Editing Demetrius III Aniketos

{{Infobox monarch
| name            =Demetrios III ''Aniketos'' ("The Invincible")
| succession      =[[Indo-Greek]] king
| image           =Demetrius III portrait.jpg
| caption         =Portrait of Demetrius III.
| reign           =c. 100 BCE
| coronation      =
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[[File:Demetrios III Aniketos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|<small>Copper coins of '''Demetrius Aniketos'''.<br> '''Obv:''' Bust of king, wearing an elephant's scalp, with Greek legend: BASILEOS ANIKETOU DEMETRIOU "Of Invincible King Demetrius".<br> '''Rev:''' Winged thunderbolt. [[Kharoshthi]] legend: MAHARAJASA APARAJITASA DIMETRIA (Invincible king Demetrius).</small>]]
[[File:Demetrius Aniketou.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|<small>Copper coins of '''Demetrius Aniketos'''.<br> '''Obv:''' Bust of king, wearing an elephant's scalp, with Greek legend: BASILEOS ANIKETOU DEMETRIOU "Of Invincible King Demetrius".<br> '''Rev:''' Winged thunderbolt. [[Kharoshthi]] legend: MAHARAJASA APARAJITASA DIMETRIA (Invincible king Demetrius).</small>]]
'''Demetrius III Aniketos''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Δημήτριος Γ΄ ὁ Ἀνίκητος}}; [[epithet]] means "the Invincible") is an [[Indo-Greek]] king who reigned in the area of [[Gandhara]] and [[Punjab region|Punjab]].

==Controversy about time of reign==
The coins of Demetrius III are few and rather crude. He copies some of his imagery from the renowned Bactrian king [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] (c. 200–180 BCE). The two namesakes share the war-like epithet ''"The Invincible"'' and wear elephant-crowns, the symbol that [[Alexander the Great]] used to celebrate his conquest of the Indus Valley.

The historical sources of the Indo-Greek kingdom are very few, and the separation of kings with the same name is not an easy process. Numismatician Osmund [[Bopearachchi]] identifies three kings named Demetrius, placing the third around 100 BCE due to mintmarks and style of the coins (see discussion under [[Demetrius II of India|Demetrius II]]). R C Senior agrees with this reconstruction, even though their dates are somewhat different: according to Bopearachchi he ruled around 100 BCE, whereas R. C. Senior places him circa 70 BCE, in both cases as successor of [[Heliokles II]].

However, Demetrius III is the only Demetrius to strike bilingual Greek/Indian ([[Kharoshti]]) coins, and is therefore a likely candidate to be identified with the ''"Demetrius, king of the Indians"'' mentioned by Roman historian Justin.<ref>Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus, XLI:6</ref> This Demetrius is said to have fought with the Bactrian king [[Eucratides]] (c. 170–145 BCE) during the latter part of Eucratides' rule. [[Bopearachchi]] nevertheless identifies Justin's Demetrius with the king [[Demetrius II of India|Demetrius II]] even though he only struck Greek coins and reigned c. 175–170 BCE, even before Eucratides. In addition, Bopearachchi's early dating of Demetrius II has been challenged (see discussion under [[Demetrius II of India|Demetrius II]]).

Yet other authors have identified Justin's Demetrius with Demetrius I of Bactria, ignoring both Bopearachchi's chronology as well as modifying Justin's text.<ref>L.M. Wilson, and G.R.F. Assar, Re-dating Eukratides I relative to Mithradates I, ONS Journal 191 (2007). They suggest that Justin's reference that Eucratides "carried on many wars" before his campaign against Demetrius refers to wars fought before Eucratides became king, so that the war took place during the early stages of Eucratides' rule. Against this interpretation must be said that Justin continues to state that these "many wars" seriously weakened Eucratides, whereas in Wilson's and Assar's reading, the wars in question lead to Eucratides  becoming an important king.</ref>

Earlier authors such as Tarn and Narain thought that the Demetrius who struck the coins now identified with Demetrius III<ref>Tarn and Narain usually refer to this king as Demetrius II, since they did not separate him from Demetrius II of Bactria</ref> was the king who fought Eucratides, and saw him as a son of Demetrius I.

The absence of absolute proofs of dating Demetrius III (such as counter-marked coins), and the remaining problems of all current reconstructions, means the problem is not definitely solved, and the alternative chronology would be to place Demetrius III around 150 BCE in compliance with Tarn's and Narain's ideas about his identity as a Euthydemid prince who fought against Eucratides.<ref>The ''actual'' datings suggested by Tarn and Narain differ from 150 BCE, but a number of circumstances has made their general chronology outdated.</ref>

==Possible dynastic context==


If he ruled around 150 BCE, he was very likely a surviving Euthydemid prince like Tarn and Narain assumed, and due to his name this would make sense. The symbols of his coin connect him with several Euthydemid kings: the [[kausia]] hat on one of his portrait with [[Antimachus I]], the elephant-crown and the title Aniketos as mentioned with [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]], and the standing Zeus on his silver reverses with [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]].

==Coins of Demetrius III==
The actual coins of Demetrius III are very few and struck with a single, unique monogram. This suggests a short and insignificant reign. On his silver, Demetrius III appears in the kausia hat (on the unique known tetradrachm) or diademed, with a reverse of Zeus holding thunderbolt. His bronzes feature a king in elephant's crown, either Demetrius III or Demetrius I, with thunderbolt on the reverse.

==See also==
* [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]
* [[Greco-Buddhism]]
* [[Indo-Scythians]]

==Notes==
<references/>

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Heliokles II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indo-Greek|Indo-Greek Ruler]]<br>(in [[Gandhara]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]])|years=c. 100 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[King Philoxenus|Philoxenus]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Indo-Greek kings}}
{{Hellenistic rulers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demetrios 03}}
[[Category:Indo-Greek kings]]
[[Category:1st-century BC monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Euthydemid dynasty]]