckler, Helen. ''Daniel Hale Williams: Negro Surgeon'', Pitman Publishing Company, 1954, pp. 287–288.}} – August 4, 1931) was an American surgeon and hospital founder. He founded [[Provident Hospital (Chicago)|Provident Hospital]] in 1891, which was the first non-segregated hospital in the United States. He is known for being the first to perform a successful [[heart surgery]].<ref name="EB">{{Cite encyclopedia|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Hale-Williams|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|year=2018|language=en|chapter=Daniel Hale Williams: American physician|access-date=February 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720193547/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Hale-Williams|archive-date=July 20, 2019|url-status=live|title=Daniel Hale Williams &#124; Biography & Facts &#124; Britannica }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2008|title=Reference Room: Daniel Hale Williams|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/daniel_hale_williams.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629083926/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/daniel_hale_williams.html|archive-date=June 29, 2008|access-date=November 26, 2008|work=African American World|publisher=PBS}}</ref>

In 1913, Williams was elected as the only African-American charter member of the [[American College of Surgeons]].<ref name="EB" />

==Biography==
=== Early life and education ===
[[File:Daniel H. Williams.jpg|thumb|Later photo of Williams]]
Williams was born on January 18, 1856, and raised in the city of [[Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania]]. His father, Daniel Williams Jr., was the son of a [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]] woman and a black barber.<ref>Bigelow (1992), p. 254</ref> His mother, Sarah Price, was black American. His Williams family great grandfather was listed in the 1790 U. S. census for Philadelphia City, as 'other free,' a designation that included black Americans.{{efn|Buckler identified Williams' Williams family great grandfather as Joseph Williams. Joseph Williams lived on Cresson Alley in Philadelphia. The alley no longer exists as the National Constitution Center (NCC) was built on the site where the alley was located. The NCC placed two plaques on its walls to present the names of the 1790 Cresson Alley residents, and so Joseph Williams' name is displayed on the NCC.<ref>Buckler (1954) ''Daniel Hale Williams''</ref>}}

The fifth born child, Williams lived with his parents, a brother and five sisters. His family eventually moved to [[Annapolis, Maryland]]. Shortly after when Williams was nine, his father died of tuberculosis.<ref name="providentfoundation">{{cite web|title=First Open Heart Surgeon|url=http://www.providentfoundation.org/history/williams.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527182037/http://www.providentfoundation.org/history/williams.html|archive-date=May 27, 2010|access-date=May 23, 2010|work=History: Dr. Daniel Hale Williams}}</ref> Williams' mother realized she could not manage the entire family and sent some of the children to live with relatives. Williams was apprenticed to a shoemaker in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] but ran away to join his mother, who had moved to [[Rockford, Illinois]]. He later moved to [[Edgerton, Wisconsin]], where he joined his sister and opened his own barber shop. After moving to nearby [[Janesville, Wisconsin]], Williams became fascinated by the work of a local physician and decided to follow his path.

He began working as an apprentice to [[Henry Palmer (surgeon)|Henry W. Palmer]], studying with him for two years. In 1880, Williams entered [[Chicago Medical College]], now known as Northwestern University Medical School. His education was funded by [[Mary Jane Richardson Jones]], a prominent activist and leader of Chicago's black community.<ref name="Hendricks-2013">{{Cite book|last=Hendricks|first=Wanda A.|title=Fannie Barrier Williams: Crossing the Borders of Region and Race|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0252095870|pages=|oclc=1067196558}}</ref> He earned a [[Doctor of Medicine]] from  [[Northwestern University Medical School]] in 1883.<ref name="GalterBlkHisMo">[https://galter.northwestern.edu/news/black-history-month-february-2020  Black History Month: Dr. Daniel Hale Williams.] Galter Health Sciences Library & Learning Center. Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University. Retrieved May 20, 2025.</ref>

=== Career ===
After graduation, he opened a private medical practice in [[Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Daniel Hale Williams|url=http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/daniel-williams.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818100717/http://blackinventor.com/pages/daniel-williams.html|archive-date=August 18, 2013|access-date=September 22, 2013|work=The Black Inventor Online Museum}}</ref> 

From 1885 to 1888, Williams worked as a demonstrator in anatomy at Northwestern.<ref name="GalterBlkHisMo"/> He later appointed an instructor at Northwestern's [[free clinic]], the South Side Dispensary.<ref name="GalterBlkHisMo"/> 

In 1887, he was appointed to the [[Illinois Department of Public Health|Illinois State Board of Health]].<ref name="GalterBlkHisMo"/> That same year, he became an [[attending physician]] at the Protestant Orphan Asylum,<ref name="GalterBlkHisMo"/> an institution that was established to  respond to the [[cholera epidemic]].<ref>Andrew, Katherine Korte (September 9, 2023). [https://institution.guide/2023/09/09/chicago-orphan-asylum/  Chicago Orphan Asylum.] KKA Genealogy. Retrieved May 20, 2025.</ref>

==== Provident Hospital ====
In 1891, Williams founded the [[Provident Hospital (Chicago)|Provident Hospital]], which also provided a training residency for doctors and training school for nurses in Chicago. This was established mostly for the benefit of African-American residents, to increase their accessibility to health care, but its staff and patients were integrated from the start.<ref name="blackinventormuseum" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Provident Hospital: A Living Legacy |url=https://imss.org/provident-hospital-a-living-legacy/ |access-date=October 1, 2020 |website=International Museum of Surgical Science |language=en |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921123812/https://imss.org/provident-hospital-a-living-legacy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1892, he endorsed the application of [[Emma Ann Reynolds]], who was a graduate of the nurses training school at Provident, to [[Northwestern University Woman’s Medical School]].<ref name="GalterBlkHisMo"/> In 1895, Reynolds became the first black woman to receive a [[Doctor of Medicine]] from Northwestern.<ref name="GalterBlkHisMo"/>

==== Heart surgery ====
In 1893, Williams became the first African American on record to have successfully performed [[pericardium]] surgery to repair a wound. On September 6, 1891,<ref name=Schumacker/><ref name=Dalton/> [[Henry Dalton]] had been the first American to successfully perform pericardium surgery to repair a wound.<ref name=Wood/> Earlier successful surgeries to drain the pericardium, by performing a [[Pericardial window|pericardiostomy]] were done by [[Francisco Romero (surgeon)|Francisco Romero]] in 1801<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 9307502 | volume=64 | title=Francisco Romero, the first heart surgeon | date=September 1997 | author=Aris A | journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. | issue=3 | pages=870–1 | doi=10.1016/s0003-4975(97)00760-1}}</ref> and [[Dominique Jean Larrey]] in 1810.<ref name=ippava>{{cite journal | pmid = 2651455 | volume=30 | title=When did cardiac surgery begin? | author=Shumacker HB Jr | journal=J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) | year=1989 | issue=2 | pages=246–9}}</ref>

On July 10, 1893, Williams repaired the torn pericardium of a knife wound patient, James Cornish.<ref name=Schumacker>{{cite book | last=Shumacker | first=Harris B. | title=The Evolution of Cardiac Surgery | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtEIeqY8dn8C&pg=PA12 | access-date=May 12, 2007 | page=12 | isbn=0253352215 | archive-date=May 11, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511014535/https://books.google.com/books?id=xtEIeqY8dn8C&pg=PA12 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Williams /> Cornish, who was stabbed directly through the left fifth [[costal cartilage]],<ref name=Schumacker /><ref name=Williams /> had been admitted the previous night. Williams decided to operate the next morning in response to continued bleeding, cough and "pronounced" symptoms of shock.<ref name=Schumacker /><ref name=Williams />  He performed this surgery, without the benefit of penicillin or blood transfusion, at [[Provident Hospital (Chicago)|Provident Hospital]], Chicago.<ref>{{cite web | title=History: Provident Hospital – The Provident Foundation | url=http://www.providentfoundation.org/history/index.html | publisher=The Provident Foundation | year=2008 | access-date=November 22, 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226203249/http://www.providentfoundation.org/history/index.html | archive-date=December 26, 2008 }}</ref> It was not reported until 1897.<ref name=Williams/> He undertook a second procedure to drain fluid.  About fifty days after the initial procedure, Cornish left the hospital.<ref name='blackinventormuseum'>{{cite web| title = Daniel Hale Williams| work = The Black Inventor Online Museum| url = http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/danielwilliams.html| access-date = May 4, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331235747/http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/danielwilliams.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==== Public and teaching posts ====
In 1893, during the administration of President [[Grover Cleveland]], Williams was appointed surgeon-in-chief of [[Freedman's Hospital]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], a post he held until 1898. That year he married Alice Johnson, who was born in the city and graduated from [[Howard University]], and moved back to Chicago. In addition to organizing Provident Hospital, Williams also established a training school for African-American nurses at the facility. In 1897, he was appointed to the [[Illinois Department of Public Health]], where he worked to raise medical and hospital standards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jsums.edu/gtec/dr-daniel-hale-williams/ |title=Who Was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams? |website=Jackson Heart Study Graduate Training and Education Center |language=en |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327150012/http://www.jsums.edu/gtec/dr-daniel-hale-williams/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Williams was a Professor of Clinical Surgery at [[Meharry Medical College]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], and was an attending surgeon at [[Cook County Hospital]] in Chicago. He worked to create more hospitals that admitted African Americans. In 1895 he co-founded the [[National Medical Association]] for African-American doctors, and in 1913 he became a charter member and the only African-American doctor in the [[American College of Surgeons]].

===Death===
His wife, Alice Johnson, died in 1924.<ref name="blackinventormuseum" /> Williams died in relative obscurity, of a stroke in [[Idlewild, Michigan]] on August 4, 1931. He was funeralized at St Anselm Catholic Church in Chicago, and there is debate about how well attended the service was.<ref name="Buckler-1968" />

== Personal life ==
[[File:Grave of Daniel Hale Williams (1858–1931) at Graceland Cemetery, Chicago.jpg|thumb|right|Williams' grave at Graceland Cemetery]]

Williams was married in 1898 to Alice Johnson, natural daughter of the Jewish-American sculptor [[Moses Jacob Ezekiel]] and a biracial maid.<ref>{{cite book|last=Washington|first=Booker Taliaferro|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/Vol.9/html/396.html|title=The Booker T. Washington Papers|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=1907|editor=Harlan, Louis R.|edition=The Open Book|volume=9: 19061908|location=Urbana|page=396|oclc=58644475|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020102100/http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/Vol.9/html/396.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> His retirement home was in [[Idlewild, Michigan]], a black community.<ref name="Dan">{{cite book |last=Buckler |first=Helen |url=https://archive.org/details/doctordanpioneer012541mbp |title=Doctor Dan : pioneer in American surgery |publisher=Little, Brown and Company. |year=1954 |location=Boston |oclc=964464}}</ref>

Williams was baptized a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] by Fr Joseph Eckert, [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] on his deathbed.<ref name="Buckler-1968">{{Cite book |first=Helen |last=Buckler |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/220544784 |title=Daniel Hale Williams, negro surgeon. |date=1968 |publisher=Pitman |oclc=220544784}}</ref> He left $2,500 (worth $44,686 in 2021) in his will to St. Elizabeth's Church in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 22, 1931|title=Leaves $50,000 to NAACP|work=The Afro American|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=UBnQDr5gPskC&dat=19310822&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref> Williams was buried at [[Graceland Cemetery]] in Chicago's Uptown neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://exhibits.library.northwestern.edu/archives/exhibits/alumni/williams.html | title=Daniel Hale Williams [1856–1931] | work=University Archives | date=September 17, 2000 | publisher=Northwestern University Library | access-date=February 19, 2022 | archive-date=June 14, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614162331/http://exhibits.library.northwestern.edu/archives/exhibits/alumni/williams.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legacy and impact==
In the 1890s several attempts were made to improve cardiac surgery.  On September 6, 1891, the first successful pericardial sac repair operation in the United States of America was performed by [[Henry Dalton|Henry C. Dalton]] of Saint Louis, Missouri.<ref name=Dalton/>  The first successful surgery on the heart itself was performed by [[Norway|Norwegian]] surgeon [[Axel Cappelen]] on September 4, 1895, at [[Rikshospitalet]] in Kristiania, now [[Oslo]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Stephen |last1=Westaby |first2=Cecil |last2=Bosher |title=Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery |date= 1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=1899066543 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baksaas ST, Solberg S |title=Verdens første hjerteoperasjon |journal=Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen |language=no |volume=123 |issue=2 |pages=202–204 |date=January 2003 |url=https://tidsskriftet.no/2003/01/medisinsk-historie/verdens-forste-hjerteoperasjon |access-date=December 26, 2020 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511014614/https://tidsskriftet.no/2003/01/medisinsk-historie/verdens-forste-hjerteoperasjon |url-status=live }}</ref>  The first successful surgery of the heart, performed without any complications, was by [[Ludwig Rehn]] of [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]], who repaired a stab wound to the right [[ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] on September 7, 1896.<ref>Absolon KB, Naficy MA (2002). ''First successful cardiac operation in a human, 1896: a documentation: the life, the times, and the work of Ludwig Rehn (1849–1930)''. Rockville, Maryland : Kabel, 2002</ref><ref>Johnson SL (1970). ''History of Cardiac Surgery, 1896–1955''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 5.</ref> Despite these improvements, heart-related surgery was not widely accepted in the field of medical science until during World War II. Surgeons were forced to improve their methods of surgery in order to repair severe war wounds.<ref name=ipppav678 /> Although they did not receive early recognition for their pioneering work, Dalton and Williams were later recognised for their roles in cardiac surgery.<ref name=ipppav678>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/breakthroughs/b_history_02.html|title=Timeline:Heart in History|author=American Experience|author-link=American Experience|publisher=PBS.com|access-date=November 30, 2013|archive-date=December 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203081700/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/breakthroughs/b_history_02.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honors==
Williams received honorary degrees from [[Howard University|Howard]] and [[Wilberforce University|Wilberforce]] Universities, was named a charter member of the American College of Surgeons, and was a member of the Chicago Surgical Society.
* A [[List of Pennsylvania state historical markers|Pennsylvania State Historical Marker]] was placed at [[U.S. Route 22]] eastbound (Blair St., 300 block), Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, to commemorate his accomplishments and mark his boyhood home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM426N_Daniel_Hale_Williams|title=Daniel Hale Williams – Pennsylvania Historical Markers on Waymarking.com|publisher=Waymarking.com|access-date=November 15, 2014|archive-date=July 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720193548/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM426N_Daniel_Hale_Williams|url-status=live}}</ref>
* His home in Chicago is now known as the [[Daniel Hale Williams House]] and was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1975.
* His retirement home in Idlewild was given a historical marker by the state of Michigan in 2008.
* Several schools are named in his honor, including the [[Daniel Hale Williams Preparatory School of Medicine]] in Chicago; Daniel Hale Williams Elementary in Gary, Indiana; P.S. 307 Daniel Hale Williams in Brooklyn; and M.S. 180 Dr. Daniel Hale Williams in the Bronx.
* Williams Park in Chicago is also named in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Williams (Daniel Hale) Park  |url=https://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks-facilities/williams-daniel-hale-park |access-date=January 31, 2024 |website=Chicago Park District}}</ref>

==Representation in other media==
* The [[Stevie Wonder]] song "[[Black Man (song)|Black Man]]" honors the achievements of Williams, among others.
* [[Tim Reid]] Plays Williams in the TV series [[Sister, Sister (TV series)|''Sister, Sister'']] season 5 episode 18 "I Have a Dream" (February 25, 1998).
* In 2002, scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] listed Daniel Hale Williams on his list of [[100 Greatest African Americans]].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. {{ISBN|1573929638}}.</ref>
* His life (along with [[Ulysses Grant Dailey]]) is retold in the 1948 radio drama "The Heart of George Cotton", presented by ''[[Destination Freedom]]''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/DestinationFreedom/DF_48-08-08_ep007-The_Heart_of_George_Cotton.mp3 "The Heart of George Cotton" a radio presentation] by [[Richard Durham]]</ref>
* The Kendrick Lamar song “Prayer” references Dr. Daniel Hale Williams’ historic achievement as the first person to successfully perform open-heart surgery.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* ''[[The Knick]]''
* [[Vivien Thomas]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|
refs=
<!-- <ref name=Weisse>{{cite journal |last=Weisse |first=Allen B. |year=2011 |title=Cardiac Surgery: A Century of Progress |journal=Texas Heart Institute Journal |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=486–490 |pmc=3231540 |pmid=22163121}}</ref> unused -->
<ref name=Wood>{{cite book|last=Wood |first=Horatio C. |year=1895 |title=American Medico-Surgical Bulletin |publisher=The Bulletin Publishing Company |volume=8 |issue=24 |page=306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKwgAQAAMAAJ&q=Dalton+%22recovery+was+rapid+and+uninterrupted%22&pg=PA306 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511014601/https://books.google.com/books?id=RKwgAQAAMAAJ&q=Dalton+%22recovery+was+rapid+and+uninterrupted%22&pg=PA306 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=Dalton>{{cite journal |last=Dalton |first=H. C. |year=1895 |title=III. Report of a Case of Stab-Wound of the Pericardium, Terminating in Recovery after Resection of a Rib and Suture of the Pericardium |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=147–152 |pmc=1494048 |pmid=17860132 |doi=10.1097/00000658-189521060-00016}}</ref>
<ref name=Williams>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Daniel H. |year=1897 |title=Stab Wound of the Heart and Pericardium---Suture of the Pericardium---Recover--Patient Alive Three Years Afterward |journal=Medical Record |volume=51 |issue=13 |pages=437| url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/94c0fb4755dbafe7817baed98800c2bd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40146}}</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
* Bigelow, Barbara Carlisle, ''Contemporary Black biography: profiles from the international Black community'', Gale Research Inc., 1992, {{ISBN|0810385546}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Yenser | first=Thomas | title=Who's Who in Colored America: 1930–1931–1932 | location=Brooklyn | publisher=T. Yenser | year=1933 | oclc=26073112}}
* {{cite book | last=Buckler | first=Helen | title=Daniel Hale Williams: Negro Surgeon | location=New York | publisher=Pitman | year=1968 |others=Originally published in 1954 as ''Doctor Dan: Pioneer in American Surgery''.| oclc=220544784}}
* Chenrow, Fred; Chenrow, Carol (1973). ''Reading Exercises in Black History'', Volume 1. Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Press, Inc. p.&nbsp;60. {{ISBN|0845421077}}

==External links==
* {{aaregistry|Surgeon Daniel Hale Williams was born|Daniel Hale Williams}}
* [http://www.providentfoundation.org/ The Provident Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100527182037/http://www.providentfoundation.org/history/williams.html The Provident Foundation History: Dr. Daniel Hale Williams]
* [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2625133&blobtype=pdf Obituary in the Journal of the National Medical Association (PDF file).]
* [https://www.livescience.com/amazing-black-scientists.html Amazing Black scientists]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Daniel Hale}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century African-American physicians]]
[[Category:19th-century American physicians]]
[[Category:American cardiac surgeons]]
[[Category:American hospital administrators]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:People from Janesville, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:People from Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)]]
[[Category:Feinberg School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Physicians from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from Lake County, Michigan]]
[[Category:African-American Catholics]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American physicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicians]]
[[Category:African-American history in Chicago]]