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{{Short description|Information systems supporting business or organizational decision-making activities}} {{for|the academic journal|Decision Support Systems}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}} [[File:Decision Support System for John Day Reservoir.jpg|thumb|360px|Example of a decision support system for [[John Day Dam|John Day Reservoir]]]] {{Recommender systems}} A '''decision support system''' ('''DSS''') is an [[information system]] that supports business or organizational [[decision-making]] activities. DSSs serve the management, operations and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance—i.e., unstructured and semi-structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized or human-powered, or a combination of both. While academics have perceived DSS as a tool to support [[decision making process]]es, DSS users see DSS as a tool to facilitate organizational processes.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Keen, Peter|year=1980|title=Decision support systems : a research perspective|publisher=Cambridge, Massachusetts : Center for Information Systems Research, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management|hdl=1721.1/47172}}</ref> Some authors have extended the definition of DSS to include any [[system]] that might support [[decision making]] and some DSS include a [[decision-making software]] component; Sprague (1980)<ref name='sprague1980'>Sprague, R;(1980). "[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.4750&rep=rep1&type=pdf A Framework for the Development of Decision Support Systems]." MIS Quarterly. Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 1–25.</ref> defines a properly termed DSS as follows: # DSS tends to be aimed at the less well structured, underspecified [[Problem solving|problem]] that upper level [[Management|manager]]s typically face; # DSS attempts to combine the use of models or analytic techniques with traditional [[data access]] and [[data retrieval|retrieval]] functions; # DSS specifically focuses on features which make them easy to use by non-computer-proficient people in an [[interactive]] mode; and # DSS emphasizes [[flexibility]] and [[adaptability]] to accommodate changes in the [[Knowledge environment|environment]] and the [[decision making]] approach of the user. DSSs include [[knowledge-based systems]]. A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions. Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present includes: *inventories of information assets (including legacy and [[relational database|relational data]] sources, [[data cube|cubes]], [[data warehouse]]s, and [[data mart]]s), *comparative sales figures between one period and the next, *projected revenue figures based on product [[Financial forecast|sales assumptions]]. ==History== The concept of decision support has evolved mainly from the theoretical studies of organizational decision making done at the [[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Institute of Technology]] during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and the implementation work done in the 1960s.<ref name="Scott Morton ">Keen, P. G. W. (1978). ''Decision support systems: an organizational perspective''. Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. {{ISBN|0-201-03667-3}}</ref> DSS became an area of research of its own in the middle of the 1970s, before gaining in intensity during the 1980s. In the middle and late 1980s, [[executive information system]]s (EIS), group decision support systems (GDSS), and organizational decision support systems (ODSS) evolved from the single user and model-oriented DSS. According to Sol (1987),<ref name="HGS87">[[Henk G. Sol]] et al. (1987). ''Expert systems and artificial intelligence in decision support systems: proceedings of the Second Mini Euroconference, Lunteren, The Netherlands, 17–20 November 1985''. Springer, 1987. {{ISBN|90-277-2437-7}}. pp. 1–2.</ref> the definition and scope of DSS have been migrating over the years: in the 1970s DSS was described as "a computer-based system to aid decision making"; in the late 1970s the DSS movement started focusing on "interactive computer-based systems which help decision-makers utilize data bases and models to solve ill-structured problems"; in the 1980s DSS should provide systems "using suitable and available technology to improve effectiveness of managerial and professional activities", and towards the end of 1980s DSS faced a new challenge towards the design of intelligent workstations.<ref name="HGS87" /> In 1987, [[Texas Instruments]] completed development of the Gate Assignment Display System (GADS) for [[United Airlines]]. This decision support system is credited with significantly reducing travel delays by aiding the management of ground operations at various [[airport]]s, beginning with [[O'Hare International Airport]] in [[Chicago]] and Stapleton Airport in [[Denver]], Colorado.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Efraim Turban |author2=Jay E. Aronson |author3=Ting-Peng Liang |page=574 |year=2008 |title=Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems}}</ref> Beginning in about 1990, [[data warehouse|data warehousing]] and [[Online analytical processing|on-line analytical processing]] (OLAP) began broadening the realm of DSS. As the turn of the millennium approached, new Web-based analytical applications were introduced. DSS also have a weak connection to the [[user interface]] paradigm of [[hypertext]]. Both the [[University of Vermont]] [[Problem-Oriented Medical Information System|PROMIS]] system (for medical decision making) and the Carnegie Mellon [[ZOG (hypertext)|ZOG]]/[[KMS (hypertext)|KMS]] system (for military and business decision making) were decision support systems which also were major breakthroughs in user interface research. Furthermore, although [[hypertext]] researchers have generally been concerned with [[information overload]], certain researchers, notably [[Douglas Engelbart]], have been focused on decision makers in particular. The advent of more and better reporting technologies has seen DSS start to emerge as a critical component of [[management]] design. Examples of this can be seen in the intense amount of discussion of DSS in the education environment. ==Applications== DSS can theoretically be built in any knowledge domain. One example is the [[clinical decision support system]] for [[medical diagnosis]]. There are four stages in the evolution of clinical decision support system (CDSS): the primitive version is standalone and does not support integration; the second generation supports integration with other medical systems; the third is standard-based, and the fourth is service model-based.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright|first=A|author-link2=Dean F. Sittig|author2=Sittig, D|title=A framework and model for evaluating clinical decision support architectures q|journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics|date=2008|volume=41|issue=6|pages=982–990|doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2008.03.009|pmid=18462999|pmc=2638589}}</ref> DSS is extensively used in business and management. [[Executive dashboard]] and other business performance software allow faster decision making, identification of negative trends, and better allocation of business resources. Due to DSS, all the information from any organization is represented in the form of charts, graphs i.e. in a summarized way, which helps the management to take strategic decisions. For example, one of the DSS applications is the management and development of complex anti-terrorism systems.<ref name = "Zhang & Babovic">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=S.X. |last2=Babovic |first2=V. |year=2011 |title=An evolutionary real options framework for the design and management of projects and systems with complex real options and exercising conditions |journal=Decision Support Systems |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=119–129 |doi= 10.1016/j.dss.2010.12.001|s2cid=15362734 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220197192}}</ref> Other examples include a bank loan officer verifying the credit of a loan applicant or an engineering firm that has bids on several projects and wants to know if they can be competitive with their costs. {{anchor|Agriculture}}A growing area of DSS application, concepts, principles, and techniques is in [[agriculture|agricultural production]], marketing for [[sustainable development]]. Agricultural DSSes began to be developed and promoted in the 1990s.<ref name="Papadopoulos-et-al-1995">{{cite journal | last1=Papadopoulos | first1=A.P. | last2=Shipp | first2=J.L | last3=Jarvis | first3=William R. | last4=Jewett | first4=Thomas J. | last5=Clarke | first5=N.D. | title=The Harrow Expert System for Greenhouse Vegetables | journal=[[HortScience]] | publisher=[[American Society for Horticultural Science]] | volume=30 | issue=4 | date=1995-07-01 | issn=0018-5345 | doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.30.4.846F | pages=846F–847| doi-access=free }}</ref> For example, the [[DSSAT|DSSAT4]] package,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aglearn.net/resources/isfm/DSSAT.pdf |title=DSSAT4 (pdf) |access-date=29 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927095526/http://www.aglearn.net/resources/isfm/DSSAT.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer<ref name="DSSAT-net">{{cite web | title=Official Home of the DSSAT Cropping Systems Model | website=DSSAT.net | url=http://dssat.net/ | access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> developed through financial support of [[USAID]] during the 1980s{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} and 1990s, has allowed rapid assessment of several agricultural production systems around the world to facilitate decision-making at the farm and policy levels. [[Precision agriculture]] seeks to tailor decisions to particular portions of farm fields. There are, however, many constraints to the successful adoption of DSS in agriculture.<ref>Stephens, W. and Middleton, T. (2002). Why has the uptake of Decision Support Systems been so poor? In: Crop-soil simulation models in developing countries. 129-148 (Eds R.B. Matthews and William Stephens). Wallingford:CABI.</ref> DSS is also prevalent in [[forest management]] where the long planning horizon and the spatial dimension of planning problems demand specific requirements. All aspects of Forest management, from log transportation, harvest scheduling to sustainability and ecosystem protection have been addressed by modern DSSs. In this context, the consideration of single or multiple management objectives related to the provision of goods and services that are traded or non-traded and often subject to resource constraints and decision problems. The Community of Practice of Forest Management Decision Support Systems provides a large repository on knowledge about the construction and use of forest Decision Support Systems.<ref>Community of Practice Forest Management Decision Support Systems, http://www.forestdss.org/</ref> A specific example concerns the [[Canadian National Railway]] system, which tests its equipment on a regular basis using a decision support system. A problem faced by any [[railroad]] is worn-out or defective rails, which can result in hundreds of [[derailment]]s per year. Under a DSS, the Canadian National Railway system managed to decrease the incidence of derailments at the same time other companies were experiencing an increase. DSS has been used for risk assessment to interpret monitoring data from large engineering structures such as dams, towers, cathedrals, or masonry buildings. For instance, Mistral is an expert system to monitor dam safety, developed in the 1990s by Ismes (Italy). It gets data from an automatic monitoring system and performs a diagnosis of the state of the dam. Its first copy, installed in 1992 on the [[Ridracoli]] Dam (Italy), is still operational 24/7/365.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salvaneschi|first1=Paolo|first2=Mauro|last2=Cadei|first3=Marco|last3=Lazzari|title=Applying AI to structural safety monitoring and evaluation|journal=IEEE Expert|year=1996|volume=11|issue=4|pages=24–34|url=http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/ex/1996/04/x4024-abs.html|access-date=5 March 2014|doi=10.1109/64.511774}}</ref> It has been installed on several dams in Italy and abroad (e.g., [[Itaipu Dam]] in Brazil),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beta.cbdb.org.br/system/uploads/artigo_evento/documento/16/ID-18.docx|title=Integrated approach to dam safety|website=Comitê Brasileiro de Barragens |access-date=16 December 2020 | last1=Masera | first1=Alberto |display-authors=etal }}</ref> and on monuments under the name of Kaleidos.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lancini|first1=Stefano|first2=Marco|last2=Lazzari|first3=Alberto|last3=Masera|first4=Paolo|last4=Salvaneschi|title=Diagnosing Ancient Monuments with Expert Software|journal= Structural Engineering International|year=1997|volume=7|issue=4|pages=288–291|url=http://dinamico2.unibg.it/lazzari/doc/structural-engineering-authors-copy.pdf|doi=10.2749/101686697780494392}}</ref> Mistral is a registered trade mark of [[Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano|CESI]]. [[GIS]] has been successfully used since the '90s in conjunction with DSS, to show on a map real-time risk evaluations based on monitoring data gathered in the area of the [[Val Pola landslide|Val Pola disaster]] (Italy).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lazzari|first1=M.|last2=Salvaneschi|first2=P.|date=1999|title=Embedding a Geographic Information System in a Decision Support System for Landslide Hazard Monitoring|url=https://dinamico2.unibg.it/lazzari/doc/embedding-authors-copy.pdf|journal=Natural Hazards|volume=20|issue=2–3|pages=185–195|doi=10.1023/A:1008187024768|bibcode=1999NatHa..20..185L |s2cid=1746570}}</ref> == Components == [[File:Drought Mitigation Decision Support System.png|thumb|360px|Design of a [[drought]] mitigation decision support system]] Three fundamental components of a DSS [[Systems architecture|architecture]] are:<ref name="Haettenschwiler 1999">Haettenschwiler, P. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=z0rearfm1oAC&dq=%22Neues+anwenderfreundliches+Konzept+der+Entscheidungsunterst%C3%BCtzung%22&pg=PA189 Neues anwenderfreundliches Konzept der Entscheidungsunterstützung]. Gutes Entscheiden in Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft. Zurich, vdf Hochschulverlag AG: 189-208.</ref><ref name="Power 2002">Power, D. J. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9NA6QMcte3cC&dq=%22Decision+support+systems%3A+concepts+and+resources+for+managers%22&pg=PR9 Decision support systems: concepts and resources for managers]. Westport, Conn., Quorum Books.</ref><ref name="Sprague and Carlson 1982">Sprague, R. H. and E. D. Carlson (1982). Building effective decision support systems. Englewood Cㄴliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-086215-0}}</ref><ref>Haag, Cummings, ㅊㄴㅋMcCubbrey, Pinsonneault, Donovan (2000). Management Informatㅍㅈion Systems: For The Information Age. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited: 136-140. {{ISBN|0-07-281947-2}}</ref><ref name="Marakas, G. M. 1999">Marakas, G. M. (1999). Decision support systems in the twenty-first century. Upper Saddle River, N.J., Prentice Hall.</ref> # the [[database]] (or [[knowledge base]]), # the [[model]] (i.e., the decision context and user criteria) # the [[user interface]]. The [[end user|users]] themselves are also important components of the architecture.<ref name="Haettenschwiler 1999" /><ref name="Marakas, G. M. 1999" /> == Taxonomies == Using the relationship with the user as the criterion, Haettenschwiler<ref name="Haettenschwiler 1999" /> differentiates ''passive'', ''active'', and ''cooperative DSS''. A ''passive DSS'' is a system that aids the process of decision making, but that cannot bring out explicit decision suggestions or solutions. An ''active DSS'' can bring out such decision suggestions or solutions. A ''cooperative DSS'' allows for an iterative process between human and system towards the achievement of a consolidated solution: the decision maker (or its advisor) can modify, complete, or refine the decision suggestions provided by the system, before sending them back to the system for validation, and likewise the system again improves, completes, and refines the suggestions of the decision maker and sends them back to them for validation. Another taxonomy for DSS, according to the mode of assistance, has been created by D. Power:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dssresources.com/papers/dssarticles.html|title = Decision Support Systems (DSS) Articles On-Line}}</ref> he differentiates ''communication-driven DSS'', ''data-driven DSS'', ''document-driven DSS'', ''knowledge-driven DSS'', and ''model-driven DSS''.<ref name="Power 2002" /> *A ''communication-driven DSS'' enables cooperation, supporting more than one person working on a shared task; examples include integrated tools like Google Docs or [[Microsoft SharePoint Workspace]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stanhope|first=Phil|year=2002|title=Get in the Groove: Building Tools and Peer-to-Peer Solutions with the Groove Platform|publisher=Wiley |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=863448|access-date=2019-10-30|via=ACM Digital Library|isbn=9780764548932}}</ref> *A ''data-driven DSS'' (or data-oriented DSS) emphasizes access to and manipulation of a [[time series]] of internal company data and, sometimes, external data. *A ''document-driven DSS'' manages, retrieves, and manipulates [[unstructured information]] in a variety of electronic formats. *A ''knowledge-driven DSS'' provides specialized [[problem-solving]] expertise stored as facts, rules, procedures or in similar structures like interactive [[decision tree]]s and flowcharts.<ref name="Power 2002" /> *A ''model-driven DSS'' emphasizes access to and manipulation of a statistical, financial, optimization, or [[Computer simulation|simulation]] model. Model-driven DSS use data and parameters provided by users to assist decision makers in analyzing a situation; they are not necessarily data-intensive. Dicodess is an example of an [[open-source model]]-driven DSS generator.<ref>Gachet, A. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=WAJp6cjMD7MC&q=%22decision+support%22 Building Model-Driven Decision Support Systems with Dicodess]. Zurich, VDF.</ref> Using scope as the criterion, Power<ref name="Power 1996">Power, D. J. (1996). What is a DSS? The On-Line Executive Journal for Data-Intensive Decision Support 1(3).</ref> differentiates ''enterprise-wide DSS'' and ''desktop DSS''. An ''enterprise-wide DSS'' is linked to large data warehouses and serves many managers in the company. A ''desktop, single-user DSS'' is a small system that runs on an individual manager's PC. == Development frameworks == Similarly to other systems, DSS systems require a structured approach. Such a framework includes people, technology, and the development approach.<ref name="Sprague and Carlson 1982" /> The Early Framework of Decision Support System consists of four phases: * ''Intelligence'' – Searching for conditions that call for decision; * ''Design'' – Developing and analyzing possible alternative actions of solution; * ''Choice'' – Selecting a course of action among those; * ''Implementation'' – Adopting the selected course of action in decision situation. DSS technology levels (of hardware and software) may include: #The actual application that will be used by the user. This is the part of the application that allows the decision maker to make decisions in a particular problem area. The user can act upon that particular problem. #Generator contains Hardware/software environment that allows people to easily develop specific DSS applications. This level makes use of case tools or systems such as Crystal, [[Analytica (software)|Analytica]] and [[iThink]]. #Tools include lower level hardware/software. DSS generators including special languages, function libraries and linking modules An iterative developmental approach allows for the DSS to be changed and redesigned at various intervals. Once the system is designed, it will need to be tested and revised where necessary for the desired outcome. == Classification == There are several ways to classify DSS applications. Not every DSS fits neatly into one of the categories, but may be a mix of two or more architectures. Holsapple and Whinston<ref name="Holsapple Whinston 1996">Holsapple, C.W., and A. B. Whinston. (1996). Decision Support Systems: A Knowledge-Based Approach. St. Paul: West Publishing. {{ISBN|0-324-03578-0}}</ref> classify DSS into the following six frameworks: text-oriented DSS, database-oriented DSS, spreadsheet-oriented DSS, solver-oriented DSS, rule-oriented DSS, and compound DSS. A compound DSS is the most popular classification for a DSS; it is a hybrid system that includes two or more of the five basic structures.<ref name="Holsapple Whinston 1996" /> The support given by DSS can be separated into three distinct, interrelated categories:<ref>Hackathorn, R. D., and P. G. W. Keen. (1981, September). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/249288 Organizational Strategies for Personal Computing in Decision Support Systems]." MIS Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 3.</ref> Personal Support, Group Support, and Organizational Support. DSS components may be classified as: # ''Inputs'': Factors, numbers, and characteristics to analyze # ''User knowledge and expertise:'' Inputs requiring manual analysis by the user # ''Outputs'': Transformed data from which DSS "decisions" are generated # ''Decisions'': Results generated by the DSS based on user criteria DSSs which perform selected [[cognitive]] decision-making functions and are based on [[artificial intelligence]] or [[intelligent agent]]s technologies are called [[intelligent decision support system]]s (IDSS)<ref>{{cite book|author1=F. Burstein|title=Handbook on Decision Support Systems. Berlin: Springer Verlag|author2=C. W. Holsapple|year=2008}}</ref> The nascent field of [[decision engineering]] treats the decision itself as an engineered object, and applies engineering principles such as [[design]] and [[quality assurance]] to an explicit representation of the elements that make up a decision. == See also == {{Commons category|Decision support systems}} {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Argument map]] * [[Cognitive assets (organizational)]] * [[Decision theory]] * [[Enterprise decision management]] * [[Expert system]] * [[Information assurance]] * [[Integrative thinking]] * [[Judge–advisor system]] * [[Knapsack problem]] * [[Land allocation decision support system]] * [[List of concept- and mind-mapping software]] * [[Morphological analysis (problem-solving)]] * [[Online deliberation]] * [[Participation (decision making)]] * [[Predictive analytics]] * [[Project management software]] * [[Self-service software]] * [[Spatial decision support system]] * [[Strategic planning software]] {{Div col end}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{Refbegin|30em}} * Marius Cioca, Florin Filip (2015). [http://webspace.ulbsibiu.ro/marius.cioca/SSD/bibliographySSD.htm Decision Support Systems – A Bibliography 1947-2007]. * Borges, J.G, Nordström, E.-M. Garcia Gonzalo, J. Hujala, T. Trasobares, A. (eds). (2014). [http://www.forestdss.org/CoP/community/forsys-country-report-line " Computer-based tools for supporting forest management. The experience and the expertise world-wide]. Dept of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Umeå. Sweden. * Delic, K.A., Douillet, L. and Dayal, U. (2001) [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/938098/;jsessionid=EE6EB33025D7954BEC28E625E59B8A78?arnumber=938098 "Towards an architecture for real-time decision support systems:challenges and solutions]. * Diasio, S., Agell, N. (2009) "The evolution of expertise in decision support technologies: A challenge for organizations," cscwd, pp. 692–697, 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20121009235747/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/CSCWD.2009.4968139 * Gadomski, A.M. et al.(2001) "[http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/hid-server/toto/pdf/(20).An%20Approach%20to%20the%20Intelligent%20Decision%20Advisor%20(IDA)%20for%20Emergency%20Managers.pdf An Approach to the Intelligent Decision Advisor (IDA) for Emergency Managers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210318/http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/hid-server/toto/pdf/(20).An%20Approach%20to%20the%20Intelligent%20Decision%20Advisor%20(IDA)%20for%20Emergency%20Managers.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }}", Int. J. Risk Assessment and Management, Vol. 2, Nos. 3/4. *{{cite journal | last1=Gomes da Silva | first1=Carlos | last2=Clímaco | first2=João | last3=Figueira | first3=José | title=A scatter search method for bi-criteria {0,1}-knapsack problems | journal=European Journal of Operational Research | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=169 | issue=2 | year=2006 | issn=0377-2217 | doi=10.1016/j.ejor.2004.08.005 | pages=373–391 }} * Ender, Gabriela; E-Book (2005–2011) about the OpenSpace-Online Real-Time Methodology: Knowledge-sharing, problem solving, results-oriented group dialogs about topics that matter with extensive conference documentation in real-time. Download https://web.archive.org/web/20070103022920/http://www.openspace-online.com/OpenSpace-Online_eBook_en.pdf * {{cite journal | last1=Jiménez | first1=Antonio | last2=Ríos-Insua | first2=Sixto | last3=Mateos | first3=Alfonso | title=A generic multi-attribute analysis system | journal=Computers & Operations Research | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=33 | issue=4 | year=2006 | issn=0305-0548 | doi=10.1016/j.cor.2004.09.003 | pages=1081–1101 | url=http://oa.upm.es/53452/ }} * {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0308-521X(94)P4414-W |title=A Decision Support System for Rapid Assessment of Lowland Rice-based Cropping Alternatives in Thailand |journal=Agricultural Systems |volume=47 |issue = 2|pages = 245–258 |year=1995 |last1=Jintrawet |first1=Attachai|bibcode=1995AgSys..47..245J }} * Matsatsinis, N.F. and Y. Siskos (2002), [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZLTBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Intelligent+support+systems+for+marketing+decisions%22&pg=PP7 Intelligent support systems for marketing decisions], Kluwer Academic Publishers. * Omid A.Sianaki, O Hussain, T Dillon, AR Tabesh – ... Intelligence, Modelling and Simulation (CIMSiM), 2010, [https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=11134464969655256169&btnI=1&hl=en Intelligent decision support system for including consumers' preferences in residential energy consumption in smart grid] * Power, D. J. (2000). [http://dssresources.com/papers/amcis/TT08overview.pdf Web-based and model-driven decision support systems: concepts and issues]. in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, California. * {{cite journal | last1=Reich | first1=Yoram | last2=Kapeliuk | first2=Adi | title=A framework for organizing the space of decision problems with application to solving subjective, context-dependent problems | journal=Decision Support Systems | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=41 | issue=1 | year=2005 | issn=0167-9236 | doi=10.1016/j.dss.2004.05.001 | pages=1–19 }} * [[Vicki Sauter|Sauter, V. L.]] (1997). Decision support systems: an applied managerial approach. New York, John Wiley. {{ISBN|978-0471173359}} * Silver, M. (1991). Systems that support decision makers: description and analysis. Chichester; New York, Wiley. * {{cite book | last=Sprague | first=Ralph | title=Decision support systems : putting theory into practice | publisher=Prentice-Hall | location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J | year=1986 | isbn=978-0-13-197286-5 | oclc=13123699 }} {{Refend}} {{Data warehouse}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Information systems]] [[Category:Decision support systems| ]] [[Category:Knowledge engineering]] [[Category:Decision-making software| ]] [[Category:Business software]]
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