Editing David Cope

{{Short description|American composer and scientist (1941–2025)}}
{{For|the South African rugby union player|Davey Cope}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = David Cope
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1941|05|17}}
| birth_place        = [[San Francisco]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2025|5|4|1941|05|17}}
| death_place        = 
| occupation         = Author, composer, scientist, professor
| employer           = [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]
| known_for          = Research in artificial intelligence and music
| notable_works      = EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence), Emily Howell
| title              = Dickerson Emeriti Professor of Music
}}

'''David Cope''' (May 17, 1941 – May 4, 2025) was an American author, composer, scientist, and Dickerson Emeriti Professor of Music at [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UC Santa Cruz]]. His primary area of research involved [[artificial intelligence]] and music; he wrote programs and algorithms that can analyze existing music and create new compositions in the style of the original input music. He taught the groundbreaking summer workshop in Workshop in Algorithmic [[Computer music|Computer Music]] (WACM) that was open to the public as well as a general education course entitled Artificial Intelligence and Music for enrolled UCSC students. Cope was also co-founder and CTO Emeritus of Recombinant Inc., a music technology company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Recombinant Website|url=https://www.recombinantinc.com/#about|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929165031/http://www.recombinantinc.com/ |archive-date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref> He died May 4, 2025, at the age of 83.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aiguide.substack.com/p/david-cope-composer-computer-scientist |title=David Cope: Composer, computer scientist, and pioneer of computer generated music |first=Melanie |last=Mitchell |website=AIGuide.com |date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025}}</ref>

==Inventions==
Cope was the inventor of US Patent #7696426 "Recombinant music composition algorithm and method of using the same," which he filed in 2006.<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US7696426 US Patent #7696426]</ref>

==Composition==
In 1975, he composed a short piece on an IBM machine, using punched cards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=tluong |date=2015-04-29 |title=Algorithmic Music – David Cope and EMI |url=https://computerhistory.org/blog/algorithmic-music-david-cope-and-emi/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=CHM |language=en}}</ref>

His EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence) software has produced works in the style of various composers,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Tim |date=2010-07-10 |title=David Cope: 'You pushed the button and out came hundreds and thousands of sonatas' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/jul/11/david-cope-computer-composer |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=George |date=1997-11-11 |title=Undiscovered Bach? No, a Computer Wrote It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/11/science/undiscovered-bach-no-a-computer-wrote-it.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> some of which have been commercially recorded{{sfn|Cockrell|2001}}—ranging from short pieces to full-length operas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tluong |date=2015-04-29 |title=Algorithmic Music – David Cope and EMI |url=https://computerhistory.org/blog/algorithmic-music-david-cope-and-emi/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=CHM |language=en}}</ref> 

In 1981, he received a commission to compose an opera, but had a "[[Writer's block|composer's block]]", so he began writing EMI (on an [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] desktop computer) to understand and modify his own style, and 8 years after receiving the commission, managed to write the opera in 2 days with the help of EMI. Once it was done, he applied the same method to other composers like [[Béla Bartók|Bartok]], [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]], [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]], [[George Gershwin|Gershwin]], [[Scott Joplin|Joplin]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], and [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokoviev]], resulting in a program that could compose in their styles as well. He then got an album published ''Bach By Design'' which was played by a [[Disklavier]]. The next album, ''Classical Music Composed by Computer'', was played by humans.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-28 |title=Switched on Bach: David Cope's computer compositions |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013-05-28-david-cope.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Douglas Hofstadter]] developed a touring lecture about EMI, during the middle of which he would play two pieces, one a genuine Chopin piece, and one Chopin-style piece by EMI. The audience would then guess which is which, like in a [[Turing test]]. The audience could guess not better than random chance. As of 2001, EMI consisted of 20,000 lines of [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] code.<ref>Hofstadter, Douglas R. "Staring Emmy straight in the eye–and doing my best not to flinch." ''Virtual music: Computer synthesis of musical style'' (2001): 33-82.</ref>

His subsequent [[Emily Howell]] program models musical creativity based on the types of creativity outlined by [[Margaret Boden]] in her book ''The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boden |first=Margaret A. |url=https://www.tribuneschoolchd.com/uploads/tms/files/1595167242-the-creative-mind-pdfdrive-com-.pdf |title=The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms |date= |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-203-50852-1 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=311-313}}</ref>

As a composer, Cope's own work encompassed a variety of styles—from the traditional to the avant-garde—and techniques, such as [[Extended technique|unconventional manners of playing]], [[experimental musical instrument]], and [[Microtonal music|microtonal scales]], including a 33-note system of [[just intonation]] he developed himself.{{sfn|Cockrell|2001}} Most recently, all of his original compositions have been written in collaboration with the computer—based on the input of his earlier works. He seeks synergy between composer creativity and computer algorithm as his principal creative direction.

==Bibliography==
Cope published a wide range of books, which are often used as textbooks. ''New Directions in Music,'' first published in 1971, is currently in its 7th edition and is the standard text for contemporary music.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de la Vega|first=Aurelio|date=1984|title=Review of New Directions in Music|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051670|journal=American Music|volume=2|issue=2|pages=98–100|doi=10.2307/3051670|jstor=3051670 |issn=0734-4392|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2009, Cope was interviewed by the media in anticipation of the release of a CD containing music composed collaboratively by Cope and [[Emily Howell]], a computer program.<ref name=":0" />

Cope also published a series of detective novels under a pseudonym.{{sfn|Cope|n.d.}}

In 2022, Cope published the book ''Ethics of Computer-Assisted Music''. Cope argues that just as there are differences in the application of ethics and morals among diverse cultures across society, there are similar ethical complexities that exist within the field of computer music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cope |first=David |title=Ethics of Computer-Assisted Music |publisher=Self-published |date=19 March 2022 |isbn=979-8-4304-3236-2 |editor-last= |editor-first= |location=Coppell, Texas |publication-date=19 March 2022 |page=9 |language=en }}</ref>

===Books===
* Cope, David (1991). ''Computers and Musical Style''. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions.
* —— (1996). ''Experiments in Musical Intelligence''. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions.
* —— (1997). ''Techniques of the Contemporary Composer''. New York City: Schirmer Books. {{ISBN|0-02-864737-8}}.
* —— (2000). ''New Directions in Music, 7th ed.'' Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press. {{ISBN|1-57766-108-7}}.
* —— (2000). ''The Algorithmic Composer''. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions.
* —— (2001). ''Virtual Music: Computer Synthesis of Musical Style''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. {{ISBN|0-262-53261-1}}.
* —— (2006). ''Computer Models of Musical Creativity''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
* —— (2008). ''Hidden Structure: Music Analysis Using Computers''. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. {{ISBN|978-0-89579-640-0}}.
* —— (2012). ''A Musicianship Primer San Francisco''. Epoc Books. {{ISBN|978-1-4776-8786-4}}.
* —— (2022). Cope, David (March 19, 2022). ''Ethics of Computer-Assisted Music''. Coppell, Texas: Self-published. {{ISBN|979-8-4304-3236-2}}.

===Chapters===

* 1992. "A Computer Model of Music Composition." In ''Machine Models of Music'', Stephan Schwanauer and David Levitt, eds.: MIT Press.
* 1992. "On the Algorithmic Representation of Musical Style." In ''Musical Intelligence'', M. Balaban, K. Ebcioglu, and O. Laske, eds. : AAAI Press.
* 1998. "Signatures and Earmarks: Computer Recognition of Patterns in Music." In ''Melodic Similarity, Concepts, Procedures, and Applications''. Walter B. Hewlett and Eleanor Selfridge-Field (eds.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

===Articles===
* 1987. "Experiments in Music Intelligence." In ''Proceedings of the [[International Computer Music Conference]]'', San Francisco: Computer Music Association.
* 1987. "An Expert System for Computer-Assisted Music Composition." ''[[Computer Music Journal]]'' 11,4 (Winter): 30–46.
* 1988. "Music and [[LISP]]." ''AI Expert'' 3,3 (March): 26–34.
* 1988. "Music: The Universal Language." In ''Proceedings of the First Workshop on AI and Music''. Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota: AAAI: 87–98.
* 1989. "Experiments in Musical Intelligence (EMI): Non-Linear Linguistic-based Composition." ''Interface'', vol. 18: 117–139.
* 1990. "Pattern Matching as an Engine for the Computer Simulation of Musical Style." In ''Proceedings of the 1990 [[International Computer Music Conference|ICMC]]''. San Fran Computer Music Association
* 1991. "Recombinant Music." ''COMPUTER''. (July).
* 1991. "Computer Simulations of Musical Style." ''Computers in Music Research'', The Queens University of Belfast, 7–10 (April): 15–17.
* 1992. "Computer Modeling of Musical Intelligence in Experiments in Musical Intelligence." ''[[Computer Music Journal]]'' 16,2 (Summer): 69–83.
* 1993. "Virtual Music." ''[[Electronic Musician]]'', 9:5 (May): 80–85.
* 1996. "Mimesis du style et de la structure musicale." Symposium on Composition, Modelisation et Ordinateur. [[IRCAM]], Paris: 21–23.
* 1997. "Composer's Underscoring Environment." In ''Proceedings of the [[International Computer Music Conference]]''. San Fran: Computer Music Association.
* 1997. "The Composer's Underscoring Environment: CUE." ''[[Computer Music Journal]]'' 21/3 (Fall).
* 1999. "One Approach to Musical Intelligence." ''[[IEEE Intelligent Systems]]''. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer Society (14/3, May/June).
* 2000. "Facing the Music: Perspectives on Machine Composed Music." ''[[Leonardo Music Journal]]'' 9: 79–87.
* 2002. "Computer Analysis and Composition Using Atonal Voice-Leading Techniques." ''[[Perspectives of New Music]]'' 40/1 (Winter): 121–146.
* 2003. "Computer Analysis of Musical Allusions." [[Computer Music Journal]] 27/1: 11–28.
* 2004. "A Musical Learning Algorithm." Computer Music Journal 28/3: 12–27.
* 2006. "The Vivaldi Code" ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', issue 14. September 9, 2006.

==Discography==
* 1982. ''The Way''. Opus One Records. Number 82.
* 1993. ''Bach by Design''. Centaur Records. CRC 2184
* 1997. ''Classical Music Composed by Computer''. Centaur Records. CRC 2329
* 1997. ''Virtual Mozart''. Centaur Records. CRC 2452
* 1999. ''Towers''. Vienna Modern Masters. VMM 2024
* 2003. ''Virtual Bach''. Centaur Records. CRC 2619
* 2009. ''From Darkness, Light (Emily Howell)''. Centaur Records. CRC 3023
* 2011. Symphony No. 4. Epoc. B008J5IK78
* 2012. Symphony No. 5. Epoc. B008J5IFD2
* 2012. Symphony No. 9 "(Martin Luther King, Jr.)" Epoc. B008J5IGCW
* 2012. String Quartets 5 and 6. Epoc. B008O9RZTS
* 2012. Violin Concerto/Viola Concerto. Epoc. B008J5IGRC
* 2012. Cello Concerto/Octet for Strings. Epoc. B008K8VJM2
* 2012. Piano Concerto/''Re-Birth/Transcendence''. Epoc. B008PYPDUK

==See also==
* [[Algorithmic composition]]
* [[Computer-generated music]]
* [[List of music software]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
'''Sources'''
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Cockrell|2001}}|reference=Cockrell, Dale. 2001. "Cope, David (Howell)". ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]]. London: Macmillan Publishers.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Cope|n.d.}}|reference=Cope, David. n.d. "[http://artsites.ucsc.edu/faculty/cope/bibliography.htm Bibliography: Books, Articles, and CDs]". David Cope's UCSC webpage; accessed March 26, 2015}}

==Further reading==

* Hofstadter, Douglas R. "[https://gwern.net/doc/ai/music/2001-hofstadter.pdf Staring Emmy straight in the eye–and doing my best not to flinch]." ''Virtual music: Computer synthesis of musical style'' (2001): 33-82.

* [[Philip Ball|Ball, Philip]]. 2012. [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/jul/01/iamus-computer-composes-classical-music "Iamus, Classical Music's Computer Composer, Live from Malaga"], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (July 1, 2014); accessed August 5, 2014.
* {{cite book|last1=Deliège|first1=Irene|author-link=Irène Deliège|title=Musical Creativity: Multidisciplinary Research in Theory and Practice|date=2006|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-84169-508-2|ref=none}}

==External links==
* [https://music.ucsc.edu/people/david-cope music.ucsc.edu – Faculty: David Cope]
* {{Discogs artist}}
* {{imdb name|0178543}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060514023259/http://spectrumpress.com/newmusic/index.php?action=category&id=1 David Cope profile]
* [http://www.recombinantinc.com Recombinant Inc website]
* [[Ryan Blitstein]]. [https://psmag.com/social-justice/triumph-of-the-cyborg-composer-8507 Triumph of the Cyborg Composer], ''[[Pacific Standard]]''
* [https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/91515-musical-dna "Musical DNA" segment] from [[NPR]] ''[[Radiolab]]'' program, September 25, 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028041721/http://artsites.ucsc.edu/faculty/cope/5000.html MIDI files for 5000 Bach-style pieces by EMI.]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cope, David}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty]]
[[Category:Writers from San Francisco]]
[[Category:21st-century American classical composers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:Centaur Records artists]]