Editing David I. Walsh

{{Short description|American politician (1872–1947)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = WALSH, DAVID. GOVERNOR LCCN2016858785 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
| jr/sr               = United States Senator
| state               = [[Massachusetts]]
| term_start          = December 6, 1926
| term_end            = January 3, 1947
| predecessor         = [[William M. Butler]]
| successor           = [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]]
| term_start1         = March 4, 1919
| term_end1           = March 3, 1925
| predecessor1        = [[John W. Weeks]]
| successor1          = [[Frederick H. Gillett]]
| office2             = Chair of the [[National Governors Association]]
| term_start2         = November 10, 1914
| term_end2           = August 24, 1915
| predecessor2        = [[Francis E. McGovern]]
| successor2          = [[William Spry]]
| order3              = 46th [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
| lieutenant3         = [[Edward P. Barry]]<br />[[Grafton D. Cushing]]
| term_start3         = January 8, 1914
| term_end3           = January 6, 1916
| predecessor3        = [[Eugene Foss]]
| successor3          = [[Samuel W. McCall]]
| office4             = 43rd [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts]]
| governor4           = [[Eugene Foss]]
| term_start4         = January 7, 1913
| term_end4           = January 8, 1914
| predecessor4        = [[Robert Luce]]
| successor4          = [[Edward P. Barry]]
| birth_name          = David Ignatius Walsh
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1872|11|11}}
| birth_place         = [[Leominster, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1947|6|11|1872|11|11}}
| death_place         = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| education           = [[College of the Holy Cross]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Boston University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| caption             = Portrait by [[Harris & Ewing]]
}}
'''David Ignatius Walsh''' (November 11, 1872{{spaced ndash}}June 11, 1947) was an American politician from [[Massachusetts]]. A member of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]], he served as the state's 46th [[Governor of Massachusetts|governor]] before winning election to several terms in the [[United States Senate]], becoming the first [[Irish Catholic]] from Massachusetts to fill either office.

Born in [[Leominster, Massachusetts]], Walsh was educated at the [[College of the Holy Cross]], subsequently entering a legal practice in [[Boston]] after graduating from the [[Boston University School of Law]]. He served in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] from 1900 to 1901, establishing a reputation as an [[anti-imperialist]] and [[isolationist]]. In 1912, he won election as the 43rd [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|lieutenant governor]], becoming the state's first Democratic lieutenant governor in seventy years. He served as governor from 1914 to 1916 and led a successful effort to call for a state constitutional convention.

Walsh won election to the Senate in 1918, earning a reputation as a supporter of [[Irish War of Independence|Irish independence]] and as a [[Irreconcilables|strong opponent]] of the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. He lost his re-election bid in 1924 but returned to the Senate two years later. Walsh became increasingly opposed to an activist government, and supported [[Al Smith]] over [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] at the [[1932 Democratic National Convention]]. During the Roosevelt Administration, he introduced the [[Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936|Walsh-Healey Act]] that established labor standards for government contractors. Prior to the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], Walsh opposed American involvement in [[World War II]] and was a leading member of the [[America First Committee]]. However, in a reversal from his earlier stance on the League of Nations, he voted to ratify the [[United Nations Charter]] in 1946.

Walsh lost his 1946 re-election bid to [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]] and died the following year. A maverick in the Senate who regularly broke with his own party, he was remembered chiefly for his isolationism, as well as his passionate defense of Irish and Catholic interests. Walsh, who never married, was also dogged by accusations of homosexuality during his lifetime, including a sensationalized scandal in his final term that he privately called "[[Betrayal of Christ|a tragic Gethsemane]]" to his political career.<ref name=Kirchick>{{cite news |last=Kirchick |first=James |date=15 June 2022 |title=How World War II Led to Washington's First Outing: A wild tale of Nazi spies, a Brooklyn brothel and the private life of a senator |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2022/06/15/senator-x-excerpt/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] Magazine |location=Washington DC|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Walsh was born in [[Leominster, Massachusetts]], on November 11, 1872, the ninth of ten children. His parents were [[Irish Catholic]] immigrants. Walsh attended public schools in his birthplace and later in [[Clinton, Massachusetts]].  His father, a comb maker, died when he was twelve. Thereafter, his mother ran a boarding house.<ref name=w1to23>Wayman, 1–23</ref>

Walsh graduated from [[Clinton High School (Massachusetts)|Clinton High School]] in 1890 and from the [[College of the Holy Cross]] in 1893. He attended [[Boston University Law School]], where he graduated in 1897. Walsh was [[admitted to the bar]] and commenced the practice of law in [[Fitchburg, Massachusetts]], in 1897, later practicing in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]].<ref name=w1to23/>

==Career in state politics==
Walsh was a member of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] for two terms in 1900 and 1901, elected from a longtime Republican district.<ref name=timeprofile /> From the start of his political career, he was [[anti-imperialist]] and [[isolationist]] and opposed America's authority over the [[Philippines]] as part of the settlement of the [[Spanish–American War]]. Walsh's vote to restrict the hours that women and children could work to 58 led to his defeat when he sought another term.<ref>Wayman, 34–35</ref> He next lost the race for [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts]] in 1910, but ran again and won in 1912,<ref>Wayman, 44–45</ref> becoming the state's first Democratic lieutenant governor in 70 years.<ref name=timeprofile /> He became the first Irish and the first Catholic Governor of Massachusetts in 1914, successfully challenging the incumbent Democratic governor [[Eugene Foss]] for the party nomination, and then defeating a divided Republican opposition (and Foss, who ran as an independent) with a comfortable plurality.<ref>In the 1913 election Walsh won 180,400 votes; Progressive Charles S. Bird, 126,700; Republican Augustus P. Gardner, 116,300; and Independent Eugene Foss, 20,900. ''The American Review of Reviews'', vol. 48 (December 1913), 671</ref>  He served two one-year terms.

He offered voters an alternative to boss-dominated politics, expressing a "forthright espousal of government responsibility for social welfare".<ref>Rosenrantz, 137, 139</ref> Walsh proposed increased government responsibility for charity work and the care of the insane and reorganized the state's management of these areas with little opposition.<ref>Rosenkrantz, 140–42</ref> In his 1914 campaign for re-election, he cited as accomplishments an increase in the amounts paid for workman's compensation and improved administration of the state's care for the insane.<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1914/10/18/archives/gov-walsh-takes-stump-massachusetts-executive-reviews.html "Gov. Walsh Takes Stump", October 18, 191], accessed October 30, 2010</ref> As governor, Walsh fought unsuccessfully for a [[Women's Suffrage]] Amendment to the [[Massachusetts Constitution]].<ref>James J. Kenneally, "Catholicism and Woman Suffrage in Massachusetts", ''Catholic Historical Review'', v. 53 (1967), 54–55</ref> He also campaigned for film censorship in the state after large protests were mounted against the racial depictions in [[D. W. Griffith]]'s film ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]''.<ref>Melvyn Stokes, ''D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation: A History of "The Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time"'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 146</ref> Several progressive labor laws were also introduced during his time as governor.<ref>[https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/labor-legislation-1912-32-3905/labor-legislation-1914-476851?page=3 Title: Labor Legislation of 1914 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 166, P.125-143]</ref>

He supported the work of the [[Anti-Death Penalty League]], a Massachusetts organization founded in 1897 that was particularly active and nearly successful in the decade preceding World War I.<ref>Alan Rogers, "Chinese and the Campaign to Abolish Capital Punishment in Massachusetts", in ''Journal of American Ethnic History'', v. 18 (1999), 55–56</ref>

As governor he asked the legislature to call a Constitutional Convention without success. When the legislature later called a convention, Walsh won election as a delegate-at-large as part of a slate of candidates who endorsed adding provisions for [[Initiatives and referendums in the United States|initiative and referendum]] to the state constitution, key Progressive-era reforms. He served as a delegate-at-large to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1917 and 1918 that saw those reforms passed.<ref>Augustus Peabody Loring, "A Short Account of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1917–1919", in ''New England Quarterly'', v. 6 (1933), 89, 14, 54–56</ref> His speech on behalf of initiative and referendum shows him in the role of populist and reformer:<ref>''Debates in the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention, 1917–1918'', vol. 2: The Initiative and Referendum (Boston, 1918), 570–85, quote 572</ref>

{{blockquote|There are men—and you and I know them—who, though proclaiming their belief in democracy, really are believers in autocracy. There are men within the knowledge of us all who believe in a government of the few, of the college bred class only, of those only who have been successful in the commercial world, or those only who have been fortunate enough to have been born in an environment of ease and luxury. To this class of men no argument on the initiative and referendum can be addressed with any confidence of success. Consciously or unconsciously, they are recreant to the principles upon which this republic was founded.}}

In 1914, Walsh was challenged for the governorship by [[Samuel W. McCall]], a moderate Republican.  He narrowly won reelection,<ref>Sobel, pp. 89–90</ref> probably due to the presence of a [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive (Bull Moose)]] candidate who took votes from McCall.<ref name=Gentile836>Gentile, p. 386</ref>  McCall successfully reunited the Republicans and the Progressives the next year, and defeated Walsh, in part by supporting Walsh's call for a constitutional convention.<ref>Sobel, pp. 101, 107-109</ref>

Walsh returned to the practice of law after leaving office, working with his older brother Thomas in his hometown of Clinton.<ref>James Clark Fifield, ''The American Bar: Contemporary Lawyers of the United States and Canada'' (Minneapolis: James C. Fifield Company, 1918), 285</ref>

==Career in national politics==
In 1918, Walsh was elected as a Democrat to the [[United States Senate]], serving his first term from March 4, 1919, to March 3, 1925. He was the first Irish Catholic senator from Massachusetts, and second Massachusetts senator to be elected by popular vote, after the passage of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. A noted orator, he introduced Irish Republic President [[Éamon de Valera]] at [[Fenway Park]] on June 29, 1919.<ref>Wayman, 108–11</ref>

Walsh broke with Democratic President [[Woodrow Wilson]] on the subject of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], joining fellow Massachusetts senator (and Republican) [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] in opposition. His initial objections stemmed from the fact that the proposed [[League of Nations]] would "make secure and assured the rights of every single nation in the world except Ireland." In general, he felt that the Treaty failed to adequately provide for the right to self-determination, which had been articulated in Wilson's [[Fourteen Points]]. Walsh also became a vocal critic of Article 10, which would have allowed the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the US Congress. Consequently he was labeled one of the "[[Irreconcilables]]", a bloc of 12–18 mostly Republican senators who refused to pass the treaty even with the "reservations" proposed by Lodge.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flannagan |first1=John |title=The Disillusionment of a Progressive: U. S. Senator David I. Walsh and the League of Nations Issue, 1918-1920 |journal=The New England Quarterly |date=December 1968 |volume=41 |issue=4483 |pages=483–504 |doi=10.2307/363908 |jstor=363908 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/363908 |access-date=4 April 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

At the [[1924 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention in 1924]], he spoke in favor of condemning the [[Ku Klux Klan]] by name in the party platform: "We ask you to cut out of the body politic with the sharpest instrument at your command this malignant growth which, injected, means the destruction of everything which has made America immortal. If you can denounce Republicanism, you can denounce Ku Kluxism. If you can denounce Bolshevism, you can denounce Ku Kluxism."<ref>''New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1924/06/29/archives/text-of-the-klan-debate-arguments-for-and-against-censuring-order.html June 29, 1924], accessed October 30, 2010. Walsh and others who shared his position attacked the Klan largely for its opposition to Catholics and Jews, notably potential Democratic presidential candidate [[Al Smith]]. For Walsh's support of Negro rights, see his speech at [[Howard University]]: ''The Inauguration of J. Stanley Durkee as President of Howard University&nbsp;...'' (Washington: Howard University, 1919), 26–27</ref> Walsh was one of nine Senators to oppose the [[Immigration Act of 1924]].<ref>TO AGREE TO REPORT OF CONFERENCE COMMITTEE ON H.R. 7995, (APP. 5/26/1924, 43 STAT. L. 153), A BILL TO LIMIT THE IMMIGRATION OF ALIENS INTO THE UNITED STATES. (P. 8568-2).</ref>

Walsh failed to win reelection by just 20,000 votes<ref name=timeprofile /> in 1924, the year of the [[1924 United States presidential election|Coolidge landslide]], and briefly resumed the practice of law in Boston. Following the death of Senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], the Republicans fought hard to retain his seat. Though [[Herbert Hoover]] and [[Charles Evans Hughes]] campaigned for his opponent, in the November 1926 special election Walsh won the right to complete the remaining two years of Lodge's term,<ref>Wayman, 153, 159; Melvin I. Urofsky, ''Louis D. Brandeis: A Life'' (Pantheon, 2009), 653</ref><ref>''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20121106075038/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,719379-2,00.html "National Affairs: Lodge", November 17, 1924], accessed October 28, 2010. ''Time'' magazine noted the special election posed a risk to the Republicans because Walsh had come so close to surviving the Coolidge landslide in 1924.</ref> defeating [[William M. Butler|William Morgan Butler]], a friend of Coolidge and head of the [[Republican National Committee]].<ref name=timeprofile />

Walsh's 1924 defeat also marked a turning point in his political philosophy. He had previously endorsed an activist role for government, but after 1924 his rhetoric increasingly attacked the "federal bureaucracy" and "big government". Though he had once advocated in favor of federal child labor legislation, he became one of its most consistent opponents.<ref>Rosenkrantz, 139–42, 156–7, 158n</ref>

In 1929, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' published a detailed profile of Walsh and his voting record.<ref name=timeprofile>''Time'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20121106075038/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,719379-2,00.html "Letters", November 25, 1929], accessed October 28, 2010</ref> It noted that he voted for the [[Increased Penalties Act|Jones Act of 1929]] that increased penalties for the violation of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], but said the Senator "votes Wet, drinks Wet". Its more personal description said:

<blockquote>A bachelor, he is tall and stout. A double chin tends to get out over his tight-fitting collar. His stomach bulges over his belt. He weighs 200 lbs. or more. Setting-up exercises every other day at a Washington health centre have failed to reduce his girth. He is troubled about it. His dress is dandified. He wears silk shirts in bright colors and stripes and, often, stiff collars to match. His feet are small and well-shod. Beneath his habitual derby hat his hair is turning thin and grey. Society is his prime diversion. Of secondary interest are motoring, sporting events, the theatre. In Washington he occupies an expensive suite of rooms at the luxurious Carlton Hotel on 16th Street. A good and frequent host himself, he accepts all invitations out, is one of the most lionized Senators in Washington.</blockquote>

[[File:Veterans advice for rookie Senator. Washington, D.C., Jan. 5. Senator David I. Walsh, Democrat from Massachusetts, greets the new junior Senator, Henry (Cabot) Lodge, Jr., Republican from LCCN2016871078 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Walsh and then incoming junior senator [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]]]]
''Time'' reported that some commented on the contrast between his political populism and his luxurious life style.<ref>His social activities were occasionally noted in the press: his arrival in Newport by yacht, ''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1938/07/07/archives/notes-of-social-activities-in-new-york-and-elsewhere-new-york-east.html "Notes of Social Activities in New York and Elsewhere", July 7, 1938], accessed October 30, 2010; hosting a Washington hotel dinner for 25 young men, ''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1932/05/26/archives/notes-of-social-activities-in-metropolitan-district-and-elsewhere.html "Notes of Social Activities in Metropolitan District and Elsewhere", May 26, 1932], accessed October 30, 2010</ref> The profile noted he was a "gruff and bull-voiced debater" but that "in private conversation his voice is soft and controlled." In sum, ''Time'' said that "Impartial Senate observers rate him thus: A good practical politician, a legislator above the average. His political philosophy is liberal and humane, except on economic matters (the tariff) which affect the New England industry, when he turns conservative. His floor attendance is regular, his powers of persuasion, fair."

When attacking the Hoover administration following the [[1930 United States elections|1930 elections]], Walsh identified two principal causes of voter dissatisfaction: "the administration's indifference to economic conditions and its failure to recognize the widespread opposition to prohibition".<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/05/archives/roosevelt-wins-in-westchester-7000-lead-over-tuttle-called.html "D.I. Walsh Sees 'Revolt{{'"}}, November 5, 2010], accessed October 30, 2010</ref>

Walsh won reelection in 1928, 1934 and 1940, failing in his final bid for reelection in 1946. During his Senate service, Walsh held the posts of chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor (73rd and 74th Congresses) and of the Committee on Naval Affairs (74th-77th and 79th Congresses).  In 1932, he supported [[Al Smith]] against FDR for the Democratic nomination for president.<ref>Trout, 102–6</ref> He objected to Justice [[Hugo Black]]'s failure to disclose his earlier membership in the [[Ku Klux Klan]]<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/23/archives/walsh-says-black-won-by-deception-massachusetts-senator-states.html "Walsh Says Black Won by Deception", September 23, 1937], accessed October 30, 2010</ref> and promoted the appointment of Jews to the judiciary, notably that of [[Supreme Court Justice]] [[Louis Brandeis]],<ref name=nytobit /><ref>Wayman, 88–9</ref> a longtime friend.<ref>Melvin I. Urofsky and David W. Levy, eds., ''Letters of Louis D. Brandeis: 1921–1941: Elder Statesman'' (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1978), 239n</ref> Though a Democrat, he gave only reluctant support to President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt's]] agenda. In 1936, when some Democrats looked for an alternative presidential candidate, he supported Roosevelt, "although their relations are none too good". A newspaper reported that "He is not of the insurgent type&nbsp;... At heart, observers [in Boston] say, he dissents from many of the policies of the New Deal", but "he will stay on the reservation" and "he will avoid an open break".<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1936/03/01/archives/walsh-casts-lot-with-curley-group-senator-indicates-he-will-not.html F. Lauriston Bullard, "Walsh Casts Lot with Curley Group", March 1, 1936], accessed October 30, 2010</ref> During the campaign, he failed to speak in support of the President until October 20, 1936.<ref>Trout, 288</ref>

In 1936, Walsh, as head of the Senate Labor Committee, lent his name an administration bill to establish labor standards for employees of government contractors, known as the [[Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act]]<ref name=nytobit /><ref>Trout, 211; Jeff Sheshol, ''Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. the Supreme Court'' (NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010), 456–7;</ref> It provided for minimum wages and overtime, safety and sanitation rules, and restrictions on the use of child and convict labor.<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1936/06/21/archives/congress-ends-its-session-new-tax-measure-enacted-filibuster-kills.html Delbert Clark, "Congress Ends Its Session", June 21, 1936], accessed October 30, 2010. The bill was an attempt to restore certain provisions of the 1933 [[National Industrial Recovery Act|National Recovery Act]], which the Supreme Court held unconstitutional in 1935. Gerard D. Reilly, "Madame Secretary". in Katie Louchheim, ed., ''The Making of the New Deal: The Insiders Speak'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 171</ref>

In 1937, he declared himself an opponent of the administration<ref>Trout, 225</ref> and joined the opposition to FDR's plan to [[Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937|enlarge the Supreme Court]].<ref>John Robert Moore, "Senator Josiah W. Bailey and the 'Conservative Manifesto' of 1937", in ''Journal of Southern History'', v. 31 (1965), 23</ref> Speaking at New York City's [[Carnegie Hall]], Walsh argued his position in terms of the separation of powers, judicial independence, and the proper role of the executive. He described the public's reaction as "a state of fear, of apprehension, of bewilderment, of real grief, as a result of the proposal to impair, if not indeed to destroy, the judicial independence of the Supreme Court".  He also emphasized the role of the Court in protecting civil liberties, citing two examples:<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1937/03/13/archives/3-senators-score-court-plan-hereas-peril-to-nation-walsh-says.html "3 Senators Score Court Plan Here as Peril to Nation", March 13, 1937], accessed October 30, 2010; ''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1937/03/13/archives/text-of-senator-walshs-address-denouncing-court-plan-framers-feared.html "Text of Senator Walsh's Address Denouncing Court Plan", March 13, 1937], accessed October 30, 2010</ref>

{{blockquote|One was the enactment, during the war hysteria, of a law in one of the sovereign States making it a crime to teach a child the German language&nbsp;... [A] teacher in a German-language school was indicted and convicted&nbsp;... The United States Supreme Court, nine old men, sworn to uphold the Constitution, struck down that law and released from jeopardy an American citizen whose only offense was that he was a victim of war hysteria. I wonder if young men would have had the courage to do it.

Another was an outburst during the Ku Klux Klan hysteria. A State Legislature and the Governor approved a law, supported by an initiative vote of the people, denying a parent the right to send his child to a religious school of his choosing. An independent judiciary, the United States Supreme Court, nine old men, struck down that law and proclaimed that it is an unalienable right under the Constitution for a parent to bring up his children and educate them as he may choose.}}

He continued:

{{blockquote|Who can say when some majority of the moment may attempt to harass a minority? Who dares predict that a future Congress in a time of hysteria may not succumb to the prejudice or passion of the hour&nbsp;... Without an independent judiciary, I hesitate to even think of denials to minorities of constitutional guarantees if some of the doctrines preached by groups in this country today should be enacted into law.}}

One Cabinet official described his overall relationship to the administration as "not sympathetic&nbsp;... to put it mildly".<ref name="Biddle, 202">Biddle, 202</ref>

Despite his differences with the Roosevelt Administration, Walsh was nevertheless ideologically progressive, supporting various social reform proposals during the course of the Roosevelt presidency such as those aimed at improving housing,<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OCEbAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Senator+Walsh+slum+housing&article_id=1575,2971889&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBscG1obqNAxUjQvEDHToUD_4Q6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=Senator%20Walsh%20slum%20housing&f=false The Pittsburgh Press 3 Aug 1937]</ref> social security,<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IqljAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA19&dq=Senator+Walsh+social+security+act&article_id=3802,7294183&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEv6-lpLqNAxVAzgIHHYiiJMQQ6AF6BAgEEAM#v=onepage&q=Senator%20Walsh%20social%20security%20act&f=false The Afro American 25 Sep 1943]</ref> and working conditions.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Investigation_of_the_National_Recovery_A/iAgHn8QkDj0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Walsh+why+should+not+the+president,+if+he+has+authority&pg=PA1373&printsec=frontcover Investigation of the National Recovery Administration Hearings Before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Seventy-fourth Congress, First Session, Pursuant to S. Res. 79, a Resolution for an Investigation of Certain Charges Concerning the Administration of Industrial Codes by the National Recovery Administration · Parts 4-5 By United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance · 1935, P.1373]</ref><ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Conditions_of_Government_Contracts/JlxFAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=senator+Walsh+wagner+bill+collective+bargaining&pg=PA115&printsec=frontcover Conditions of Government Contracts Hearings Before the United States House Committee on the Judiciary, Seventy- Fourth Congress, First Session · Parts 1-2 By United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary · 1935, P.115-117]</ref>

Along with four of his colleagues, Walsh condemned antisemitism in Nazi Germany in a Senate speech on June 10, 1933.<ref>Sheldon Spear, "The United States and the Persecution of the Jews in Germany, 1933–1939", in ''Jewish Social Studies'', v. 30 (1968), 216. Walsh had a long record of opposition to antisemitism. See Abraham Myerson, ''The Terrible Jews'' (Boston: Jewish Advocate Publishing Company, 1922), 62.</ref>

===World War II===
Immediately following the defeat of France, Walsh was the sponsor, along with Representative Vinson, of the [[Two-Ocean Navy Act|Vinson–Walsh Act]] of July 1940 that increased the size of the U.S. Navy by 70 percent. It included seven battleships, 18 aircraft carriers and 15,000 aircraft.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, ed., ''Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (ACB-CLIO, 2005), 1541</ref>

In the Senate, Walsh was a consistent [[isolationist]]<ref>[[Alfred Steinberg]], ''Sam Johnson's Boy: A Close-Up of the President from Texas'' (NY: Macmillan Company, 1968), 138</ref> He supported American neutrality with respect to the [[Spanish Civil War]]<ref>J. David Valaik, "Catholics, Neutrality, and the Spanish Embargo, 1937–1939", in ''Journal of American History'', v. 54 (1967), 78–79</ref> and opposed an American alliance with the United Kingdom until the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. Speaking in the Senate on June 21, 1940, he denounced Roosevelt's plans to provide armaments to Great Britain:<ref>Doris Kearns Goodwin, ''No Ordinary Times, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II'' (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 65–66</ref>

{{blockquote|I say it is too risky, too dangerous, to try to determine how far we can go tapping the resources of our own Government and furnishing naval vessels, air planes, powder and bombs. It is trampling on dangerous ground. It is moving toward the edge of a precipice—a precipice of stupendous and horrifying depths&nbsp;... I do not want our forces deprived  of one gun, or one bomb, or one ship which can aid that American boy whom you and I may some day have to draft. I want every instrument. I want every bomb. I want every plane. I want every boat ready and available. So I can say when and if it becomes necessary to draft him: "Young man, you have every possible weapon of defense your Government can give you."}}
[[File:Sen. David I. Walsh LCCN2016875268 (cropped,).jpg|thumb|Walsh in 1939]]
At the [[1940 Democratic National Convention]], where Walsh supported [[James Farley]] for president rather than FDR,<ref>Trout 292–93</ref> he and his fellow isolationist Senator [[Burton K. Wheeler|Burton Wheeler]] of Montana proposed a plank for the party platform that read: "We will not participate in foreign wars and we will not send our army or navy or air force to fight in foreign lands outside of the Americas." When the President added the words "except in case of attack", they accepted the change.<ref>Jean Edward Smith, ''FDR'' (NY: Random House, 2007), 458</ref> In that year's election, he out-polled Roosevelt in Massachusetts despite being opposed by the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations|CIO]] for his anti-New Deal positions.<ref>Trout, 302. The CIO had opposed Walsh from the mid-1930s; Trout, 222–23, 316–17</ref>

After the 1940 election in particular, he opposed any action that would compromise American neutrality, first in closed-door hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee, which he headed, and then in attacking the [[Lend-Lease]] program on the floor of the Senate.<ref>O'Toole, 123–24.</ref> He was a leading member of the [[America First Committee|America First]] movement, opposing U.S. involvement in World War II. In 1940, ''The New York Times'' described Walsh as a "more moderate critic" of the administration's attempts to aid Great Britain even as he called the August [[Atlantic Charter|commitment FDR made to Churchill]] one "that goes far beyond the Constitutional powers of the President and one that no other President in our history even presumed to assume.&nbsp;... The President alone, and on his own initiative, has undertaken to pledge our government, our nation, and the lives of 130,000,000 persons and their descendants for generations to come."<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/15/archives/another-aid-bill-is-seen-in-capital-reaction-to-rooseveltchurchill.html Turner Catledge, "Another Aid Bill is Seen in Capital", August 15, 1941], accessed October 30, 2010. The comparison was with the sharper opposition of Senator [[Burton K. Wheeler]].</ref>

When the Senate considered the [[Selective Training and Service Act of 1940|Burke–Wadsworth Act]] to establish peacetime conscription for the first time in U.S. history, Walsh offered an amendment, which failed to pass, that would have delayed the law's effective date until war was declared.<ref>Philip A. Grant, Jr., "The Michigan Congressional Delegation and the Burke–Wadsworth Act of 1940", in ''Michigan Historical Review'', v. 18 (1992), 73</ref> In June 1940, he authored an amendment to the naval appropriations bill, sometimes called the Walsh Act of 1940, which permitted "surplus military equipment" to be sold only if it was certified as useless for American defense. To aid Great Britain, the administration evaded the Walsh provision by substituting leases for sales and by trading equipment for bases.<ref>William E. Leuchtenburg, ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940'' (NY: Harper & Row, 1963), 303–05; Richard M. Ketchum, ''The Borrowed Years, 1938–1941: America on the Way to War'' (NY: Random House, 1989), 475</ref> In 1941, when the administration used the [[USS Greer (DD-145)#The Greer incident, Sept. 1941|Greer incident]], an exchange of fire between a German submarine and an American destroyer, to authorize American forces to "shoot on sight", Walsh held hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee to demonstrate that the administration was misrepresenting the facts of the encounter to support its case for American military action against Germany.<ref>Frank Friedel, "FDR vs. Hitler: American Foreign Policy, 1933–1941", in ''Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society'', 3d ser., v. 99 (1987), 37–39</ref> Walsh also was an outspoken fan of the periodical ''[[Social Justice (periodical)|Social Justice]]'', published by [[Father Coughlin]].<ref>Father Coughlin: The Tumultuous Life of the Priest of the Little Flower by Sheldon Marcus, 1973</ref>

==="House of Degradation" scandal===
{{See also|List of federal political sex scandals in the United States|Prostitution in the United States|Sodomy laws in the United States}}

On May 7, 1942, the ''[[New York Post]]'', which had long favored U.S. involvement in the European conflict, implicated Walsh in a sensational sex and spy scandal uncovered at a Brooklyn male brothel for U.S. Navy personnel that had been infiltrated by Nazi spies.<ref name=wayman312>Wayman, 312</ref><ref>The brothel was located within walking distance of the Brooklyn Navy Yard at 329 Pacific Street and attracted young military men, not all sailors. Clients included a range of New York professional men. The scandal also touched composer and music journalist [[Virgil Thomson]], who was arrested in a raid there on March 14, 1942. Tommasini, 355–6</ref><ref name=Kirchick /> The charges went unreported by the rest of the press, but word of mouth made it, according to ''Time'', "one of the worst scandals that ever affected a member of the Senate."<ref name=timex /> The police operation led to the arrest and conviction of three foreign agents<ref>Tripp, 224n</ref> and the brothel's owner-operator, Gustave Beekman, though promised leniency for cooperating with the police, received the maximum sentence of 20 years for sodomy and was not released from prison until 1963.<ref>Tommasini, 360; ''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1942/05/12/archives/pleads-guilty-in-morals-case.html "Pleads Guilty in Morals Case", May 12, 1942], accessed November 4, 2010; ''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1942/10/06/archives/gets-5-to-20-years-in-spytinged-case-gustav-beekman-sentenced-on.html "Gets 5 to 20 Years in Spy-Tinged Case", October 6, 2010], accessed November 4, 2010</ref>

The scandal was complex in that it implicated the Senator as a homosexual, as a patron of a male bordello, and as a possible dupe of enemy agents.<ref name=Kirchick/> Homosexuality was a taboo subject for public discourse, so the ''Post'' referred to a "house of degradation".<ref>Tommasini, 358</ref> At one point a sub-headline in ''The New York Times'' called it a "Resort".<ref name=nytbark /> In the ''[[New York Daily Mirror|Daily Mirror]]'', columnist [[Walter Winchell]] mentioned "Brooklyn's spy nest, also known as the swastika swishery."<ref name="Tommasini, 360">Tommasini, 360</ref> The ''Post'' first suggested a scandal. Over the course of several weeks it hinted an important person was involved, then named "Senator X", and finally identified Walsh by name. Its sensational treatment of the story detracted from the seriousness of its charges.<ref>Tommasini, 358–9</ref> The Post was not alone in its coyness; before Walsh was named, Winchell teased that the mystery man was "one of four Senators with the same last initial...the 23rd letter of the alphabet."

The brothel's owner and several others arrested in a police raid identified Walsh to the police as "Doc", a regular client, whose visits ended just before police surveillance began. Some furnished intimate physical details.<ref>Tommasini, 358–9; Tripp, 225</ref> [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] believed the charge that Walsh was homosexual was true. He told Vice President [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]] that "everyone knew" about Walsh's homosexuality<ref>Fleming, 298</ref> and he had a similar conversation with [[Alben W. Barkley]], the Senate [[majority leader]].<ref>Gentry, 287. See also Charles, 87ff; Fleming, 298; Lewis L. Gould, ''The Most Exclusive Club: A History of the Modern United States Senate'' (Basic Books, 2005), 164</ref>

Without discussing details, Walsh issued a brief statement calling the story "a diabolical lie" and demanding a full investigation.<ref name=wayman312 /> He then conducted his usual Senate business without reference to the charges.<ref>Tripp, 226</ref> An FBI investigation produced no evidence to support the ''New York Post''{{'s}} specific charges against the Senator, though it accumulated much "derogatory information" in its files.<ref>Gentry, 287</ref>

On May 20, 1942, with a full report from FBI Director [[J. Edgar Hoover]] in hand, Senator Barkley addressed the Senate at length on the irresponsibility of the ''New York Post'', the laudable restraint of the rest of the press, the details of the FBI's report, and the Senate's affirmation of Walsh's "unsullied" reputation.<ref>Wayman, 351–8, presents Barkley's speech in its entirety.</ref> He declined to insert the FBI report in the Congressional Record, he said, "because it contains disgusting and unprintable things".<ref>Wayman, 354</ref><ref name=Kirchick/> Without addressing Walsh's sexuality, he said the report contained no evidence that Walsh ever "visited a 'house of degradation' to connive or to consort with, or to converse with, or to conspire with anyone who is the enemy of the United States".<ref>Tommasini, 359–60</ref> He denied the charges related to espionage. He provided no specifics about the sexual activity at issue and said the details of the charges were "too loathsome to mention in the Senate or in any group of ladies and gentlemen".<ref>Tommasini, 361; Tripp, 226</ref> The press conflated the charges in a similar way. For example, ''The New York Times'' report of Barkley's speech said that the FBI reported that "there is not the 'slightest foundation' for charges that Senator Walsh, 69-year-old chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee, visited a 'house of degradation' in Brooklyn and was seen talking to Nazi agents there."<ref name=nytbark>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1942/05/21/archives/fbi-clears-walsh-barkley-asserts-senator-defends-colleague-on.html "FBI Clears Walsh, Barkley Asserts", May 21, 1942], accessed November 4, 2010</ref>

Isolationist senators promptly denounced the charges as an attack on their political position. [[Bennett Champ Clark|Senator Bennett Clark]] asserted that [[Morris Ernst]], attorney for the ''New York Post'', had contacted the White House trying to engage the administration to smear FDR's opposition. Senator [[Gerald Nye]] contended the incident represented a larger effort on the part of a "secret society" that for two years had been trying to discredit him and his fellow isolationists.<ref name=nytbark />

The press used these Senate speeches to cover the affair at last. Their treatment varied in tone:<ref name="Tommasini, 360"/>
*''[[The Boston Globe]]'': Senator Walsh Story Denounced as Absolute Fabrication
*''The New York Times'': FBI Clears Walsh, Barkley Asserts
*''New York Post'': Whitewash for Walsh

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reported Barkley's speech exonerating Walsh and that the ''Post'' in reply had repeated its charges. It concluded its coverage: "The known facts made only one thing indisputable: either a serious scandal was being hushed up or a really diabolical libel had been perpetrated."<ref name=timex>''Time'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20101014164200/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790522,00.html "The Press: The Case of Senator X"], June 1, 1942, accessed December 1, 2009</ref> 
In private, the New York Post's publisher became concerned about the newspaper's libel exposure and hired a team led by Daniel Doran to conduct an investigation into Walsh's behavior and the Post's own reporting. Doran learned that Walsh had been in attendance at the Senate in Washington at the same times he was alleged to have been visiting the gay brothel. "Not a single item of legal evidence has been obtained," Doran reported back to the Post, which never amended or corrected its reporting.<ref>Kirchick, James, Secret City: The Hidden History of Gay Washington, Henry Holt & Co., 2022, pgs 55-57</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kirchik |first=James |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2022/06/15/senator-x-excerpt/ |title=How World War II Led to Washington's First Outing |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618123048/https://www.washingtonpost.com/magazine/2022/06/15/senator-x-excerpt/ |archive-date=June 18, 2022 |access-date=December 27, 2023}}</ref>

===Final Senate years===
During the 1944 presidential race, with FDR seeking a fourth term, his running mate [[Harry S. Truman]] referred to Walsh as an "isolationist", a characterization Walsh resented.<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1944/11/01/archives/walsh-resentful-replies-to-truman-senator-from-massachusetts.html "Walsh Resentful, Replies to Truman", November 1, 1944], accessed November 22, 2010</ref> On November 2, just five days before the election, the President called Walsh at his home in Clinton, Massachusetts, and invited him to join the presidential party in Worcester, Massachusetts. Walsh accepted the invitation to the relief of the Democrats. The contretemps gave Walsh an opportunity to define his position, that he was no isolationist because he favored the war and seeing the war through to total victory. He also believed the troops should return home quickly, allowing only that some may be required to perform "police duties in enemy territory", and the reserves demobilized. He hoped for a "democratic peace&nbsp;... free from the influences of political expediency which compromises with imperialism and surrenders to power politics".<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1944/11/03/archives/president-invites-walsh-to-join-his-party-for-meeting-in-boston-and.html "President Invites Walsh to Join his Party for Meeting in Boston and Senator Accepts". November 3, 1944], accessed November 22, 2010</ref>

In 1945, demonstrating that his isolationism was not absolute, Walsh voted in favor of the [[United Nations Charter]].<ref>Philip A. Grant, Jr., "Roosevelt, the Congress, and the United Nations", in ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', v. 13 (1983), 281–2</ref> He was one of a dozen senators who protested the failure of the United Nations to invite a Jewish delegation to its founding [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|San Francisco Conference]].<ref>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1945/05/23/archives/says-senators-ask-jews-delegation-world-new-zionist-group-reveals.html "Says Senators ask Jews' Delegation", May 23, 1945], accessed October 30, 2010</ref>

Given his poor relationship with the White House, Walsh anticipated that the administration might even support an opponent in a Democratic primary when he next ran for reelection.<ref>Hanify, 26–7</ref> He faced no such challenge, but was defeated in his 1946 race for reelection by [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr]] by a landslide.

==Personal life and death==
[[File:David Ignatius Walsh memorial - IMG 3802.jpg|thumb|Memorial for Walsh in Boston]]
Walsh was raised a Roman Catholic and throughout his life identified himself as a Catholic and practiced his religion both in public and in private. An altar boy as a youth, in his adult years he regularly attended retreats and participated in meetings of Catholic laymen. Senate colleagues recognized his Catholic faith and occasionally baited him by challenging him to defend himself as a partisan of Catholic interests, which Walsh did not hesitate to answer.<ref>Wayman, 10–1, 16, 21, 49, 66–7, 92–3, 127, 142, 145, 160–1, 174–5, 194–5, 257, 316, 345</ref> Once when a senator accused the Catholic Church of attempting to involve the United States in the [[Cristero War|Church's battle with the government of Mexico]], Walsh defended the Church at length, saying in part:<ref>Wayman, 163–4</ref>

{{blockquote|I am unworthy to make any defense of the Roman Catholic Church but I want to remind every senator on this floor that everyone of them owes her an everlasting debt of gratitude. For fifteen centuries she alone held aloft the torch of Christianity in the world; she gave her blood to preserve it&nbsp;... I speak in the name of the large, tolerant and superb non-Catholic citizenship of my state. I speak also in the name of the forty percent of soldiers and sailors in the last war who were Roman Catholics. I speak not less confidently in the name of the nearly twenty million Roman Catholics in these United States; and I say that the sons of my Church are loyal and true, on this issue, not less than every other, always and at all times loyal and devoted to our country, its institutions and its high aims and objects.}}

Walsh never married. He and his brother Thomas, who died in 1931, supported their four unmarried sisters, two of whom outlived the Senator.<ref>Wayman, 36, 123–4, 193, 322, 344–6</ref> Some biographers and historians believe Walsh to have been homosexual.<ref>Steinberg, 138, calls Walsh "a notorious homosexual who sought companions in the lower ranks of the Naval Academy staff". Randall E. Woods, ''LBJ: Architect of American Authority'' (NY: Free Press, 2006), 138, attributes this characterization to Congressman [[Carl Vinson]], a key opponent of Walsh on naval policy issues.</ref> Writing in the 1960s, former Attorney General [[Francis Biddle]] hinted at the subject when he described Walsh in the mid-1930s as "an elderly politician with a soft tread and low, colorless voice&nbsp;... whose concealed and controlled anxieties not altogether centered on retaining his job."<ref name="Biddle, 202"/> According to [[Gore Vidal]], interviewed in 1974, "There wasn't anybody in Massachusetts&nbsp;... who didn't know what David Walsh was up to."<ref>Vidal also said that "The senator from Massachusetts, David Ignatius Walsh, tried to make my father when my father was a West Point cadet." Peabody and Ebersole, 16</ref> Walsh's most recent biographer writes that "The campaign to destroy David I. Walsh worked because he could not defend himself&nbsp;... David I. Walsh was gay."<ref>O'Toole, 8</ref>

He was a member of the [[Naval Order of the United States]].

Upon his retirement from political office, Walsh resided in [[Clinton, Massachusetts]], until his death following a [[cerebral hemorrhage]] in Boston on June 11, 1947.<ref name=nytobit /> Walsh is buried in St. John's Cemetery in Clinton.

In his later years he received honorary degrees from Holy Cross, [[Georgetown University]], [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]], [[Fordham University|Fordham]], [[Boston University]], [[Canisius College]], and [[Saint Joseph's University|St. Joseph's College (Philadelphia)]],<ref name=nytobit>''The New York Times'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1947/06/12/archives/exsenator-walsh-dies-at-age-of-74-served-five-terms-in-upper-house.html "Ex-Senator Walsh Dies at Age of 74", June 12, 1947], accessed October 30, 2010</ref><ref>Wayman, 92, 221, 252</ref>

A bronze statue of him by Joseph Coletti was erected near the Music Oval on Boston's [[Charles River Reservation#Charles River Basin and Esplanades|Charles River Esplanade]] in 1954. It bears the motto: "''[[non sibi sed patriae]]''", a tribute to his service to the U.S. Navy while in the Senate.<ref>City of Boston, Charles River Esplanade</ref><ref>Irish Heritage Trail, Boston</ref> Walsh's alma mater, Holy Cross, awards an annual scholarship in his name.<ref>Holy Cross:[http://www.holycross.edu/catalog/archive/0708catalog.pdf "Holy Cross Scholarships"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527162827/http://www.holycross.edu/catalog/archive/0708catalog.pdf |date=May 27, 2010 }}, 224</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of political sex scandals in the United States]]

==Notes==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Biddle, Francis, ''In Brief Authority'', (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1962)
*Charles, Douglas M., ''J. Edgar Hoover and the Anti-interventionists: FBI Political Surveillance and the Rise of the Domestic Security State'', (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2007)
*City of Boston: [http://www.cityofboston.gov/environment/pdfs/Study%20Report%20as%20Amended%206-23-09.pdf "Charles River Esplanade Study Report as amended June 23, 2009"]
*Duff, John B. “The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans.” The Journal of American History 55, no. 3 (1968): 582–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/1891015.
*Fleming, Thomas, ''The New Dealers' War: F.D.R, and the War within World War II'' (Basic Books, 2001), {{ISBN|0-465-02465-3}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gentile|first=Richard H |title=McCall, Samuel Walker |encyclopedia=Dictionary of American National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=14 |location=New York |pages=835–837 |year=1999 |isbn=9780195206357|oclc=39182280}}
*Flannagan, John H. “The Disillusionment of a Progressive: U. S. Senator David I. Walsh and the League of Nations Issue, 1918-1920.” The New England Quarterly 41, no. 4 (1968): 483–504. https://doi.org/10.2307/363908.
*Gentry, Curt, ''J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets'' (NY: W.W. Norton, 1991)
*Hanify, Edward B., ''Memories of a Senator: The Honorable David I. Walsh'' (Boston, MA?, 1994?)
*''Improper Bostonians: Lesbian and Gay History from the Puritans to Playland'' (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998)
*Irish Heritage Trail: [http://www.irishheritagetrail.com/boston/ Irish Heritage Trail, Boston]
*O'Toole, David. ''Outing the Senator: Sex, Spies, and Videotape.'' United States, James Street Publishing, 2005.
*Peabody, Richard and Ebersole, Lucinda, ''Conversations with Gore Vidal'' (University Press of Mississippi, 2005)
*Rosenkrantz, Barbara Gutmann, ''Public Health and the State: Changing Views in Massachusetts, 1842–1936'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972)
* {{cite book|last=Sobel|first=Robert|title=Coolidge: An American Enigma|publisher=Regnery Publishing|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0895264102|year=1998}}
*Tommasini, Anthony, ''Virgil Thomson: Composer on the Aisle'' (NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999)
*Tripp, C.A., ''The Homosexual Matrix'' (NY: McGraw-Hill, 1975)
*Trout, Charles H., ''Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal'' (NY: Oxford University Press, 1977)
*Wayman, Dorothy G. ''David I. Walsh: Citizen-Patriot'' (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1952)

==External links==

{{Commons category|David I. Walsh}}
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