Editing Defecation

{{short description|Expulsion of feces from the digestive tract}}
{{hatnote group|
{{distinguish|Defecation (band)|Defalcation}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Defecator|Defector}}
{{Redirect|pooping|other uses|Poop (disambiguation){{!}}Poop}}
}}
{{Human-centric|date=May 2025}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
[[Image:Anorectum.gif|right|frame|[[Human anatomy]] of the ''anorecturm'' ([[Human anus|anus]] and [[rectum]])]]

'''Defecation''' (or '''defaecation''') follows [[digestion]] and is the necessary [[biological process]] by which organisms eliminate a solid, semisolid, or liquid [[metabolic waste|waste]] material known as [[feces]] (or faeces) from the [[digestive tract]] via the [[anus]] or [[cloaca]]. The act has a variety of names, ranging from the technical (e.g. '''bowel movement'''), to the common (like '''pooping''' or '''crapping'''), to the obscene (''[[Shit|shitting]]''), to the euphemistic ("doing number two", "dropping a deuce" or "taking a dump"), to the juvenile ("going poo-poo" or "making doo-doo"). The topic, usually avoided in polite company, forms the basis of [[scatological humor]].
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[[human feces|Humans expel feces]] with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Basics of Constipation|url=https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/understanding-constipation-basics|website=WebMD|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> Waves of [[muscle|muscular contraction]] (known as ''[[peristalsis]]'') in the walls of the [[colon (anatomy)|colon]] move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the [[rectum]]. [[Flatus]] may also be expulsed. Undigested food may also be expelled within the feces, in a process called '''''egestion'''''. When birds defecate, they also expel [[urine]] and [[urate]]s in the same mass, whereas other animals may also simultaneously [[urinate]] during defecation, but the processes are spatially separated. Defecation may also accompany [[childbirth]] and [[death]]. Babies defecate a unique substance called [[meconium]] prior to eating external foods.<!-- Medical -->

There are a number of medical conditions associated with defecation, such as [[diarrhea]] and [[constipation]], some of which can be serious. A simpler and more mundane concern is the maintenance of [[anal hygiene]], which usually calls for cleaning the area shortly after defecation. The feces expelled can carry diseases, most often through the contamination of food. ''[[E. coli]]'' is a particular concern.
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Before [[toilet training]], human feces are most often collected into a [[diaper]]. Thereafter, in many societies people commonly defecate into a [[toilet]]. A Western-style [[flush toilet]] requires a [[Defecation postures|sitting position]], as compared with a [[squat toilet]]. However, [[open defecation]], the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet of any kind, is still widespread in some developing countries;<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> some people in those countries defecate into the ocean. Well-developed countries use [[sewage treatment plants]] or [[On-site sewage treatment|on-site treatment]] for [[Blackwater (waste)|blackwater]].

==Description==
{{multiple image|image1=Defecating lion in Warsaw Zoo.jpg|image2=Speke's Gazelle (Gazella spekei) (5532395054).jpg|image3=Defecating bison.jpg|image4=Canis lupus (1855281790).jpg|image5=White horse defecate on field.jpg|image6=DSC 8148 (4933509680).jpg|footer=Defecation postures of [[mammal]]s|perrow=3|total_width=440px}}
[[File:Cattle_Defecating.webm|thumb|Video of a cow defecating]]
===Physiology===
{{Further|Rectum#Function}}
The [[Rectal ampulla|rectum ampulla]] stores fecal waste (also called stool) before it is excreted. As the waste fills the rectum and expands the rectal walls, stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate. This urge to defecate arises from the reflex contraction of rectal muscles, relaxation of the [[internal anal sphincter]], and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the [[external anal sphincter]]. If the urge is not acted upon, the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon by [[reverse peristalsis]], where more water is absorbed and the feces are stored until the next mass peristaltic movement of the transverse and descending colon.

When the rectum is full, an increase in pressure within the rectum forces apart the walls of the [[anal canal]], allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal. The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves push the feces out of the rectum. The internal and external anal sphincters along with the [[puborectalis muscle]] allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medicine.umich.edu/sites/default/files/content/downloads/bowel-function.pdf |title=Bowel Function Anatomy |publisher=University of Michigan Health System |accessdate=2021-05-19 |quote=The levator ani and the puborectalis need to coordinate properly in order to expel contents from the anal canal. }}</ref>

===Voluntary and involuntary control===

The [[external anal sphincter]] is under voluntary control whereas the [[internal anal sphincter]] is involuntary. In [[infant]]s, the defecation occurs by [[Reflex|reflex action]] without the voluntary control of the external anal sphincter. Defecation is voluntary in adults. Young children learn voluntary control through the process of [[toilet training]]. Once trained, loss of control, called [[fecal incontinence]], may be caused by physical injury, nerve injury, prior surgeries (such as an [[episiotomy]]), [[constipation]], [[diarrhea]], loss of storage capacity in the [[rectum]], intense fright, [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[psychological]] or [[neurological]] factors, [[childbirth]], or [[death]].<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Fecal incontinence - Causes|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fecal-incontinence/basics/causes/con-20034575|publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research|access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref>

Sometimes, due to the inability to control one's bowel movement or due to excessive fear, defecation (usually accompanied by urination) occurs involuntarily, soiling a person's undergarments. This may cause significant embarrassment to the person if this occurs in the presence of other people or a public place.

===Posture===
{{main article|Human defecation postures}}
The positions and modalities of defecation are [[Culture#Cultures by region|culture-dependent]]. [[Squat toilet]]s are used by the vast majority of the world, including most of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kira|first1=Alexander|title=The Bathroom|date=1976|publisher=Viking Pr|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-670-00612-0|pages=115–116|edition=2. ed. New and expanded}}</ref> The use of sit-down [[toilet]]s in the [[Western world]] is a relatively recent development, beginning in the 19th century with the advent of indoor plumbing.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=C. Singer |editor2=E Holmyard |editor3=A Hall |editor4=T. Williams |year=1958 |orig-year=1954 |title=A History of Technology |volume=IV: The Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 |publisher=Oxford Clarendon Press |pages=507–508 |oclc=886036895}}</ref>

==Disease==
Regular bowel movements determine the functionality and the health of the alimentary tracts in human body. Defecation is the most common regular bowel movement which eliminates waste from the human body. The frequency of defecation is hard to identify, which can vary from daily to weekly depending on individual bowel habits, the impact from the environment, and genetics.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-803968-7.00026-5 |chapter=Defecation and Stools in Vegetarians |title=Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention |year=2017 |last1=Nath |first1=Preetam |last2=Singh |first2=Shivaram Prasad |pages=473–481 |isbn=978-0-12-803968-7 }}</ref> If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period the fecal matter may harden, resulting in [[constipation]]. If defecation occurs too fast, before excess liquid is absorbed, [[diarrhea]] may occur.<ref>{{cite news|author=NIH|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bowelmovement.html|title=Bowel Movement|journal=MedlinePlus|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> Other associated symptoms can include abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, and abdominal distention.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lacy |first1=Brian E. |last2=Mearin |first2=Fermín |last3=Chang |first3=Lin |last4=Chey |first4=William D. |last5=Lembo |first5=Anthony J. |last6=Simren |first6=Magnus |last7=Spiller |first7=Robin |title=Bowel Disorders |journal=Gastroenterology |date=May 2016 |volume=150 |issue=6 |pages=1393–1407.e5 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031 |pmid=27144627 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b584/2e286d265c0cd50e3d56ad9a0ce61686d376.pdf }}</ref> Disorders of the bowel can seriously impact quality of life and daily activities. The causes of functional bowel disorder are multifactorial, and dietary habits such as food intolerance and low fiber diet are considered to be the primary factors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grace |first1=Sandra |last2=Barnes |first2=Larisa |last3=Reilly |first3=Wayne |last4=Vlass |first4=Ann |last5=de Permentier |first5=Patrick |title=An integrative review of dietetic and naturopathic approaches to functional bowel disorders |journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine |date=December 2018 |volume=41 |pages=67–80 |doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.004 |pmid=30477867 |s2cid=53768740 }}</ref>

=== Constipation ===
{{main|Constipation}}
Constipation, also known as defecatory dysfunction, is difficulty experienced when passing stools. It is one of the most notable alimentary disorders that affects different age groups in the population. Common constipation is associated with abdominal distention, pain or bloating.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Hay|first1=Tyler|last2=Bellomo|first2=Ranaldo|last3=Rechnitzer|first3=Tom|last4=See|first4=Emily|last5=Abdelhamid|first5=Yasmine Ali|last6=Deane|first6=Adam|date=January 2019|title=Constipation, diarrhea, and prophylactic laxative bowel regimens in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Critical Care|volume=52|pages=242–250|doi=10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.004|pmid=30665795|s2cid=58667995}}</ref> Research has revealed that chronic constipation complied with higher risk of cardiovascular events such as coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, while associating with an increasing risk of mortality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sumida|first1=Keiichi|last2=Molnar|first2=Miklos Z|last3=Potukuchi|first3=Praveen K|last4=Thomas|first4=Fridtjof|last5=Ling|first5=Jun Lu|last6=Yamagata|first6=Kunihiro|last7=Zadeh|first7=Kamyar Kalantar|last8=Kovesdy|first8=Casba P|date=February 2019|title=Constipation and risk of death and cardiovascular events|journal=Atherosclerosis|volume=281|pages=114–120|doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.021|pmid=30658186|pmc=6399019}}</ref> Besides dietary factors, psychological traumas and 'pelvic floor disorders' can also cause chronic constipation and defecatory disorder respectively.<ref name=":13" /> Multiple interventions, including physical activities, 'high-fibre diet', probiotics<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hod |first1=Keren |last2=Ringel |first2=Yehuda |title=Probiotics in functional bowel disorders |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology |date=February 2016 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=89–97 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2016.01.003 |pmid=27048900 }}</ref> and drug therapies can be widely and efficiently used to treat constipation and defecatory disorder.

=== Inflammatory bowel diseases ===
{{main|Inflammatory bowel disease}}
Inflammatory disease is characterized as long-lasting, chronic inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract. [[Crohn's disease]] (CD) and [[ulcerative colitis]] (UC) are two universal types of inflammatory bowel disease that have been studied over a century. They are closely related to different environmental risk factors, family genetics, and lifestyle choices such as smoking.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fiocchi|first=Claudio|date=1998|title=Inflammatory bowel disease: Etiology and pathogenesis|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=115|issue=1|pages=182–205|doi=10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70381-6|pmid=9649475}}</ref> Crohn's disease has been found to be related to immune disorders particularly.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Baumgart|first1=Daniel C|last2=Sandborn|first2=William J|date=November 2012|title=Crohn's disease|journal=The Lancet|volume=380|issue=9853|pages=1590–1605|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9|pmid=22914295|s2cid=18672997|doi-access=free}}</ref> Different levels of cumulative intestinal injuries can cause different complications, such as fistulae, damage of bowel function, symptom recurrence, disability, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agrawal|first1=Manasi|last2=Colombel|first2=Jean-Frederic|date=2019|title=Treat-to-Target in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, What Is the Target and How Do We Treat?|journal=Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America|volume=29|issue=3|pages=421–436|doi=10.1016/j.giec.2019.02.004|pmid=31078245|s2cid=132251418}}</ref> Patients can be children or adults. Recent research shows that immunodeficiency and monogenic disorders are the causes in young patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kelsen|first1=Juridth R|last2=Russo|first2=Pierre|last3=Sullivan|first3=Kathleen E|date=February 2019|title=Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease|journal=Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America|volume=39|issue=1|pages=63–79|doi=10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.008|pmid=30466773|pmc=6954002}}</ref> 

Common symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases differ by the infection level, but may include severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and unexpected weight loss. [[Crohn's disease]] can lead to infection of any part of the digestive tract, including ileum to anus.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Crohn's disease|journal=Medicine|volume=47|issue=6|last1=Mak|first1=Wing Yan|last2=Hart|first2=Alisa L|last3=Ng|first3=Siew C|year=2019|pages=377–387|doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.007|s2cid=242228134}}</ref> Internal manifestations include diarrhea, abdomen pain, fever, chronic anaemia, etc. External manifestations include impact on skin, joints, eyes, and liver. Significantly reduced microbiota diversity inside the gastrointestinal tract can also be observed. Ulcerative colitis mainly affects the function of the large bowel, and its incidence rate is three times greater than that of Crohn's disease.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Steed|first=Helen|date=May 2019|title=Ulcerative colitis|journal=Medicine|volume=47|issue=6|pages=371–376|doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.001|s2cid=243328622}}</ref> In terms of clinical features, over 90 percent of patients exhibit constant diarrhea, rectal bleeding, softer stool, mucus in the stool, tenesmus, and abdominal pain.<ref name=":5" /> The symptoms may continue for around 6 weeks or even longer.

The inflammatory bowel diseases could be effectively treated by 'pharmacotherapies' to relieve and maintain the symptoms, which showed in 'mucosal healing' and symptoms elimination.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Jeong|first1=Dong Yeon|last2=Kim|first2=Seung|last3=Son|first3=Min Ji|last4=Son|first4=Chei Yun|last5=Kim|first5=Jong Yeob|last6=Kronbichler|first6=Andreas|last7=Lee|first7=Keum Hwa|last8=Shin|first8=Jae II|date=May 2019|title=Induction and maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review|journal=Autoimmunity Reviews|volume=18|issue=5|pages=439–454|doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.002|pmid=30844556|s2cid=73466469}}</ref> However, an optimal therapy for curing both inflammatory diseases are still under research due to the heterogeneity in clinical feature.<ref name=":7" /> Although both UC and CD are sharing similar symptoms, the medical treatment of them are distinctively different.<ref name=":7" /> Dietary treatment can benefit for curing CD by increase the dietary zinc and fish intake, which is related to mucosal healing of the bowel.<ref name=":3" /> Treatments vary from drug treatment to surgery based on the active level of the CD. UC can also be relieved by using immunosuppressive therapy for mild to moderate disease level and application of biological agents for severe cases.<ref name=":5" />

===Irritable bowel syndrome===
{{main|Irritable bowel syndrome}}
Irritable bowel syndrome is diagnosed as an intestinal disorder with chronic abdominal pain and inconsistency in form of stool, and is a common bowel disease that can be easily diagnosed in modern society.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-54731-4.00076-1 |chapter=Irritable Bowel Syndrome |title=Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes |year=2019 |last1=Waldman |first1=Steven D. |pages=294–297 |isbn=978-0-323-54731-4 |s2cid=239092846 }}</ref> The variation in incident rate can be explained by different diagnostic criteria in different countries, with the 18–34 age group being recognized as the high frequency incident group.<ref name=":4" /> The definite cause of irritable bowel syndrome remains a mystery; however, it has been found to relate to multiple factors, such as 'alternation of mood and pressure, sleep disorders, food triggers, changing of dysbiosis and even sexual dysfunction'.<ref name=":4" /> One third of irritable bowel syndrome patients has family history with the disease suggesting that genetic predisposition could be a significant cause for irritable bowel syndrome.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Farmer|first1=Adam D|last2=Ruffle|first2=James K|date=May 2019|title=Irritable bowel syndrome|journal=Medicine|volume=47|issue=6|pages=350–353|doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.009|pmid=27159638|pmc=5001845}}</ref>

Patients with irritable bowel syndrome commonly experience abdominal pain, changes to stool form, recurrent abdominal bloating and gas,<ref name=":6" /> co-morbid disorders and alternation in bowel habits that caused diarrhea or constipation.<ref name=":4" /> However, anxiety and tension can also be detected, although patients with irritable bowel disease seem healthy. Apart from these typical symptoms, rectal bleeding, unexpected weight loss and increased inflammatory markers require further medical examination and investigation.<ref name=":4" />

Treatment for irritable bowel disease is multimodal. Dietary intervention and pharmacotherapies can both relieve the symptoms to a certain degree. Avoiding allergic food groups can be beneficial by reducing fermentation in the digestive tract and gas production, hence effectively alleviating abdominal pain and bloating.<ref name=":4" /> Drug interventions, such as laxatives, loperamide,<ref name=":4" /> and lubiprostone<ref name=":6" /> are applied to relieve intense symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain and constipation. Psychological treatment, dietary supplements<ref name=":4" /> and gut-focused hypnotherapy<ref name=":6" /> are recommended for targeting depression, mood disorders and sleep disturbance.

=== Bowel obstruction ===
{{main|Bowel obstruction}}
Bowel obstruction is a bowel condition which is a blockage that can be found in both the small intestines and large intestines. Increase of contractions can relieve blockages; however, continuous contractions with decreasing functionality may lead to terminated mobility of the small intestines, which then forms the obstruction. At the same time, the lack of contractility encourages liquid and gas accumulation.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Brit|last2=Robertson|first2=Jennifer|last3=Koyfman|first3=Alex|date=February 2019|title=Emergency Medicine Evaluation and Management of Small Bowel Obstruction: Evidence-Based Recommendations|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=56|issue=2|pages=166–176|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.024|pmid=30527563|s2cid=54480601}}</ref> and "electrolyte disturbances".<ref name=":15">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-40232-3.00072-8 |chapter=Small Bowel Obstruction |title=Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2 Volume Set |year=2019 |last1=Johnston |first1=Lily E. |last2=Hanks |first2=John B. |pages=842–850 |isbn=978-0-323-40232-3 |s2cid=81585148 }}</ref> Small bowel obstruction can result in severe renal damage and hypovolemia.<ref name=":15" /> while evolving into "mucosal ischemia and perforation".<ref name=":14" /> Patients with small bowel obstruction were found to experience constipation, strangulation and abdominal pain and vomiting.<ref name=":14" /> Surgical intervention is primarily used to cure severe small bowel obstruction condition. Nonoperative therapy included nasogastric tube decompression, water-soluble-contrast medium process or symptomatic management can be applied to treat less severe symptoms<ref name=":14" />

According to research, large bowel obstruction is less common than small bowel obstruction, but is still associated with a high mortality rate.<ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Farkas |first1=Nicholas G. |last2=Welman |first2=Ted Joseph P. |last3=Ross |first3=Talisa |last4=Brown |first4=Sarah |last5=Smith |first5=Jason J. |last6=Pawa |first6=Nikhil |title=Unusual causes of large bowel obstruction |journal=Current Problems in Surgery |date=February 2019 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=49–90 |doi=10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.12.001 |pmid=30777150 |s2cid=59277670 }}</ref> Large bowel obstruction, also known as colonic obstruction, includes acute colonic obstruction, where a blockage is formed in the colon. Colonic obstructions frequently occur within the elder population, often accompanied by significant 'comorbidities'.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frago|first1=Ricardo|last2=Ramirez|first2=Elena|last3=Millan|first3=Monica|last4=Kreisler|first4=Esther|last5=Valle|first5=Emilio del|last6=Biondo|first6=Sebastiano|date=January 2014|title=Current management of acute malignant large bowel obstruction: a systematic review|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|volume=207|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.07.027|pmid=24124659}}</ref> Although colonic malignancy is revealed as the major cause of the colonic obstruction, volvulus has also been founded as a secondary common cause around the world.<ref name=":16" /> In addition, lower mobility, unhealthy mentality and restricted living environment are also listed as risk factors. Surgery and colonic stent placements are widely applied for curing colonic obstructions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Laboa|first1=Maria Navajas|last2=Calzada|first2=Aitor Orive|last3=Landaluce|first3=Aitor|last4=Estevez|first4=Inaki Zabalza|last5=Larena|first5=Jose Alejandro|last6=Arevalo-Serna|first6=Juan Antonio|last7=Bridet|first7=Lionel|last8=Lopez-Lopez|first8=Maria|last9=Burgos|first9=Soraya Torres|date=March 2015|title=Colonic obstruction caused by endometriosis solved with a colonic stent as a bridge to surgery|journal=Arab Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=33–35|doi=10.1016/j.ajg.2014.10.004|pmid=25791032}}</ref>

===Other===
Attempting forced expiration of breath against a closed airway (the [[Valsalva maneuver]]) is sometimes practiced to induce defecation while on a [[toilet]]. This contraction of expiratory [[chest]] muscles, [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]], abdominal wall muscles, and [[pelvis|pelvic]] diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract. [[Ventilation (physiology)|Ventilation]] at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure. [[Cardiac arrest]]<ref name="pmid27716918">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fisher-Hubbard AO, Kesha K, Diaz F, Njiwaji C, Chi P, Schmidt CJ|year=2016|title=Commode Cardia-Death by Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series|journal=[[Journal of Forensic Sciences]]|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1541–1545|doi=10.1111/1556-4029.13196|pmid=27716918|s2cid=4727369|hdl=2027.42/134829|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and other cardiovascular complications<ref name="pmid27151226">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ikeda T, Oomura M, Sato C, Anan C, Yamada K, Kamimoto K|year=2016|title=Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation-a case report|journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku|volume=56|issue=5|pages=328–333|doi=10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000856|pmid=27151226|doi-access=free}}</ref> can in rare cases occur due to attempting to defecate using the Valsalva maneuver. [[Valsalva retinopathy]] is another pathological syndrome associated with the Valsalva maneuver.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibran|first1=S K|last2=Kenawy|first2=N|last3=Wong|first3=D|last4=Hiscott|first4=P|year=2007|title=Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy|journal=[[British Journal of Ophthalmology]]|volume=91|issue=5|pages=701–2|doi=10.1136/bjo.2006.104935|pmc=1954736|pmid=17446519}}</ref><ref name="pmid19747224">{{cite journal|author=Connor AJ|year=2010|title=Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation|journal=[[Acta Ophthalmologica]]|volume=88|issue=4|pages=328–33|doi=10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01624.x|pmid=19747224|s2cid=26590048|doi-access=free}}</ref> Thoracic [[blood pressure]] rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases. Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an [[aneurysm]] or to dislodge blood clots (see [[thrombosis]]). Also, in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls; this, coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet, can result in a blackout.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
[[File:Hurkende man Capricci di varie Figure di Jacopo Callot (serietitel) Diverse figuren en voorstellingen (serietitel), RP-P-OB-21.068.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A person defacating outside. Etching, paper. Jacques Callot. Rijksmuseum,  Amsterdam. 1621]]

== Society and culture ==
===Open defecation===
{{main|Open defecation}}

[[Open defecation]] is the human practice of defecating outside (in the open environment) rather than into a [[toilet]]. People may choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals or other open space for defecation. They do so because either they do not have a toilet readily accessible or due to traditional cultural practices.<ref name="ClasenBoisson2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, Ensink J, Freeman M, Jenkins M, Odagiri M, Ray S, Sinha A, Suar M, Schmidt WP | display-authors = 6 | title = Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = e645-53 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25442689 | doi = 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9 | doi-access = free | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/2026643/1/Effectiveness%20of%20a%20rural%20sanitation%20programme_GOLD%20VoR.pdf }}</ref> The practice is common where [[sanitation]] infrastructure and services are not available. Even if toilets are available, [[Behavior change (public health)|behavior change]] efforts may still be needed to promote the use of toilets.

Open defecation can pollute the environment and cause health problems. High levels of open defecation are linked to high [[child mortality]], poor [[undernutrition|nutrition]], [[poverty]], and large disparities between rich and poor.<ref name="JMP2014">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036|title=Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update|date=2014|publisher=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP)|isbn=9789241507240|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115029/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2036|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|page=11}}

Ending open defecation is an indicator being used to measure progress towards the [[Sustainable Development Goal 6|Sustainable Development Goal Number 6]]. [[Extreme poverty]] and lack of sanitation are statistically linked. Therefore, eliminating open defecation is thought to be an important part of the effort to eliminate poverty.<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite news|url=https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-eliminate-open-defecation-by-2030-84634|title=How to eliminate open defecation by 2030| vauthors = Ahmad J |date=30 October 2014|access-date=2 May 2016|website=devex}}</ref>

=== Anal cleansing after defecation ===
{{main article|Anal hygiene}}
The [[anus]] and [[buttocks]] may be [[anal hygiene|cleansed]] after defecation with [[toilet paper]], similar paper products, or other absorbent material. In many cultures, such as Hindu and Muslim, water is used for anal cleansing after defecation, either in addition to using toilet paper or exclusively. When water is used for anal cleansing after defecation, toilet paper may be used for drying the area afterwards. Some doctors and people who work in the science and [[hygiene]] fields have stated that switching to using a [[bidet]] as a form of anal cleansing after defecation is both more hygienic and more environmentally friendly.<ref>{{cite news |last= Rickett |first= Oscar |date= 11 February 2018 |title= The bottom line: why it's time the bidet made a comeback |url= https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2018/feb/11/the-bottom-line-why-its-time-the-bidet-made-a-comeback |work= The Guardian |access-date= 29 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Mythology and tradition ===
[[File:Caganer back.png|thumb|160px|The ''[[caganer]]'' is a defecating figurine in Spanish [[nativity scene]]s.]]
Some peoples have culturally significant stories in which defecation plays a role. For example:
*In an [[Alune people|Alune]] and [[Wemale]] legend from the island of [[Seram]], [[Maluku Islands|Maluku Province]], [[Indonesia]], the mythical girl [[Hainuwele]] defecates valuable objects.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001 |title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-515669-0 }}</ref>
*One of the [[traditions of Catalonia]] ([[Spain]]) relates to the ''[[caganer]]'', a [[figurine]] depicting the act of defecation which appears in [[nativity scene]]s in [[Catalonia]] and neighbouring [[Catalan Countries|areas with Catalan culture]]. The exact origin of the ''caganer'' is lost, but the tradition has existed since at least the 18th century.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12059969|title=A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style|website=BBC News |date=23 December 2010|access-date=23 December 2010}}</ref>

=== Psychology ===
Some aspects of [[psychology]] surround the act of defecation. There is an inherent desire for privacy among humans. [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] stipulated a second stage of development, the [[Anal stage|Anal Stage]], which centers around the release of waste from the bladder and bowels. He categorized two types: ''[[anal retentive]]'' and [[Anal expulsiveness|''anal expulsive'']].

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Artist's Shit]]''
* [[Ecological sanitation]]
* [[Hemorrhoid]]
* [[Human waste]]
* [[Improved sanitation]]
* [[Rectal tenesmus]] - a feeling of incomplete defecation
* [[Reuse of human excreta]]
* ''[[Shit]]''
* [[Sustainable sanitation]]
* [[Urination]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Eric P. Widmaier; Hershel Raff; Kevin T. Strang (2006). ''Vanders' Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function.'' Chapter 15. 10th ed. McGraw Hill. {{ISBN|9780071116770}}.
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[[Category:Defecation| ]]
[[Category:Excretion]]
[[Category:Digestive system]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Feces]]
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen]]