Editing Decartelization

'''Decartelization''' is the transition of a national economy from [[monopoly]] control by groups of large businesses, known as [[cartel]]s, to a [[free market]] economy. This change rarely arises naturally, and is generally the result of regulation by a governing body with the authority to decide what structures are permissible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.un.org/sites/archives.un.org/files/files/Finding |title=Summary of AG-004 Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) (1955-present) |publisher=United Nations Archives and Management Section |date=22 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710230141/https://archives.un.org/sites/archives.un.org/files/files/Finding%20Aids/2015_Finding_Aids/AG-004.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-10 |access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref>

A modern example of decartelization is the economic restructuring of [[Germany]] after the fall of the [[Third Reich]] in 1945.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Wollheim Memorial |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/entflechtung_der_ig_farben_en |title=The Decartelization of I.G. Farben after 1945 |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>
 
To truly understand the term "decartelization" requires familiarity with the term "cartel".<ref>{{cite web |title=HCC Helps Public Officials to Detect Cartels in Public Procurement Tenders |date=2015-02-18<!-- from article metadata --> |agency=[[European Commission]] |url=https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/multisite/ecn-brief/en/content/hcc-helps-public-officials-detect-cartels-public-procurement-tenders |access-date=2022-08-14 |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026065047/https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/multisite/ecn-brief/en/content/hcc-helps-public-officials-detect-cartels-public-procurement-tenders |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cartel is a formal (explicit) agreement among firms. Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry ([[oligopoly]]), where there are a small number of sellers, and usually involve homogeneous products (see [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity]]). Cartel members may agree on such matters as [[price fixing]], total [[Industry (economics)|industry]] output, [[market share]]s, allocation of customers, allocation of [[Sales territory|territories]], [[bid rigging]], establishment of common sales agencies ([[sales agents]]), and the [[division of property]] or [[profit (accounting)|profit]]s or combination of these. The aim of such collusion is to increase individual member's profits by reducing competition. [[Competition law]]s forbid cartels.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284413/oft435.pdf |title=Cartels and the Competition Act 1998: A guide for purchasers |location=United Kingdom |agency=[[Office of Fair Trading]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Competition policy: Antitrust |author=European Commission |url=http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/overview_en.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |quote=Article 101 [of the [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]]] prohibits anti-competitive agreements between two or more independent market operators. Article 102 prohibits abusive behaviour by companies holding a dominant position on any given market.}}</ref> Identifying and breaking up cartels is an important part of competition policy in most countries, although proving the existence of a cartel is rarely easy, as firms are usually not so careless as to put agreements to [[collude]] on paper.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Determinants of Cartel Duration |first1=Margaret C. |last1=Levenstein |first2=Valerie Y. |last2=Suslow |journal=Journal of Law and Economics |year=2011 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=455–492 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/657660 
|doi=10.1086/657660 |jstor=10.1086/657660 |publisher=University of Chicago Press|hdl=2027.42/78004 |s2cid=154675331 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Historical background==
{{expand list|date=August 2022}}<!-- Be careful not to add monopolies to this list. This article is not about monopolies, it's about cartels. -->
Examples of alleged and legal cartels:
*[[American Telephone & Telegraph]] (AT&T) controlled all telephone systems in the United States via a network of subsidiaries, the [[Bell System]], which was [[Bell System divestiture|broken up in 1982]].
*[[De Beers]] settled charges of price fixing in the diamond trade in the 2000s. (See [[De Beers antitrust litigation]].)

==Debate==

The general debate with decartelization is a national economy controlled by monopolies and cartels, versus a free market economy. With a free market economy, the pros are very clear. It encourages individual initiatives; it determines price of goods through [[competition]], and motivates people to work towards [[financial independence]]. Most individuals would prefer a free [[market economy]], where there are many buyers and sellers in each market, and the prices are determined based on competition alone. The problem is, it is not up to the individuals. In most cases of cartels, these secret arrangements are done "under the radar", and these major companies know how to cover their tracks. It is very difficult to prove that companies have formed a cartel; therefore it is very difficult to dismantle one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/07-011.pdf |title=Cartels and Competition: Neither Markets nor Hierarchies |first=Jeffrey |last=Fear |year=2006 |type=working paper |publisher=Harvard Business School |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

In the case with the [[Third Reich]] in Germany, the people had no choice. During the war, there was a school called {{lang|de|[[soziale Marktwirtschaft]]}}, the "social conscience free market". Members of this school hated [[totalitarianism]] and had propounded their views at some risk during the Nazis' rule. Wrote [[Henry Wallich]], "During the Nazi Reich period the school represented a kind of intellectual resistance movement, requiring great personal courage as well as independence of mind." The school's members believed in free markets, along with some slight degree of progression in the [[income tax]] system and government action to limit monopoly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade With the Third Reich Bibliography |date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/holocaust/bibliographies/trade-with-third-reich.html |publisher=National Archives |location=United States |access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
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==External links==
* http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/0934
* http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005141
* https://books.google.com/books?id=bNa982ALww0C&dq=decartelization&pg=PA286

[[Category:Cartels]]
[[Category:Competition (economics)]]
[[Category:Monopoly (economics)]]