Editing Democracy Monument

{{Short description|Public monument in Bangkok, Thailand}}
{{single source|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Democracy Monument<br><small>อนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตย</small>
| native_name = 
| image = 010-Democracy Monument.jpg
| caption = The Democracy Monument in 2019
| coordinates = {{coord|13|45|24|N|100|30|6|E}}
| location = [[Bowon Niwet subdistrict]], [[Phra Nakhon district]],<br>[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| height = {{convert|24|meter}} (wing height)
| built = 24 June 1939 <small>(groundbreaking ceremony)</small><br>July 1939 <small>(construction began)</small> 24 June 1940 <small>(opening ceremony)</small>
| architect = Mom Luang Phum Malakul
| architecture = [[Art Deco]], Khana Ratsadon architecture
| governing_body = [[Fine Arts Department]]
| events = {{ubl|[[1973 Thai popular uprising|1973 popular uprising]]|[[6 October 1976 massacre]]|[[Black May (1992)|Black May]]|[[2010 Thai political protests|2010 political protests]]|[[2013–2014 Thai political crisis|2013–2014 political crisis]]|[[2020–2021 Thai protests|2020–2021 protests]]}}
| built_for = Commemoration of the [[Siamese revolution of 1932|Siamese revolution]]
}}
The '''Democracy Monument''' ({{langx|th|อนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตย| ''Anusawari Prachathipatai''}}) is a public monument in the [[city center]] of [[Bangkok]], capital of [[Thailand]]. It occupies a [[traffic circle]] on the wide east–west [[Ratchadamnoen Avenue]], at the intersection of Dinso Road. The monument is roughly halfway between [[Sanam Luang]], the former royal cremation ground in front of [[Wat Phra Kaew]], and the temple of the [[Golden Mount]] (Phu Kao Thong).

Once completed, [[Democracy Monument MRT station]] on [[MRT Purple Line]] and [[MRT Orange Line]] will serve the area. 
==Commissioning==
The monument was commissioned in 1939 to commemorate the [[1932 Siamese coup d'état]] (also called "Siamese Revolution of 1932" or just "1932 Revolution") which led to the establishment of a [[constitutional monarchy]] in what was then the Kingdom of Siam, by its military ruler, Field Marshal [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]. Phibun saw the monument as the focal point of what he envisaged as a new, [[Westernized]] Bangkok, "making Thanon [road] Ratchadamnoen the [[Champs-Élysées]] and the Democracy Monument the [[Arc de Triomphe]]" of Bangkok.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/2013039/rewriting-of-thai-history-gets-thumbs-up|title = Rewriting of Thai history gets thumbs-up|newspaper = Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref>Ka F. Wong, ''Visions of a Nation: Public Monuments in Twentieth-Century Thailand'', White Lotus, Bangkok 2006, 65</ref>
==Design==
The monument was designed by {{ill|Chitrasen Aphaiwong|th|หมิว อภัยวงศ์}}, an [[architect]] whose brother, [[Khuang Aphaiwong]], was a leading member of Phibun's government. The Italian sculptor [[Corrado Feroci]], who became a Thai citizen and used the Thai name Silpa Bhirasi from the Second World War on, initially to avoid Japanese military ire, executed the relief sculptures around the base of the monument. He also provided the main sculpting for the renowned Lady Mo monument in the northeast Thailand city of [[Nakhon Ratchasima]].

The building of the monument was highly unpopular at the time. Local residents and shopkeepers (mostly [[Thai Chinese|Chinese]]) were evicted from their homes and businesses with 60 days' notice. The widening of Ratchadamnoen Road to create a ceremonial boulevard involved cutting down hundreds of shade trees, a serious matter in the days before air conditioning, given Bangkok's torrid climate.

It was built by [[Christiani & Nielsen]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Møller |first1=Gregers |title=Christiani & Nielsen - a Danish legend lives on in Thailand |url=https://scandasia.com/1608-christiani-nielsen-a-danish-legend-lives-on-in-thailand/ |website=ScandAsia |accessdate=14 April 2020 |date=29 August 2002}}</ref>

===Design elements===
The focal point of the monument (Figure 1 below) is a carved representation of a [[palm-leaf manuscript]] box holding the [[Constitution of Thailand#1932 constitution|Thai Constitution of 1932]], on top of two golden [[Phan (tray)|offering bowl]]s above a round [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]. The constitution is symbolically guarded by four wing-like structures (Figure 2 below), representing the four branches of the [[Royal Thai Armed Forces|Thai armed forces]]—[[Royal Thai Army|army]], [[Royal Thai Navy|navy]], [[Royal Thai Air Force|air force]] and [[Royal Thai Police|police]]—which carried out the [[Siamese revolution of 1932|1932 coup]].

The wings are {{convert|24|m|ft|sp=us}} high, and this is also the radius of the base of the monument, marking the fact that the 1932 coup took place on 24 June. The central turret is {{convert|3|m|ft|sp=us}} high, representing the month of June, which is the third month of the traditional [[Thai lunar calendar|Thai calendar]]. There were originally 75 small [[cannon]] around the outer ring of the monument, representing the year of the coup, 2475 in the [[Buddhist calendar]]. The six gates of the turret represent the six proclaimed policies of the People Party: "independence, internal peace, equality, freedom, economy, and education."

Facing outwards from the base of two of the wings are fountains (Figure 3 below) in the form of [[Naga (mythology)|naga]], the protective snake creatures of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] mythology, although the sculptures resemble Western [[dragon]]s more than traditional naga sculptures. (Compare Figure 3 below with the image at the [[Naga (mythology)|Naga]] article.)
[[File:Monument of Democracy, Bangkok.jpg|thumb|The Monument of Democracy, Bangkok]]
The relief sculptures at the base of the monument are [[propaganda|propagandistic]] in their design. They depict the armed forces both as [[Knight|champion]]s of [[democracy]] and as the [[personification]] of the Thai people. In the version of events depicted in these sculptures, the coup of 1932 was carried out by a united and [[Idealism|idealistic]] Thai armed forces on behalf of the [[people]], and had both the intention and effect of making Thailand a democracy. In the reliefs, [[civilian]]s appear only as the grateful recipients of the [[hero]]ism and benevolence of the armed forces.

The panel titled "Soldiers Fighting for Democracy" (Figure 4 below), shows a heroic and united armed forces doing battle (it is not clear against whom) for "democracy". The panel titled "Personification of the People" (Figure 5 below), shows a soldier protecting the Thai people while they go about their civil pursuits. The mother with child at left is the only woman depicted anywhere at the Democracy Monument. The panel represents the view of the military regime in 1939 that the armed forces were ruling on behalf of the people.

The panel titled "Personification of Balance and Good Life" (Figure 6 below), represents the social ideology of the military regime. An allegorical figure representing the nation, seated in a Buddha-like posture (but not [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] himself), holding a [[Lady Justice|sword and a set of scales]], representing the armed forces and [[justice]] respectively, sits in its center, flanked by figures representing (from left) [[sport]], [[education]], [[religion]], and the [[arts]]. The figure of "sport", a naked man with a [[shot put]], is wholly European in origin.

===Details===
<gallery class="center">
Image:PICT4835.JPG|Figure 1: A representation of box holding the Thai Constitution of 1932 sits on top of two [[Phan (tray)|golden offering bowls]] above a round turret.
Image:PICT4838.JPG|Figure 2: One of the four wing-like structures which guard the Constitution, representing the four branches of the Thai armed forces.
Image:PICT4839.JPG|Figure 3: One of the naga fountains at the base of two of the wing structures.
Image:PICT4836.JPG|Figure 4: Sculptural panel titled "Soldiers Fighting for Democracy"
Image:PICT4837.JPG|Figure 5: Sculptural panel titled "Personification of the People"
Image:PICT4834.JPG|Figure 6: Sculptural panel titled "Personification of Balance and Good Life"

</gallery>

==Dictatorship==
{{Main|Siamese revolution of 1932}}
The story represented by these sculptures was a considerable distortion of the truth. In fact the 1932 coup was planned and executed almost without bloodshed by a small group of officers and some civilian collaborators, while the king was on holiday at the seaside. The coup was followed by the promulgation of Thailand's first constitution, but this was far from fully democratic. In the mid-1930s there was an attempt to progress to full democracy, but this broke down amid a split between the military and civilian elements of the government, and by 1939, when the Democracy Monument was built, Thailand was in effect a military dictatorship.

The most striking absence from the iconography of the Monument is the monarchy, which is nowadays the focal point of Thai national life and political culture. Although the military regime paid lip service to the monarchy, its political ideology (an ultimately incompatible mix of European liberal constitutionalism and military [[Bonapartism]]) was essentially republican. Prajadhipok's successor, [[Ananda Mahidol]] (Rama VIII) was at the time a schoolboy in [[Switzerland]].
Now that Thailand is (ostensibly) a [[democracy]], very few Thais are aware of the propaganda content of the sculptural works at the base of the Democracy Monument; because the enormous growth in the volume of Bangkok's traffic, and the fact that pedestrian access to the traffic island on which it stands is all but impossible during periods of heavy traffic, it is  difficult to observe the details of the Monument up close. There are now plans to build a tunnel under the roadway to allow better access (as has been done at the [[Berlin Victory Column]], which is similarly located).

==Rallying point==
[[Image:Crowds rallying at the Democracy Monument, Bangkok (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Crowds rally at the Democracy Monument in 1973 to protest against the military regime (display at the [[Memorial to 14 October 1973]], Bangkok)]][[Image:The first fatality of the October 14 incident being winched atop the Democracy Monument.jpg|right|thumb|120px|First fatality of October 14, 1973, incident being put atop the Democracy Monument]]

Despite the self-justifying intent of the Phibun regime in erecting a monument to its own seizure of power and calling it a monument to democracy, Democracy Monument's rather dubious origins are now largely forgotten, and it has served as a rallying point for later generations of democracy activists. It was the focus of the [[History of Thailand (1932–1973)#The 1973 democracy movement|mass student demonstrations]] against [[Thanom Kittikachorn]]'s military regime in the [[1973 Thai popular uprising]], and of the protests that triggered the [[6 October 1976 Massacre|1976 military coup]]. During [[Black May (1992)]], scores of Thais were killed as they protested at the monument against General [[Suchinda Kraprayoon]]'s regime. During the [[2013–2014 Thai political crisis]], the monument was a rally point for the [[People's Democratic Reform Committee]] led by [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat]] MP [[Suthep Thaugsuban]] against [[Pheu Thai Party|Pheu Thai]] Prime Minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]]. These events have given the monument a legitimacy it lacked for much of its history.

During the [[2020 Thai protests]], the monument again became a rallying point for protestors.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Regan|first1=Helen|last2=Olarn|first2=Kocha|date=August 17, 2020|title=Thailand's monarchy was long considered God-like. But protesters say it's time for change |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/17/asia/thailand-democracy-protests-monarchy-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live |access-date=October 27, 2020 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817105348/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/17/asia/thailand-democracy-protests-monarchy-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=2020-08-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=VEJPONGSA|first=TASSANEE|date=October 14, 2020|title=Thai democracy protesters march despite police, rival groups |url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/world/thai-democracy/XEUVBQHPMB4GT3AWM6RTYTBZGQ/|url-status=live|access-date=October 27, 2020|publisher=[[WFXT]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031075425/https://www.boston25news.com/news/world/thai-democracy/XEUVBQHPMB4GT3AWM6RTYTBZGQ/ |archive-date=2020-10-31 }}</ref>

==Democracy Monument station==
{{Infobox station
| name               = <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"><span style="font-size:1.1em; color: white;">อนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตย</span><small>{{MRT Station Numbering|PP|22}}</small></div><div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"><span style="color: orange;">Democracy Monument</span><small>{{MRT Station Numbering|OR|05}}</small></div>
| name_lang          = 
| native_name        = 
| style              = MRT
| style2             = 
| type               = {{rint|bangkok|mrt}} {{!}} {{rint|bangkok|Purple}} {{rint|bangkok|Orange}}
| address            = [[Phra Nakhon District|Phra Nakhon]], [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|13|45|25.3|N|100|30|16.1|E|}}
| owned              = [[Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand]]
| operator           = [[Bangkok Expressway and Metro Public Company Limited]]
| lines              = {{rcb|MRT|Purple}}{{rcb|MRT|Orange}}
| platforms          = 4 <small>(2 [[split platform]]s, 1 [[island platform]])</small>
| tracks             = 4
| structure          = Underground
| accessible         = Yes
| code               = {{MRT Station Numbering|PP|22}} {{MRT Station Numbering|OR|05}}
| opening            = {{Start date and age|2027}} (Purple Line)<br>{{Start date and age|2030}} (Orange line)
| former             = Phan Fa
| services           = {{Adjacent stations|system=MRT
|header1=Under construction
|line1=Purple|left1=Bang Khun Phrom|right1=Sam Yot|type1=Extension 
|line2=Orange|left2=Sanam Luang|right2=Lan Luang|to-left2=Taling Chan|to-right2=Yaek Rom Klao
}}
}}

'''Democracy Monument station''' ({{Langx|th|สถานีอนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตย}}) is an under construction [[MRT (Bangkok)|MRT]] station in [[Phra Nakhon district|Phra Nakhon]], [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=โครงการรถไฟฟ้าสายสีม่วง ช่วงเตาปูน-ราษฎร์บูรณะ (วงแหวนกาญจนาภิเษก) |url=https://mrta-purplelinesouth.com/status/progress_station/6 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=mrta-purplelinesouth.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=New station plan irks local residents |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2599340/new-station-plan-irks-local-residents |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=Bangkok Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=Construction work on western section of Orange Line to start next year |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/news/general/40042902 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=nationthailand |language=en-US}}</ref> It will be an interchange station of the [[Orange Line (Bangkok)|Orange Line]] and [[Purple Line (Bangkok)|Purple Line]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Purple Line southern extension approved |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1293806/purple-line-southern-extension-approved |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=Bangkok Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title="Sky Walk" planned to link Purple, Light Green lines |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1293827/sky-walk-planned-to-link-purple-light-green-lines |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=Bangkok Post |language=en}}</ref> The station will be located adjacent to Democracy Monument on [[Ratchadamnoen Avenue]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Orange Line due to fully open in 2030 |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2832487/orange-line-due-to-fully-open-in-2030 |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=Bangkok Post |language=en}}</ref> 

The station was previously named [[Phan Fa Lilat Bridge|Phan Fa]] after the nearby bridge. The station's planned location has come under criticism from residents and conservationists over its potential impact on historic [[Shophouse|shophouses]], some of which are over 80 years old.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Fine Arts Department|Fine Arts Department's]] approval of the station is pending.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references/>

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{{Coord|13|45|24|N|100|30|6|E|type:landmark_region:TH|display=title}}
{{Visitor attractions in Bangkok}}
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Thailand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1939]]
[[Category:Phra Nakhon district]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in Thailand]]
[[Category:Road junctions in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Unregistered ancient monuments in Bangkok]]