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Demographics of Malaysia
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{{Short description|none}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox place demographics|place=[[Malaysia]]|image=File:Malaysia single age population pyramid 2020.png|image_size=350|caption=Population pyramid of Malaysia in 2020|size_of_population=34,100,000 (2024 est.)|nation=Malaysian|major_ethnic=Bumiputera (69.9%)|minor_ethnic=*Chinese (22.8%) *Indian (6.6%)|official=[[Malay language|Malay]]|age_0β14_years=22.46%|age_15β64_years=69.42%|age_65_years=8.12%|growth=1.03% (2023 est.)|birth=13.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)|death=5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)|net_migration=1.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)|sr_at_birth=1.07 male(s)/female|sr_under_15=1.06 male(s)/female|sr_65_years_over=1.14 male(s)/female|total_mf_ratio=1.05 male(s)/female (2022 est.)|infant_mortality=6.59 deaths/1,000 live births|life=76.13 years|life_male=74.5 years|life_female=77.87 years|fertility=1.57 children born/woman (2024 est.)}} The '''demographics of Malaysia''' are represented by the multiple ethnic groups that exist in the country. The official estimate of 2024 [[Malaysia|Malaysia's]] population is about 34,100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> According to the 2020 census, there are 32,447,385 including non-citizens, which makes it the [[List of countries by population|43rd most populated country in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> Of these, in 2010, 5.72 million live in [[East Malaysia]] and 22.5 million live in [[Peninsular Malaysia]].<ref name=keydata>[http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=1620 Population, Household and Living Quarters (2010)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928163827/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=1620 |date=28 September 2011 }}, ''Department of Statistics, Malaysia''.</ref> The population distribution is uneven, with some 79% of its citizens concentrated in Peninsular Malaysia, which has an area of {{convert|131598|sqkm|sqmi|2}}, constituting under 40% of the total area of Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Current Population Estimates, Malaysia, 2014 β 2016 |work=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812014710/https://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRUcvZEYxZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |archive-date=12 August 2016 }}</ref> The Malaysian population is growing at a rate of 1.94% per annum as of 2017. According to latest projection of the 2010 census, the fertility rates of the 3 largest Malaysian groups are as follows: [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]]/[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]: 2.4 children per woman, [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]]: 1.4 children per woman and [[Malaysian Indian|Indian]]: 1.8 children per woman. Malay fertility rates are 40% higher than Malaysian Indians and 56% higher than Malaysian Chinese. Population projections in 2023 show that the Malays and Bumiputeras comprised a total of 69.9% of the total population, Chinese 22.8% and Indians 6.6%.<ref>Demographic Transition in Malaysia, Demographic Statistics Division, Malaysia. [http://www.cwsc2011.gov.in/papers/demographic_transitions/Paper_1.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328090734/http://www.cwsc2011.gov.in/papers/demographic_transitions/Paper_1.pdf|date=28 March 2012}}</ref> The Chinese population has shrunk proportionally from 1957, when it was about 40% of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]],<ref name="hirschman"/> although in absolute numbers they have increased around threefold by 2017 in Malaysia (2.4 million in 1957 to 6.6 million in 2017, the later figure includes East Malaysia) but have been dwarfed by the fivefold increase of Malays (from around 3.1 million in 1957 to 15.5 million in 2017).<ref name="hirschman"/><ref name="2015 population">{{cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|title=Population by States and Ethnic Group|publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia|year=2015|access-date=12 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html|archive-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Population size and structure== Censuses were taken in Malaysia in 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010, and 2020.<ref name="2001 Census">{{cite web|author=Malaysian government statistics department |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/english/census/pressdemo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323094806/http://www.statistics.gov.my/english/census/pressdemo.htm |archive-date=23 March 2007 |title=Population and Housing Census 2000 |year=2001 |access-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> The total population is around 32.4 million according to the 2020 census.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> The population distribution is highly uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated in Peninsula Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Hassan |first = Asan Ali Golam |author-link = Asan Ali Golam Hassan |title = Growth, structural change, and regional inequality in Malaysia |publisher = Ashgate Publishing Ltd. |year = 2004 |location = Hants |page = 12 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC |isbn = 978-0-7546-4332-6 |access-date = 5 August 2016 |archive-date = 27 July 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtKxDem7CrsC |url-status = live }}</ref> 74.7% of the population is urban.<ref name="multiref1"/> Due to the rise in labour-intensive industries,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html?_r=1 |title=As Malaysia deports illegal workers, employers run short |work=New York Times |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=12 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512010636/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-labor.4.7496516.html?_r=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia is estimated to have over 3 million migrant workers, which is about 10% of the Malaysian population.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kent |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |title=Illegal workers leave Malaysia |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3964511.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The exact numbers are unknown: there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorised foreigners. The state of Sabah alone had nearly 25% of its 2.7 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. Sabah based NGOs estimate that out of the 3 million population, 2 million are illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691|title=Demographic implosion in Sabah? Really?|last=Quek|first=Kim|work=[[Malaysiakini]]|access-date=21 June 2010|date=9 February 2006|archive-date=15 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515042623/http://www.malaysiakini.com/opinions/46691|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, according to the ''World Refugee Survey 2008'', published by the [[US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants]] (USCRI), Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 155,700. Of this population, approximately 70,500 refugees and asylum seekers are from the Philippines, 69,700 from [[Burma]], and 21,800 from Indonesia.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/survey|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005040657/http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=1941|archive-date=5 October 2007}}</ref> The USCRI named Malaysia as one of the ten worst places for refugees on account of the country's discriminatory practices toward them. Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007, and Malaysia employs [[RELA Corps|RELA]], a volunteer militia, to enforce its immigration law.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008"/> {{GraphChart | width = 700 | height = 150 | xAxisTitle=year | yAxisTitle= million | yAxisMin= | yGrid= 0,1 | xGrid= 10 | legend= | type = line | x = 1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 | y1= 4.9, 5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, 5.7, 5.9, 6.1, 6.3, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 8.1, 8.4, 8.7, 8.9, 9.2, 9.4, 9.7, 10, 10.3, 10.5, 10.9, 11.2, 11.4, 11.7, 12, 12.3, 12.6, 12.9, 13.2, 13.5, 13.9, 14.3, 14.7, 15, 15.5, 15.9, 16.3, 16.8, 17.2, 17.7, 18.1, 18.5, 19.1, 19.6, 20.1, 20.7, 21.2, 21.8, 22.3, 22.9, 23.5, 24, 24.5, 25, 25.5, 26, 26.5, 27.1, 27.6, 28.1, 28.6, 29.1, 29.5, 30.2, 30.7, 31.2, 31.6, 32, 32.4, 32.5, 32.7, 33.6, | y1Title= population (million) }} {{GraphChart | width = 700 | height = 150 | xAxisTitle=years | yAxisTitle= β° | yAxisMin= | yGrid= 0,1 | xGrid= 10 | hAnnotatonsLine= | hAnnotatonsLabel= | legend= | type = line | x = 1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 | y1= 23.6, 24.2, 29.6, 26.2, 28.3, 30.8, 31.3, 31.6, 31.6, 34.3, 33.7, 32.3, 32.4, 31.4, 32.6, 31.0, 29.7, 30.5,28.5, 29.4, 27.7, 28.0, 26.3, 25.7, 26.3, 25.9, 24.8, 25.3, 24.8, 25.3,24.5, 24.3, 25.0, 25.4, 26.3, 26.0, 25.1, 25.9, 26.6, 25.8, 24.7, 25.0, 22.2, 23.3, 23.0, 23.2, 23.2, 22.2,21.5, 21.0, 20.3, 20.6, 20.0, 20.1, 17.1, 15.4, 16.1, 15.6, 15.2, 14.0, 12.3, 12.6, 13.0, 12.6, 12.9, 12.6, 12.0, 12.3, 11.7, 11.0, 10.6, 10.2, 9.7, 9.4, 6.6 | y1Title=Natural change (per 1000) }} {{GraphChart | width = 570 | height = 150 | xAxisTitle=years | yAxisTitle= TFR | yAxisMin= | yGrid= 0,1 | xGrid= 10 | hAnnotatonsLine=2.1 | hAnnotatonsLabel= | legend= | type = line | x = 1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 | y1= 6.3, 6.2, 6.0, 6.2, 6.0, 6.0, 6.0, 5.6, 5.7,5.4, 5.4, 5.1, 4.9, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1,4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 3.9,3.7, 3.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.4, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 3.0, 2.9, 2.9, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.3, 2.3, 2.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.2, 2.0, 2.0, 1.9, 1.9, 1.9, 1.8, 1.8, 1.7, 1.7, | y1Title=Total Fertility Rate }} [[File:Malaya parliamentary constituencies by total population (2020 census).svg|thumb|373x373px|Population in Peninsular Malaysia by parliamentary constituency (2020 census){{fact|date=October 2022}}]] ===Population distribution by states and territories=== Source: National Census 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.my/english/frameset_census.php?file=pressdemo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230004433/http://www.statistics.gov.my/english/frameset_census.php?file=pressdemo |archive-date=30 December 2005 |title=Population And Housing Census 2000 |work=Department of Statistics Malaysia}}</ref> Department of Statistics Malaysia. [[File:Malaya PBT population (2020 census) wiki.svg|thumb|373x373px|Population in Peninsular Malaysia by local authority (2020 census){{fact|date=October 2022}}]] ====In 2000==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;" ! [[States of Malaysia|State]] ! Population ! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) ! Pop. density ! Urban pop. ! [[Bumiputra]] ! Chinese ! Indian |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Johor | 2,740,625 | 18,987 | 144 | {{percentage bar|width=70|65.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|57.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|35.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|6.9}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Kedah | 1,649,756 | 9,425 | 175 | {{percentage bar|width=70|39.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|76.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|14.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|7.1}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Kelantan | 1,313,014 | 15,024 | 87 | {{percentage bar|width=70|34.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|95.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|3.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Malacca | 635,791 | 1,652 | 385 | {{percentage bar|width=70|67.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|62.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|30.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|6.5}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Negeri Sembilan | 859,924 | 6,644 | 129 | {{percentage bar|width=70|53.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|57.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|25.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|16.0}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Pahang | 1,288,376 | 35,965 | 36 | {{percentage bar|width=70|42.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|76.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|17.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|5.0}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Penang | 1,313,449 | 1,031 | 1274 | {{percentage bar|width=70|80.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|42.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|46.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|10.6}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Perak | 2,051,236 | 21,005 | 98 | {{percentage bar|width=70|58.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|54.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|32.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|13.0}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Perlis | 204,450 | 795 | 257 | {{percentage bar|width=70|34.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|85.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|10.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|1.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Selangor | 4,188,876 | 7,960 | 526 | {{percentage bar|width=70|87.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|53.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|30.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|14.6}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Terengganu | 898,825 | 12,955 | 69 | {{percentage bar|width=70|48.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|96.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|2.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Sabah | 2,603,485 | 73,619 | 35 | {{percentage bar|width=70|48.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|80.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|13.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.5}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Sarawak | 2,071,506 | 124,450 | 17 | {{percentage bar|width=70|48.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|72.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|26.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |FT Kuala Lumpur | 1,379,310 | 243 | 5676 | {{percentage bar|width=70|100.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|43.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|43.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|11.4}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |FT Labuan | 76,067 | 92 | 827 | {{percentage bar|width=70|77.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|79.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|15.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|1.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" |FT Putrajaya | 45,000 | 148 | 304 | {{percentage bar|width=70|100.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|94.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|1.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|2.7}} |}[[File:Distribution of population in Malaya vintage map (1945).png|500px|Visual distribution of races in Malaya (1945)|thumb]] * Putrajaya data is for 2004. * Population estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred. ====In 2010==== Source: National Census 2010,<ref name="2010 census">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf|title= 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205104835/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2013 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=11}}</ref> Department of Statistics Malaysia {| class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align: right;" |- ! style="text-align:center;"|[[States of Malaysia|State]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&id=1215&Itemid=89&lang=bm |title=Department of Statistics Malaysia |work=statistics.gov.my |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705070416/https://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&id=1215&Itemid=89&lang=bm |archive-date=5 July 2015 }}</ref>!! Population !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !! Pop. density !! Urban pop.(%) !! [[Bumiputra]] (%) !! Chinese (%) !! Indian (%) |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Johor | 3,348,283 || 18,987 || 174 | {{percentage bar|width=70|71.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|58.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|33.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|7.1}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Kedah | 1,890,098 || 9,425 || 199 | {{percentage bar|width=70|64.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|77.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|13.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|7.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Kelantan | 1,459,994 || 15,024 || 97 | {{percentage bar|width=70|42.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|95.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|3.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Malacca | 788,706 || 1,652 || 470 | {{percentage bar|width=70|86.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|66.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|26.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|6.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Negeri Sembilan | 997,071 || 6,644 || 150 | {{percentage bar|width=70|66.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|61.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|23.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|15.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Pahang | 1,443,365 || 35,965 || 40 | {{percentage bar|width=70|50.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|79.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|16.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|4.4}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Penang | 1,520,143 || 1,031 || 1,500 | {{percentage bar|width=70|90.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|43.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|45.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|10.4}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Perak | 2,258,428 || 21,005 || 110 | {{percentage bar|width=70|69.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|57.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|30.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|12.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Perlis | 227,025 || 795 || 280 | {{percentage bar|width=70|51.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|88.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|8.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|1.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Selangor | 5,411,324 || 7,960 || 670 | {{percentage bar|width=70|91.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|57.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|28.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|13.5}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Terengganu | 1,015,776 || 12,955 || 69 | {{percentage bar|width=70|59.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|97.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|2.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Sabah | 3,117,405 || 73,619 || 42 | {{percentage bar|width=70|54.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|84.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|12.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"| Sarawak | 2,420,009 || 124,450 || 19 | {{percentage bar|width=70|53.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|74.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|24.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|FT Kuala Lumpur | 1,627,172 || 243 || 6,891 | {{percentage bar|width=70|100.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|45.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|43.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|10.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|FT Labuan | 86,908 || 92 || 950 | {{percentage bar|width=70|82.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|83.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|13.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.9}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|FT Putrajaya | 67,964|| 148 || 1,400 | {{percentage bar|width=70|100.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|98.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|1.2}} |} ====In 2020==== Source: National Census 2020,<ref name="2020 census"/> Department of Statistics Malaysia {| class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align: right;" |- ! style="text-align:center;"|[[States of Malaysia|State]]<ref name="2020 census">{{cite web |url=https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDashEnglish/STATE?%3Adisplay_count=n&%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowAppBanner=false&%3AshowVizHome=n |title=Census Dashboard |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112144615/https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDashEnglish/STATE?:display_count=n&:embed=y&:isGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&:origin=viz_share_link&:showAppBanner=false&:showVizHome=n |url-status=dead }}</ref>!! Population !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !! Pop. density !! Urban pop.(%) !! [[Bumiputra]] (%) !! Chinese (%) !! Indian (%) |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Johor | 4,009,670 || 18,987 || 210 | {{percentage bar|width=70|77.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|60.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|32.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|6.6}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Kedah | 2,131,427|| 9,425 || 225 | {{percentage bar|width=70|67.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|80.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|12.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|6.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Kelantan | 1,792,501 || 15,024 || 119 | {{percentage bar|width=70|44.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|96.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|2.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Malacca | 998,428 || 1,652 || 604 | {{percentage bar|width=70|90.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|71.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|22.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|5.6}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Negeri Sembilan | 1,199,974 || 6,644 || 180 | {{percentage bar|width=70|69.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|63.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|21.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|14.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Pahang | 1,591,295 || 35,965 || 44 | {{percentage bar|width=70|52.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|81.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|14.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|3.7}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Penang | 1,740,405 || 1,031 || 1,686 | {{percentage bar|width=70|92.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|44.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|44.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|9.7}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Perak | 2,496,041 || 21,005 || 119 | {{percentage bar|width=70|72.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|60.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|27.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|11.5}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Perlis | 284,885 || 795 || 348 | {{percentage bar|width=70|53.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|88.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|7.4}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|1.8}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Selangor | 6,994,423 || 7,960 || 882 | {{percentage bar|width=70|95.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|60.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|27.3}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|11.3}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Terengganu | 1,149,440 || 12,955 || 89 | {{percentage bar|width=70|64.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|97.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|2.1}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|Sabah | 3,418,785 || 73,619 || 46 | {{percentage bar|width=70|54.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|88.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|9.5}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"| Sarawak | 2,453,677 || 124,450 || 20 | {{percentage bar|width=70|57.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|75.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|23.8}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.2}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|FT Kuala Lumpur | 1,982,112 || 243 || 8,157 | {{percentage bar|width=70|100.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|47.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|41.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|10.0}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|FT Labuan | 95,120 || 92 || 1038 | {{percentage bar|width=70|88.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|86.2}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|11.7}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|1.1}} |- ! style="text-align:left;"|FT Putrajaya | 109,202|| 49 || 2,215 | {{percentage bar|width=70|100.0}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|97.9}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|0.6}} | {{percentage bar|width=70|1.2}} |} ===Population age distribution trends for 2001β2016=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" ! style="width:50px;"|Year ! < 15 Years ! 15 - 64 Years ! > 64 Years ! Population (in millions) |- ! 2001 | {{percentage bar|32.7}} | {{percentage bar|63.4}} | {{percentage bar|3.9}} | 24.12 |- ! 2002 | {{percentage bar|31.9}} | {{percentage bar|64.1}} | {{percentage bar|4.0}} | 24.72 |- ! 2004 | {{percentage bar|30.4}} | {{percentage bar|65.5}} | {{percentage bar|4.1}} | 25.91 |- ! 2005 | {{percentage bar|29.7}} | {{percentage bar|66.1}} | {{percentage bar|4.2}} | 26.48 |- ! 2006 | {{percentage bar|29.2}} | {{percentage bar|66.5}} | {{percentage bar|4.3}} | 26.83 |- ! 2007 | {{percentage bar|28.7}} | {{percentage bar|66.9}} | {{percentage bar|4.4}} | 27.00 |- ! 2008 | {{percentage bar|28.2}} | {{percentage bar|67.3}} | {{percentage bar|4.5}} | 27.54 |- ! 2009 | {{percentage bar|27.7}} | {{percentage bar|67.7}} | {{percentage bar|4.6}} | 27.90 |- ! 2010 | {{percentage bar|27.2}} | {{percentage bar|68.1}} | {{percentage bar|4.7}} | 28.25 |- ! 2015 | {{percentage bar|24.9}} | {{percentage bar|69.3}} | {{percentage bar|5.8}} | 31.20 |- ! 2016 | {{percentage bar|24.5}} | {{percentage bar|69.5}} | {{percentage bar|6.0}} | 31.71 |} Data from July 2010.<ref name="age distribution">[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/images/stories/files/LatestReleases/population/msia_broadage_1963-2010.pdf Population by Age Group (1963β2010), Department of Statistics Malaysia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821021642/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/images/stories/files/LatestReleases/population/msia_broadage_1963-2010.pdf |date=21 August 2010 }}</ref> === Structure of the population === [[File:BevΓΆlkerungspyramide Malaysia 2016.png|thumb|Population pyramid]] {{Hidden begin |title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2011) (Data refer to projections based on the 2000 Population Census.):<ref>{{cite web |title=UNSD β Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/index.cshtml |website=unstats.un.org |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=9 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084424/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/index.cshtml |url-status=live }}</ref> |titlestyle = background:#EEBC35; }} {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:80px;"|Age Group ! style="width:80px;"|Male ! style="width:80px;"|Female ! style="width:80px;"|Total ! style="width:80px;"|% |- style="text-align:right;" || Total || 14 523 912 || 14 028 800 || 28 552 712 || 100 |- style="text-align:right;" || 0β4 || 1 257 227 || 1 197 893 || 2 455 120 || 8.60 |- style="text-align:right;" || 5β9 || 1 258 724 || 1 200 377 || 2 459 101 || 8.61 |- style="text-align:right;" || 10β14 || 1 407 479 || 1 333 133 || 2 740 612 || 9.60 |- style="text-align:right;" || 15β19 || 1 382 650 || 1 298 541 || 2 681 191 || 9.39 |- style="text-align:right;" || 20β24 || 1 305 753 || 1 255 439 || 2 561 192 || 8.97 |- style="text-align:right;" || 25β29 || 1 225 425 || 1 202 220 || 2 427 645 || 8.50 |- style="text-align:right;" || 30β34 || 1 156 987 || 1 133 836 || 2 290 823 || 8.02 |- style="text-align:right;" || 35β39 || 1 084 255 || 1 055 838 || 2 140 093 || 7.50 |- style="text-align:right;" || 40β44 || 1 021 261 || 980 714 || 2 001 975 || 7.01 |- style="text-align:right;" || 45β49 || 923 951 || 878 655 || 1 802 606 || 6.31 |- style="text-align:right;" || 50β54 || 780 930 || 741 641 || 1 522 571 || 5.33 |- style="text-align:right;" || 55β59 || 627 320 || 599 062 || 1 226 382 || 4.30 |- style="text-align:right;" || 60β64 || 440 893 || 421 490 || 862 383 || 3.02 |- style="text-align:right;" || 65β69 || 276 593 || 276 416 || 553 009 || 1.94 |- style="text-align:right;" || 70β74 || 180 583 || 198 929 || 379 512 || 1.33 |- style="text-align:right;" || 75β79 || 104 871 || 127 903 || 232 774 || 0.82 |- style="text-align:right;" || 80β84 || 56 445 || 73 578 || 130 023 || 0.46 |- style="text-align:right;" || 85β89 || 22 803 || 31 736 || 54 539 || 0.19 |- style="text-align:right;" || 90+ || 9 762 || 21 399 || 31 161 || 0.11 |- ! style="width:50px;"|Age group ! style="width:80px;"|Male ! style="width:80px;"|Female ! style="width:80px;"|Total ! style="width:50px;"|Percent |- style="text-align:right;" || 0β14 || 3 923 430 || 3 731 403 || 7 654 833 || 26.81 |- style="text-align:right;" || 15β64 || 9 949 425 || 9 567 436 || 19 516 861 || 68.35 |- style="text-align:right;" || 65+ || 651 057 || 729 961 || 1 381 018 || 4.84 |} {{Hidden end}} {{Hidden begin |title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2015) (Estimates based on the adjusted Population and Housing Census of 2010.):<ref>{{cite web |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/2015.pdf |title= 2015 Demographic Yearbook |page= 225 |work= United Nations |access-date= 4 June 2017 |archive-date= 15 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171015051226/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/2015.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref> |titlestyle = background:#EEBC35; }} {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:80px;"|Age Group ! style="width:80px;"|Male ! style="width:80px;"|Female ! style="width:80px;"|Total ! style="width:80px;"|% |- style="text-align:right;" || Total || 15 994 299 || 15 001 407 || 30 995 706 || 100 |- style="text-align:right;" || 0β4 || 1 342 280 || 1 250 354 || 2 592 634 || 8.36 |- style="text-align:right;" || 5β9 || 1 290 296 || 1 220 033 || 2 510 329 || 8.10 |- style="text-align:right;" || 10β14 || 1 361 753 || 1 289 823 || 2 651 576 || 8.55 |- style="text-align:right;" || 15β19 || 1 467 520 || 1 374 861 || 2 842 381 || 9.17 |- style="text-align:right;" || 20β24 || 1 666 826 || 1 512 363 || 3 179 189 || 10.26 |- style="text-align:right;" || 25β29 || 1 636 156 || 1 453 738 || 3 089 894 || 9.97 |- style="text-align:right;" || 30β34 || 1 421 538 || 1 277 508 || 2 699 046 || 8.71 |- style="text-align:right;" || 35β39 || 1 122 020 || 1 012 167 || 2 134 187 || 6.89 |- style="text-align:right;" || 40β44 || 966 696 || 919 886 || 1 886 582 || 6.09 |- style="text-align:right;" || 45β49 || 866 201 || 857 006 || 1 723 207 || 5.56 |- style="text-align:right;" || 50β54 || 802 194 || 754 597 || 1 556 791 || 5.02 |- style="text-align:right;" || 55β59 || 662 308 || 642 015 || 1 304 323 || 4.21 |- style="text-align:right;" || 60β64 || 504 442 || 495 056 || 999 498 || 3.22 |- style="text-align:right;" || 65β69 || 370 875 || 378 953 || 749 828 || 2.42 |- style="text-align:right;" || 70β74 || 225 299 || 236 337 || 461 636 || 1.49 |- style="text-align:right;" || 75β79 || 151 764 || 168 867 || 320 631 || 1.03 |- style="text-align:right;" || 80β84 || 73 949 || 85 206 || 159 155 || 0.51 |- style="text-align:right;" || 85β89 || 38 547 || 47 792 || 86 339 || 0.28 |- style="text-align:right;" || 90β94 || 13 383 || 14 359 || 27 742 || 0.09 |- style="text-align:right;" || 95+ || 10 252 || 10 486 || 20 738 || 0.07 |- ! style="width:50px;"|Age group ! style="width:80px;"|Male ! style="width:80px;"|Female ! style="width:80px;"|Total ! style="width:50px;"|Percent |- style="text-align:right;" || 0β14 || 3 994 329 || 3 760 210 || 7 754 539 || 25.02 |- style="text-align:right;" || 15β64 || 11 115 901 || 10 299 197 || 21 415 098 || 69.09 |- style="text-align:right;" || 65+ || 884 069 || 942 000 || 1 826 069 || 5.89 |} {{Hidden end}} {{Hidden begin |title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Estimates based on the adjusted results of the Population and Housing Census of 2010.):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/ |title=UNSD β Demographic and Social Statistics |publisher=Unstats.un.org |date= |accessdate=2022-06-25 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414000805/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |titlestyle = background:#EEBC35; }} {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:80pt;"|Age Group ! style="width:80pt;"|Male ! style="width:80pt;"|Female ! style="width:80pt;"|Total ! style="width:80pt;"|% |- style="text-align:right;" || Total || 16 805 601 || 15 851 659 || 32 657 260 || 100 |- style="text-align:right;" || 0β4 || 1 313 211 || 1 228 960 || 2 542 171 || 7.78 |- style="text-align:right;" || 5β9 || 1 321 691 || 1 232 295 || 2 553 986 || 7.82 |- style="text-align:right;" || 10β14 || 1 288 772 || 1 215 312 || 2 504 084 || 7.67 |- style="text-align:right;" || 15β19 || 1 468 340 || 1 367 361 || 2 835 701 || 8.68 |- style="text-align:right;" || 20β24 || 1 649 108 || 1 483 506 || 3 132 614 || 9.59 |- style="text-align:right;" || 25β29 || 1 729 641 || 1 518 081 || 3 247 722 || 9.94 |- style="text-align:right;" || 30β34 || 1 503 303 || 1 374 201 || 2 877 504 || 8.81 |- style="text-align:right;" || 35β39 || 1 325 416 || 1 243 400 || 2 568 816 || 7.87 |- style="text-align:right;" || 40β44 || 1 041 407 || 969 239 || 2 010 646 || 6.16 |- style="text-align:right;" || 45β49 || 900 990 || 878 715 || 1 779 705 || 5.45 |- style="text-align:right;" || 50β54 || 809 250 || 824 736 || 1 633 986 || 5.00 |- style="text-align:right;" || 55β59 || 744 683 || 723 021 || 1 467 704 || 4.49 |- style="text-align:right;" || 60β64 || 604 050 || 605 327 || 1 209 377 || 3.70 |- style="text-align:right;" || 65-69 || 442 747 || 458 890 || 901 637 || 2.76 |- style="text-align:right;" || 70-74 || 310 254 || 336 607 || 646 861 || 1.98 |- style="text-align:right;" || 75-79 || 171 384 || 194 969 || 366 353 || 1.12 |- style="text-align:right;" || 80-84 || 101 116 || 119 005 || 220 121 || 0.67 |- style="text-align:right;" || 85+ || 80 238 || 78 034 || 158 272 || 0.48 |- ! style="width:50px;"|Age group ! style="width:80pt;"|Male ! style="width:80px;"|Female ! style="width:80px;"|Total ! style="width:50px;"|Percent |- style="text-align:right;" || 0β14 || 3 923 674 || 3 676 567 || 7 600 241 || 23.27 |- style="text-align:right;" || 15β64 || 11 776 188 || 10 987 587 || 22 763 775 || 69.71 |- style="text-align:right;" || 65+ || 1 105 739 || 1 187 505 || 2 293 244 || 7.02 |} {{Hidden end}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Age specific population by ethnic group 2021 |- ! Age groups || 0β14 || 15β64 || 65-over |- | Malays || 31% || 63.9% || 5.1% |- | Chinese || 12.3% || 72.7% || 15% |- | Indians || 16.6% || 75.4% || 8% |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ List of races by age at first marriage |- ! Races || Men || Women|| Average||Year |- | Malays || 22.4 || 19.3 || 20.9||2020 |- | Chinese || 34.6 || 31.7 || 33.2||2019 |- | Indians || 27.3 || 23.2 || 25.3|| 2020 |} ===Major cities=== {{Main|List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population#Largest urban agglomerations}} [[Kuala Lumpur]] is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. Although many executive and judicial branches of the federal government have moved to [[Putrajaya]], Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the [[Parliament of Malaysia]], making it the country's legislative capital. It is also the economic and business centre of the country, and is a [[primate city]]. Kuala Lumpur is also the only Alpha-rated [[global city]] in Malaysia. Along with [[Subang Jaya]], [[Klang, Malaysia|Klang]], [[Petaling Jaya]], [[Shah Alam]], [[Kajang-Sungai Chua]], [[Ampang Jaya]] and [[Selayang]] it forms the country's largest and most important urban area, the [[Klang Valley]]. [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], the capital city of [[Penang]] used to be Malaysia's largest and only city until the 1970s when Kuala Lumpur was granted city status. Today, George Town, rated a [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#2024 city classification|Gamma global city]], serves as the financial, industrial and medical tourism hub in the northern region of Malaysia. Together with [[Seberang Perai]], [[Sungai Petani]], [[Kulim District|Kulim]], [[Bandar Baharu District|Bandar Baharu]], [[Yan District|Yan]], and portions of [[Kerian District|Kerian]] and [[Larut, Matang and Selama District|Selama]], it forms the [[George Town Conurbation]], the nation's second largest metropolitan area with a population of over 2.84 million. The third largest urban area in Malaysia is situated at the country's southern end, comprising the cities of [[Johor Bahru]], [[Iskandar Puteri]] and [[Pasir Gudang]], along with [[Kulai]] and Pontian. Located next to [[Singapore]], it is also an important industrial, tourism and commercial hub for southern Malaysia. Other major cities in Malaysia include [[Ipoh]], [[Kota Kinabalu]] and [[Kuching]]. {{Largest cities of Malaysia|class=info}} ==Vital statistics== === UN estimates === [[File:Malaysia-demography.png|thumb|Population growth from 1961 to 2003]] Data from United Nation:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ |title=World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision |work=un.org |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:80px;"|Period ! style="width:80px;"|Live births per year ! style="width:80px;"|Deaths per year ! style="width:80px;"|Natural change per year ! style="width:80px;"|CBR<sup>1</sup> ! style="width:80px;"|CDR<sup>1</sup> ! style="width:80px;"|NC<sup>1</sup> ! style="width:80px;"|TFR<sup>1</sup> ! style="width:80px;"|IMR<sup>1</sup> |- | 1950β1955 | style="text-align:right;"| 280 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 92 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 188 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 42.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.23 | style="text-align:right;"| 96.4 |- | 1955β1960 | style="text-align:right;"| 318 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 89 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 229 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 41.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.23 | style="text-align:right;"| 79.5 |- | 1960β1965 | style="text-align:right;"| 361 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 86 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 275 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 40.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 9.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 29.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.23 | style="text-align:right;"| 64.3 |- | 1965β1970 | style="text-align:right;"| 351 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 82 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 268 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 34.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 8.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.21 | style="text-align:right;"| 51.0 |- | 1970β1975 | style="text-align:right;"| 365 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 82 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 283 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 31.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 7.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.56 | style="text-align:right;"| 40.4 |- | 1975β1980 | style="text-align:right;"| 385 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 83 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 302 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 29.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 21.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.93 | style="text-align:right;"| 31.9 |- | 1980β1985 | style="text-align:right;"| 436 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 86 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 350 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 29.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.73 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.3 |- | 1985β1990 | style="text-align:right;"| 488 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 91 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 397 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.59 | style="text-align:right;"| 19.9 |- | 1990β1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 535 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 97 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 438 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 27.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 22.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.42 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.7 |- | 1995β2000 | style="text-align:right;"| 559 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 104 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 454 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 19.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.18 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.4 |- | 2000β2005 | style="text-align:right;"| 572 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 114 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 458 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 19.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.45 | style="text-align:right;"| |- | 2005β2010 | style="text-align:right;"| 571 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 127 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 443 000 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.22 | style="text-align:right;"| |- | 2010β2015 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 17.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.11 | style="text-align:right;"| |- | 2015β2020 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 16.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.01 | style="text-align:right;"| |- | 2020β2025 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 15.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 10.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.92 | style="text-align:right;"| |- | 2025β2030 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 14.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 8.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.85 | style="text-align:right;"| |- | colspan="9"| <sup>1</sup> <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births</small> |} ===Registered births and deaths=== Data from Department of Statistics Malaysia:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctwoByCat&parent_id=115&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Department of Statistics Malaysia |work=dosm.gov.my |access-date=27 May 2019 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113144727/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctwoByCat&parent_id=115&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://newss.statistics.gov.my/newss-portalx/ep/epProductFreeDownloadSearch.seam |title=EStatistik |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405225158/https://newss.statistics.gov.my/newss-portalx/ep/epProductFreeDownloadSearch.seam |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=430&bul_id=cGVVWkxNRDVDUU5DWXlDaDRsY210UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |title=Demographic Statistics Fourth Quarter 2021, Malaysia |work=Department of Statistics Malaysia |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909101533/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=430&bul_id=cGVVWkxNRDVDUU5DWXlDaDRsY210UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 |url-status=live }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;" |- ! ! style="width:80px;"|Average population ! style="width:80px;"|Live births ! style="width:80px;"|Deaths ! style="width:80px;"|Natural change ! style="width:80px;"|Crude birth rate (per 1000) ! style="width:80px;"|Crude death rate (per 1000) ! style="width:80px;"|Natural change (per 1000) ! style="width:80px;"|Crude migration rate (per 1000) ! style="width:80px;"|Total fertility rate (TFR) |- |1947 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,908,100 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 43.0 | style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 19.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 23.6 | | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1948 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,987,400 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 40.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 16.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 24.2 | -8.0 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1949 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,081,800 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 43.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 29.6 | -10.7 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1950 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,226,500 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 42.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.2 | 2.3 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1951 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,337,200 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 43.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.3 | -7.1 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1952 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,506,400 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 44.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 30.8 | 0.9 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1953 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,706,000 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 43.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 31.3 | 4.9 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1954 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,888,600 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 43.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 31.6 | 0.4 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1955 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,058,300 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 43.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 31.6 | -2.8 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1956 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,251,600 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 45.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.3 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 34.3 | -2.4 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1957 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,278,800 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 46.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 33.7 | -29.3 | style="text-align:right;"| |- |1958 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,504,600 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 43.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 32.3 | 3.7 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 6.275 |- |1959 | style="text-align:right;"| 6,702,600 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 42.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 9.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 32.4 | -2.0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 6.175 |- |1960 | style="text-align:right;"| 8,118,000 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 40.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 9.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 31.4 | 179.8 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 6.045 |- |1961 | style="text-align:right;"| 8,378,500 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 41.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 9.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 32.6 | -0.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 6.195 |- |1962 | style="text-align:right;"| 8,651,800 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 40.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 9.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 31.0 | 1.6 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 6.040 |- |1963 | style="text-align:right;"| 8,920,200 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 38.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 8.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 29.7 | 1.3 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 5.970 |- |1964 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,168,400 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 38.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 7.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 30.5 | -2.7 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 5.970 |- |1965 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,436,600 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 36.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 7.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.5 | 0.8 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 5.630 |- |1966 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,732,800 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 36.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 7.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 29.4 | 2.0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 5.725 |- |1967 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,007,400 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 34.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 7.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 27.7 | 0.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 5.385 |- |1968 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,252,800 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 35.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 7.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.0 | -3.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 5.385 |- |1969 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,500,200 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 33.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 7.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.3 | -2.2 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 5.055 |- |1970 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,881,800 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 32.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.7 | 10.6 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.885 |- |1971 | style="text-align:right;"| 11,159,700 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 32.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.3 | -0.8 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.870 |- |1972 | style="text-align:right;"| 11,441,300 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 32.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.9 | -0.7 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.710 |- |1973 | style="text-align:right;"| 11,719,800 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 31.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 24.8 | -0.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.485 |- |1974 | style="text-align:right;"| 12,001,300 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 31.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.3 | -1.3 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.420 |- |1975 | style="text-align:right;"| 12,300,300 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 30.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 24.8 | 0.1 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.275 |- |1976 | style="text-align:right;"| 12,588,100 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 30.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.3 | -1.9 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.235 |- |1977 | style="text-align:right;"| 12,901,100 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 30.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 24.5 | 0.4 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.090 |- |1978 | style="text-align:right;"| 13,200,200 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 29.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 24.3 | -1.1 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.950 |- |1979 | style="text-align:right;"| 13,518,300 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 30.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.0 | -0.9 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.990 |- |1980 | style="text-align:right;"| 13,879,200 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 30.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.4 | 1.3 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.990 |- |1981 | style="text-align:right;"| 14,256,900 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 31.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.3 | 0.9 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.015 |- |1982 | style="text-align:right;"| 14,651,100 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 31.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.0 | 1.6 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.960 |- |1983 | style="text-align:right;"| 15,048,200 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 30.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.1 | 2.0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.825 |- |1984 | style="text-align:right;"| 15,450,400 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 31.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.9 | 0.8 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.905 |- |1985 | style="text-align:right;"| 15,882,700 | style="text-align:right;"| 497,414 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 31.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.6 | 1.4 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.980 |- |1986 | style="text-align:right;"| 16,329,400 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 30.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.8 | 2.3 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.850 |- |1987 | style="text-align:right;"| 16,773,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 488,200 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 29.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 24.7 | 2.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.680 |- |1988 | style="text-align:right;"| 17,219,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 507,579 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 29.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.0 | 1.6 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.705 |- |1989 | style="text-align:right;"| 17,662,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 469,663 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| 26.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 22.2 | 3.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.355 |- |1990 | style="text-align:right;"| 18,102,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 497,522 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 83,244 | style="text-align:right;"| 414,278 | style="text-align:right;"| 27.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 23.3 | 1.6 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.490 |- |1991 | style="text-align:right;"| 18,547,200 | style="text-align:right;"| 511,527 | style="text-align:right;"| 84,221 | style="text-align:right;"| 427,306 | style="text-align:right;"| 27.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 23.0 | 1.6 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.447 |- |1992 | style="text-align:right;"| 19,067,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 528,475 | style="text-align:right;"| 86,040 | style="text-align:right;"| 442,435 | style="text-align:right;"| 27.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 23.2 | 4.9 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.473 |- |1993 | style="text-align:right;"| 19,601,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 541,887 | style="text-align:right;"| 87,626 | style="text-align:right;"| 454,261 | style="text-align:right;"| 27.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 23.2 | 4.8 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.466 |- |1994 | style="text-align:right;"| 20,141,700 | style="text-align:right;"| 537,654 | style="text-align:right;"| 90,079 | style="text-align:right;"| 447,575 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 22.2 | 5.4 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.353 |- |1995 | style="text-align:right;"| 20,681,800 | style="text-align:right;"| 539,295 | style="text-align:right;"| 95,103 | style="text-align:right;"| 444,192 | style="text-align:right;"| 26.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 21.5 | 5.3 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.278 |- |1996 | style="text-align:right;"| 21,222,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 540,866 | style="text-align:right;"| 95,520 | style="text-align:right;"| 445,346 | style="text-align:right;"| 25.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 21.1 | 5.0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.226 |- |1997 | style="text-align:right;"| 21,769,300 | style="text-align:right;"| 537,104 | style="text-align:right;"| 97,042 | style="text-align:right;"| 440,062 | style="text-align:right;"| 24.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 20.4 | 5.4 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 3.125 |- |1998 | style="text-align:right;"| 22,333,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 554,573 | style="text-align:right;"| 97,906 | style="text-align:right;"| 456,667 | style="text-align:right;"| 23.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 18.8 | 7.1 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.971 |- |1999 | style="text-align:right;"| 22,909,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 554,200 | style="text-align:right;"| 100,900 | style="text-align:right;"| 453,300 | style="text-align:right;"| 22.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.9 | 7.9 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.896 |- |2000 | style="text-align:right;"| 23,494,900 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 569,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 102,100 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 467,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 22.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 18.6 | 7.0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.926 |- |2001 | style="text-align:right;"| 24,030,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 505,479 | style="text-align:right;"| 104,531 | style="text-align:right;"|400,948 | style="text-align:right;"| 21.0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 4.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 16.7 | 6.1 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.709 |- |2002 | style="text-align:right;"| 24,542,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 494,538 | style="text-align:right;"| 110,367 | style="text-align:right;"|384,171 | style="text-align:right;"| 20.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.7 | 5.6 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.609 |- |2003 | style="text-align:right;"| 25,038,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 481,399 | style="text-align:right;"| 112,744 | style="text-align:right;"|368,655 | style="text-align:right;"| 19.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.7 | 5.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.494 |- |2004 | style="text-align:right;"| 25,541,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 481,800 | style="text-align:right;"| 113,192 | style="text-align:right;"|368,608 | style="text-align:right;"| 18.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.4 | 5.7 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.450 |- |2005 | style="text-align:right;"| 26,045,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 474,473 | style="text-align:right;"| 115,436 | style="text-align:right;"|359,037 | style="text-align:right;"| 18.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.8 | 5.9 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.362 |- |2006 | style="text-align:right;"| 26,549,900 | style="text-align:right;"| 472,698 | style="text-align:right;"| 117,778 | style="text-align:right;"|354,920 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.4 | 6.0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.299 |- |2007 | style="text-align:right;"| 27,058,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 479,647 | style="text-align:right;"| 120,670 | style="text-align:right;"|358,977 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.3 | 5.9 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.274 |- |2008 | style="text-align:right;"| 27,567,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 493,203 | style="text-align:right;"| 127,098 | style="text-align:right;"|366,105 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.3 | 5.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.274 |- |2009 | style="text-align:right;"| 28,081,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 501,644 | style="text-align:right;"| 131,328 | style="text-align:right;"|370,316 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.2 | 5.4 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.245 |- |2010 | style="text-align:right;"| 28,588,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 491,239 | style="text-align:right;"| 130,978 | style="text-align:right;"| 360,261 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.6 | 5.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.136 |- |2011 | style="text-align:right;"| 29,062,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 511,594 | style="text-align:right;"| 135,463 | style="text-align:right;"| 376,131 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.9 | 3.7 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.174 |- |2012 | style="text-align:right;"| 29,510,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 526,012 | style="text-align:right;"| 138,692 | style="text-align:right;"|387,320 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.1 | 2.3 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.188 |- |2013 | style="text-align:right;"| 30,213,700 | style="text-align:right;"| 503,914 | style="text-align:right;"| 142,202 | style="text-align:right;"| 361,712 | style="text-align:right;"| 16.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.0 | 11.8 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.022 |- |2014 | style="text-align:right;"| 30,708,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 528,612 | style="text-align:right;"| 150,318 | style="text-align:right;"| 378,294 | style="text-align:right;"| 17.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 4.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.3 | 4.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.072 |- |2015 | style="text-align:right;"| 31,186,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 521,136 | style="text-align:right;"| 155,786 | style="text-align:right;"| 365,350 | style="text-align:right;"| 16.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.7 | 3.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.002 |- |2016 | style="text-align:right;"| 31,633,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 508,203 | style="text-align:right;"| 162,201 | style="text-align:right;"| 346,002 | style="text-align:right;"| 16.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.0 | 3.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.918 |- |2017 | style="text-align:right;"| 32,022,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 508,685 | style="text-align:right;"| 168,168 | style="text-align:right;"| 340,517 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 10.6 | 1.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.890 |- |2018 | style="text-align:right;"| 32,382,300 | style="text-align:right;"| 501,945 | style="text-align:right;"| 172,031 | style="text-align:right;"| 329,914 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 10.2 | 1.0 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.841 |- |2019 | style="text-align:right;"| 32,523,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 489,863 | style="text-align:right;"| 174,254 | style="text-align:right;"|315,609 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 9.7 | -5.4 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.781 |- |2020 | style="text-align:right;"| 32,447,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 471,504 | style="text-align:right;"| 167,181 | style="text-align:right;"|304,323 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.2 | style="text-align:right;"| 9.4 | -11.7 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.715 |- |2021 | style="text-align:right;"| 32,576,300 | style="text-align:right;"| 439,744 | style="text-align:right;"| 224,931 | style="text-align:right;"| 214,813 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.5 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.6 | -2.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.696 |- |2022 | style="text-align:right;"| 32,698,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 423,124 | style="text-align:right;"| 206,780 | style="text-align:right;"| 216,344 | style="text-align:right;"| 12.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 6.6 | -2.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.631 |- |2023 | style="text-align:right;"| 33,401,800 | style="text-align:right;"| 455,761 | style="text-align:right;"| 196,965 | style="text-align:right;"| 258,796 | style="text-align:right;"| 13.6 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.9 | style="text-align:right;"| 7.7 | 13.3 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.732 |- |2024 | style="text-align:right;"| 34,058,800 | style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 412,807 | style="text-align:right;"| 194,327 | style="text-align:right;"| 218,480 | style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 12.1 | style="text-align:right;"| 5.7 | style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 6.4 | 12.9 | style="text-align:right;color:red;"| 1.568(e) |} ====Current vital statistics==== <ref>{{cite web|title=Demographic Statistics, Malaysia|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/demographic-statistics-first-quarter-2024|access-date=14 May 2024|archive-date=16 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516102531/https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/demographic-statistics-first-quarter-2024|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ |- ! Period ! Live births ! Deaths ! Natural increase |- | '''JanuaryβMarch 2024''' | 105,613 | 49,117 | +56,496 |- | '''JanuaryβMarch 2025''' | 93,500 | 48,130 | +45,370 |- | '''Difference''' | {{Decrease}} -12,113 (-11.5%) | {{DecreasePositive}} -987 (-2.0%) | {{Decrease}} -11,126 |} ===Total fertility rate=== ====TFR by ethnic group==== {| class="wikitable" |- !<ref>[https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/vital-statistics-malaysia-2023 DOSM]</ref> ! style="width:80px;"|Malays ! style="width:80px;"|Chinese ! style="width:80px;"|Indians ! style="width:80px;"|Total |- |2010 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.695 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.517 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.733 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.136 |- |2011 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.694 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.557 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.663 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.174 |- |2012 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.743 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.719 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.579 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.188 |- |2013 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.640 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.384 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.474 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.022 |- |2014 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.653 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.414 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.384 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.018 |- |2015 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.553 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.353 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.361 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.941 |- |2016 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.482 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.345 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.337 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.892 |- |2017 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.472 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.200 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.282 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.890 |- |2018 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.415 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.112 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.256 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.841 |- |2019 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.288 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.111 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.198 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.781 |- |2020 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.192 | style="text-align:right;"| 0.981 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.177 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.715 |- |2021 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.074 | style="text-align:right;"| 0.849 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.104 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.696 |- |2022 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.066 | style="text-align:right;"| 0.787 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.076 | style="text-align:right;"| 1.631 |} ====TFR by state==== [[Total fertility rate]] (TFR) by state according to year:<ref>Saw Swee-Hock. 2015. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=33FpBgAAQBAJ The Population of Malaysia]'', 2nd ed, p.158. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! State !! 2011 !! 2015 !! 2020 |- | [[Putrajaya]] || 1.44 || 1.37 || 2.78 |- | [[Kuala Lumpur]] || 1.53 || 1.40 || 1.49 |- | [[Penang]] || 1.62 || 1.51 || 1.25 |- | [[Sabah]] || 1.81 || 1.64 || 1.33 |- | [[Selangor]] || 1.96 || 1.82 || 1.57 |- | [[Johor]] || 2.18 || 1.88 || 1.94 |- | [[Melaka]] || 2.23 || 1.93 || 1.73 |- | [[Sarawak]] || 2.23 || 2.01 || 1.53 |- | [[Negeri Sembilan]] || 2.30 || 2.02 || 1.96 |- | [[Perak]] || 2.39 || 2.05 || 1.66 |- | [[Pahang]] || 2.50 || 2.31 || 1.94 |- | [[Perlis]] || 2.56 || 2.33 || 1.96 |- | [[Kedah]] || 2.61 || 2.37 || 2.03 |- | [[Terengganu]] || 3.46 || 2.80 || 2.86 |- | [[Kelantan]] || 3.77 || 3.07 || 2.66 |} === Life expectancy at birth === [[File:Life expectancy in Malaysia.svg|thumb|Life expectancy in Malaysia since 1950]] [[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Malaysia -diff.png|thumb|Life expectancy in Malaysia since 1960 by gender]] Average [[life expectancy]] at age 0 of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects β Population Division β United Nations|website=esa.un.org|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !Period !Life expectancy in<br />Years !Period !Life expectancy in<br />Years |- |1950β1955 |54.8 |1985β1990 |70.1 |- |1955β1960 |57.9 |1990β1995 |71.3 |- |1960β1965 |60.9 |1995β2000 |72.3 |- |1965β1970 |63.3 |2000β2005 |73.2 |- |1970β1975 |65.4 |2005β2010 |73.7 |- |1975β1980 |67.2 |2010β2015 |74.7 |- |1980β1985 |68.8 |2015-2020 |75.9 |} {{clear}} ==Ethnolinguistic groups== Malaysia's population comprises many ethnic groups. People of [[Austronesian people|Austronesian origin]] make up the majority of the population, and are known as the [[Bumiputra]]s. Large Chinese and Indian minorities also exist. Malays, as Bumiputra, see Malaysia as their land, and since race riots in 1969, Bumiputra have been especially privileged in Malaysia β top government positions are reserved for Malays, and the Malays received cheaper housing, priority in government jobs as well as business licenses. However, since the riot, racial stability has prevailed, if not full harmony, and mixed marriages are on the rise.<ref name="Bound for Glory">{{cite news|author=Anthony Spaeth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317235536/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/mahathir/mahathir961209.html |archive-date=17 March 2009 |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/2003/mahathir/mahathir961209.html |title=Bound for Glory |work=Time magazine |date=9 December 1996 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref> In the 2010 census, 68.8 per cent of the population were considered ''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]'', 23.2 per cent [[Malaysian Chinese]], and 7 per cent [[Malaysian Indians|Malaysian Indian]].<ref name="stat2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2010 (Ethnic composition) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |year=2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008005500/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1215%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010-updated-2972011&catid=130%3Apopulation-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristic-report-population-and-housing-census-malaysia-2010&Itemid=154&lang=en |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> In 2021 these figures were 69.7 per cent bumiputera, 22.5 per cent Chinese, and 6.8 per cent Indian.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |title=Infographics |publisher=Department of Statistics |access-date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002053818/https://www.mycensus.gov.my/index.php/125-newsletter-infographics/343-infographics#gallery9c2ef0eed8-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Malaysia election results map by ethnicity, 2018.svg|thumb|right|520px|Distribution of the Bumiputera and [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] population in Malaysia]] {| class="toccolours sortable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align: left;" |- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;" ||'''Group''' ||'''Total''' |- | [[Malay (ethnic group)|Malay]], [[Malaysian language]]||6,916,000 |- | Malay, [[Kedah Malay|Kedah]]||3,095,000 |- | Malay, East coast ||2,448,000 |- | Han Chinese, [[Min Nan|Hokkien]]||1,903,000 |- | [[Tamil people|Tamil]]||1,796,000 |- | Han Chinese, [[Hakka people|Hakka]]||1,729,000 |- | Han Chinese, [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]]||1,396,000 |- | Han Chinese, [[Teochew people|Teochew]]||1,004,000 |- | Han Chinese, [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]||986,000 |- | [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]]||901,000 |- | [[Kadazan-Dusun]], Central||714,000 |- | [[Iban people|Iban]]||686,000 |- |[[Javanese people|Javanese]]||640,000 |- | [[Arab people]]||500,000 |- | [[Filipinos in Malaysia|Filipino]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]||456,000 |- | Han Chinese, [[Qiongwen|Hainanese]]||396,000 |- | Han Chinese, [[Northern Min]]||384,000 |- | [[Brunei Malay]], [[Kedayan]] ||350,000 |- | Malay, [[East Malaysia]]||280,000 |- | Han Chinese, [[Eastern Min]]||256,000 |- | [[Straits Chinese]]||244,000 |- | [[Demographics of Nepal#Ethnicity|Nepalese]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-19|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Demographics of Nepal#Ethnicity|reason= The anchor (Ethnicity) [[Special:Diff/455401461|has been deleted]].}}||224,000 |- | [[TausΕ«g people|Tausug]]||209,000 |- | [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayali]], [[Malayalam]]||228,900 |- | [[Bugis]] ||139,000 |- | [[Telugu people|Telugus]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]]||120,000 |- | [[Murut people]]|| 110,131 |- | [[Punjabis]], Indian Punjabis||100,000 |- | [[Malaysian Siamese|Siamese]]||80,000 |- | [[Semai people|Semai]]||50,000 |- | [[Temiar people|Temiar]]|| 40,000 |- | [[Lun Bawang|Lun Bawang/Lundayeh]] || 31,600 |- | [[Kelabit people]] || 5,000 |} ===Bumiputras=== {{main|Bumiputra}} [[File:AliMuthuAhHockKopiTiam0.jpg|thumb|A storefront of a Kuala Lumpur [[kopi tiam]] that depicts the languages and ethnic groups of Malaysia]] Bumiputras totaling 69.7% of Malaysia's population as of 2021 are divided into [[Islam|Muslim]] [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] proper, who make up the majority of the Malaysian population at 57.9%; and other [[bumiputra]], who make up 13.2% of the Malaysian population, and most of whom belong to various [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] ethnic groups related to the Muslim Malays.<ref name="multiref1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20211108232943/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malaysia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bumiputra status is also accorded to certain non-Malay [[indigenous peoples]], including ethnic [[Thai people|Thais]], [[Khmer people|Khmers]], [[Cham (Asia)|Chams]] and the natives of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]]. Laws over who gets Bumiputra status vary between states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/4/nation/20091104194453&sec=nation |title=PM asked to clarify mixed-race bumiputra status |publisher=Thestar.com.my |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=26 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702222745/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2F2009%2F11%2F4%2Fnation%2F20091104194453&sec=nation |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref> Some Eurasians can obtain bumiputra privileges, providing they can prove they are of Portuguese ([[Kristang people|Kristang]]) descent.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kahn | first = Joel S. | title = Southeast Asian identities: culture and the politics of representation in Indonesia, Malaysian, Singapore and Thailand | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | year = 1998 | location = Singapore | pages = 189β190 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CtbQ2LRJ6YIC | isbn = 978-981-3055-79-7 | access-date = 22 March 2023 | archive-date = 19 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231019053547/https://books.google.com/books?id=CtbQ2LRJ6YIC | url-status = live }}</ref> ====Malays==== {{Main|Malays (ethnic group)|Malaysian Malays}} [[File:JogetUNISEL.jpg|thumb|right|A Malay joget performance.]] The Malays are an ethnic group predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and parts of [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]]. They form the largest community in Malaysia and play a dominant role politically. They make up about half of the total population. By [[Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia|constitutional definition]], Malays are Muslims who practice Malay customs (''adat'') and culture. Their language, [[Malay language|Malay]] (''Bahasa Melayu''), is the national language of the country.<ref name="CONSTITUTION 152">{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|verse=Article 152 |range= }}</ref> Citizens of Minangkabau, Bugis or Javanese origins, who can be classified "Malay" under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues. However, English is also widely spoken in major towns and cities across the country. Malays from different states in Malaysia carry distinct dialects that can sometimes be unintelligible to most of their fellow countrymen. By definition of the [[Constitution of Malaysia|Malaysian constitution]], all Malays are Muslims. In the past, Malays wrote in [[Pallava script|Pallava]] or using the [[Sanskrit]]-based alphabet of [[Kawi script|Kawi]]. Arabic traders later introduced [[Jawi script|Jawi]], an Arabic-based script, which became popular after the 15th century. Until then reading and writing were mostly the preserve of scholars and nobility, while most Malay commoners were illiterate. Jawi was taught along with Islam, allowing the script to spread through all social classes. Nevertheless, [[Kawi script|Kawi]] remained in use by the upper-class well into the 15th century. The [[romanisation|Romanised]] script was introduced during the colonial period and, over time, it came to replace both Sanskrit and Jawi. This was largely due to the influence of the European education system, wherein children were taught the Latin alphabet. Malay culture shows strong influences from [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]] and animism. However, since the [[Islamic revival|Islamisation movement]] of the 1980s and 90s, these aspects are often neglected or banned altogether. Because any Malay-speaking Muslim is entitled to Bumiputra privileges, many non-Malay Muslims have adopted the Malay language, customs and attire in the last few decades. This is particularly the case with Indian Muslims from the peninsula and the [[Kedayan]] of Borneo. The Malay ethnic group is distinct from the concept of a [[Malay race]], which encompasses a wider group of people, including most of Indonesia and the Philippines. ====Other Bumiputras==== {{main|Orang Asal|Orang Asli}} [[File:Sabah Malaysia Welcoming-Contingent Hari-Merdeka-2013-16.jpg|thumb|Ethnic groups in Sabah]] Malaysia has many other non-Malay indigenous people, who are given Bumiputra status. The indigenous tribes are the oldest inhabitants of [[Malaysia]], and the indigenous groups of Peninsular Malaysia are known collectively as [[Orang Asli]] and in East Malaysia as "[[Orang Asal]]". They account for about 11 percent of the nation's population, and represent a majority in East Malaysia of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]]. In Sarawak, the dominant tribal group are the [[Dayak people]], who are either Iban (also known as Sea Dayak) or Bidayuh (also known as Land Dayak) of which are mainly Christians. The [[Iban people|Iban]] form the largest of all indigenous groups, numbering over 600,000 (35% of Sarawak's population), who mostly still live in traditional [[longhouse]]s which can hold up to 200 people.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/index.html |title=Geography of Wealth β Iban People/Malaysia Profile |magazine=National Geographic |date=17 October 2002 |access-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218002815/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/geographyofwealth/iban_profile.html |archive-date=18 February 2011 }}</ref> Longhouses are mostly places along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries, although many Iban have moved to the cities. The [[Bidayuh]]s, numbering around 170,000, are concentrated in the southwestern part of Sarawak. They, together with other indigenous groups in Sarawak make up over half of the states population.<ref name="multiref1"/> The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the [[Kadazan]], most of whom are Christians<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abcsabah.com/sabahan-the-people-of-sabah/kadazandusun/ |title=KadazanDusun, Kadazan Dusun Sabahan | ABC Sabah Malaysia |publisher=Abcsabah.com |access-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023065134/http://www.abcsabah.com/sabahan-the-people-of-sabah/kadazandusun/ |archive-date=23 October 2010 }}</ref> and rice farmers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabah.org.my/bi/know_sabah/people.asp |title=The People of Sabah |publisher=Sabah.org.my |access-date=15 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517084245/http://www.sabah.org.my/bi/know_sabah/people.asp |archive-date=17 May 2011 }}</ref> They live as subsistence farmers. Sabah has a large number of indigenous people, 19.3% of the population are [[Kadazan-Dusun]]s, and 16.5% are [[Bajau]]s.<ref name="stats1">{{cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418044258/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2022 |title=ownCloud::DOSM |publisher=Cloud.stats.gov.my |date= |accessdate=2022-08-21 }}</ref> There also exist [[Indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsula, where they are collectively known as [[Orang Asli]] (literally meaning "original person").<ref>{{Cite book | last = Gomes | first = Alberto G. | author-link = Alberto G. Gomes | title = Modernity and Malaysia: settling the Menraq forest nomads | publisher = Taylor & Francis Group | year = 2007 | location = New York | page = 10 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC | isbn = 978-0-203-96075-2 | access-date = 5 August 2016 | archive-date = 27 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727120523/https://books.google.com/books?id=IiTgShFY2QEC | url-status = live }}</ref> The 140,000 [[Orang Asli]] comprise a number of different ethnic communities. Many tribes, both on the peninsula and in Borneo, were traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic hunterβgatherers who practice animism, including the [[Punan]], [[Penan]] and [[Senoi]]. However, their ancestral land and hunting grounds are commonly reclaimed by the state, shifting them to inferior land and sometimes pushing them out of their traditional way of life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/malaysia.htm |title=Environmental Justice Case Study: Displacement of Indigenous People in Sarawak, Malaysia |publisher=Umich.edu |date=27 September 1994 |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805053217/http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/malaysia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The most numerous of the Orang Asli are called '[[Negritos]]' and are deeply related to the ancestors of other modern [[East Asian people]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoh |first1=Boon-Peng |last2=Deng |first2=Lian |last3=Xu |first3=Shuhua |date=2022 |title=The Peopling and Migration History of the Natives in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo: A Glimpse on the Studies Over the Past 100 years |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2022.767018 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=8829068 |pmid=35154269}}</ref> They consist one of the earliest layers of population. Other bumiputera minorities to a lesser degree include the [[Malaysian Siam]]ese, Khmers, Chams, Burmese and the Indian Muslims commonly known as Mamaks. ===Non-Bumiputras=== Minorities who lack Bumiputra status have established themselves in Malaysia. Those who are not considered to be Bumiputras make up a considerable portion of the Malaysian population β non-Malays once constituted around 50% of the population of peninsula Malaya (1947β1957), but have since declined in percentage term due to a higher birthrate of Malays owing to favorable policies by the government as well as some degree of out-migration by the Chinese.<ref name="hirschman">{{cite journal|url=https://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A26.pdf|title=Demographic Trends in Peninsula Malaya|author=Charles Hirschman|journal=Population and Development Review|volume=6|issue=1|date=March 1980|pages=103β125|jstor=1972660|doi=10.2307/1972660|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010051418/http://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A26.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A large number of the non-Bumiputra arrived during the colonial period, but most of the non-Bumiputras were native-born by 1947 as large-scale immigration had effectively ceased by the late 1940s.<ref name="hirschman"/> Some Chinese families, known as [[Peranakan]] ("straits-born"), have resided in Malaysia since as far back as 15th century Malacca. ====Chinese==== {{main|Malaysian Chinese}} [[File:Malay Chinese.gif|thumb|right|Malay Chinese|alt=Map of Bumiputera and Chinese proportions of districts around Malaysia]] [[File:Hong San Si ι³―ε±±ε―Ί - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Malaysian Chinese]] in [[Perak]]]] The second largest ethnic group at 6.69 million are the Chinese who make up 22.8% of the population excluding non-citizens as of 2022. They have been dominant in trade and business since the early 20th century. Malaysian Chinese businesses developed as part of the larger [[bamboo network]], a network of [[overseas Chinese]] businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.<ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid|url-access=registration|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid/page/4 4]β8}}</ref> [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Ipoh]] and [[Iskandar Puteri]] are Chinese-majority cities,<ref name="census 2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Perak.pdf| url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227011347/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/04Jadual_PBT_negeri/PBT_Perak.pdf |title=Table 8.1 : Total population by ethnic group, Local Authority area and state, Malaysia, 2010 Negeri : PERAK |archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref> while [[Penang]] was the only state in Malaysia with a non-Bumiputera majority population. {{As of|2020}}, the Chinese comprised over 41% of Penang's population, making it the only state with a Chinese plurality.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Dec 2022 |title=Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Urban and Rural |journal=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |pages=273β355 |isbn=978-967-253-683-3}}</ref> The Chinese have been settling in Malaysia for many centuries, as seen in the emergence of the ''Peranakan'' culture, but the exodus peaked during the nineteenth century through trading and [[tin]]-mining. When they first arrived, the Chinese often worked the most grueling jobs like [[tin mining]] and railway construction. Later on, some of them owned businesses that became large conglomerates in today's Malaysia. Most Chinese are [[Tao]] [[Buddhist]] and retain strong cultural ties to their ancestral homeland. The first Chinese people to settle in the [[Straits Settlements]], primarily in and around [[Malacca]], gradually adopted elements of Malayan culture, and some intermarried with the Malayan community. A distinct sub-ethnic group called ''babas'' (male) and ''nyonyas'' (female) emerged. ''Babas'' and ''nyonyas'' as a group are known as ''[[Peranakan]]''. They produced a syncretic set of practices, beliefs, and arts, combining Malay and Chinese traditions in such a way as to create a new culture. The ''[[Peranakan]]'' culture is still visible to this day in the former [[Straits Settlements]] of [[Singapore]], [[Malacca]] and [[Penang]]. The Chinese community in Malaysia, depending on the predominant dialect in a particular region, speaks a variety of Chinese dialects including [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Min Nan|Hokkien]], [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]], [[Hakkanese|Hakka]] and [[Teochew people|Teochew]]. In certain regions in Malaysia, some dialects are more widely used; [[Hokkien]] predominates in [[Penang]] and [[Kedah]], while most Chinese in the former centres of [[tin mining]], such as [[Ipoh]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]], speak [[Cantonese]]. More recently, however, with the standardised, compulsory use of [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] in Chinese schools, a huge majority of [[Malaysian Chinese]] now speak [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]], a non-native language that originated from northern China. On the other hand, it was reported that up to 10% of [[Malaysian Chinese]] are primarily English-speaking.<ref name="thestar.com.my">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2012/01/22/Chinese-and-truly-Malaysian/|title=Chinese, and truly Malaysian β Nation β The Star Online|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706061131/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/01/22/chinese-and-truly-malaysian/|url-status=live}}</ref> The English-speaking Chinese minority is typically concentrated in cities such as [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Petaling Jaya]], [[Puchong]], [[Subang Jaya]], [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], [[Ipoh]] and [[Malacca City|Malacca]]. The English speakers form a distinct subset within the larger Chinese community, as they are known to have a less Sinocentric mindset, and are rather Westernized in thinking and attitudes. ====Indian==== {{main|Malaysian Indian}} [[File:Taipusam Batu Caves, 2012 - panoramio (6).jpg|thumb|right|[[Malaysian Indians]] in [[Selangor]]]] The 2.02 million Indian community in Malaysia is the smallest of the three main ethnic groups, comprising only 6.6% of the total population excluding non-citizens as of 2021. Indians were brought in to Malaysia during the British colonial period in late 18th century and early 19th centuries. There is another historical evidence that confirms Indian civilisation started in Malaysia thousands of years ago by Rajendra Cholan. The proof still exist in Lembah Bujang, Kedah. This is an historical evidence that still about Malaysia and Indians.<ref>{{cite web|author=Baradan Kuppusamy |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324183428/http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HC24Ae01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=24 March 2006 |title=Racism alive and well in Malaysia |work=Asia times|date=24 March 2006 |access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref> They first came to Malaya for barter trade, especially in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca and Penang. During the British colonial rule, Indian labourers, who were mostly south Indian Tamils from Tamil Nadu and some Telugus and Malayalis from other parts of South India, were brought to Malaya to work on sugarcane and coffee plantations, rubber and oil palm estates, construction of buildings, railways, roads and bridges.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Indian Communities in Southeast Asia|year = 1993}}</ref> English-educated [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Ceylon Tamils]] from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and some [[Malaysian Telugus]] and [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees]] (from Kerala) were brought in to handle white-collar jobs. Kerala had the first mission schools in India and as such produced English educated administrators. Both ethnicities worked mainly as clerks, public servants, teachers, hospital assistants, doctors and in other skilled professions.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sojourners to citizens: Sri Lankan Tamils in Malaysia, 1885β1965|last = Ramasamy|first = Rajakrishnan|year = 1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora|year = 2014|pages = 78β84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Indian Communities in Southeast Asia|year = 1993|pages = 541β556}}</ref> As for the [[Punjabis]] from [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], most of them where enlisted in the army in Malaya while some handled the bullock-cart services in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nriol.com/indiandiaspora/indians-abroad.asp|title=Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|work=NRIOL|access-date=27 November 2008|quote=Most Indians migrated to Malaysia as plantation laborers under British rule|archive-date=17 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217075923/http://www.nriol.com/indiandiaspora/indians-abroad.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indiapost.com/article/usnews/4091/ |title=Indian Fulbright scholar Honored by Malaysian PM |work=India Post|access-date=27 November 2008 |quote="The British encouraged many Indians to migrate from India to Malaysia, and they were mostly lower caste groups so the British took advantage of that," says Ramanujan, adding that thousands of Indians, especially from Tamil Nadu, came as indentured labour to work the plantations, with only a few coming over as plantation managers or more skilled labour. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205004608/http://indiapost.com/article/usnews/4091/ |archive-date=5 December 2008 }}</ref> The Indians who came to Malaysia brought with them the [[Hinduism|Hindu religion]], its unique temples called [[Kovils]] and the Sikhs with their [[Gurdwara]]s. [[Tamil cuisine]] is hugely popular. More than 86% of Malaysian Indians adhere to Hinduism. The Chitty community in Malacca are descendants of much earlier Indian immigrants who adopted local culture. Though they remain Hindu, the Chitties speak Bahasa Malaysia and women dress in sarong kebayas. The Hindu community celebrates two main festivals β [[Deepavali]] and [[Thaipusam]] β and many other smaller religious events each year. Both ethnic [[Malaysian Telugus|Telugu people]] and [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Kerala]] celebrate the [[Ugadi]] festival (new year) and [[Onam]]. The ethnic Punjabis celebrate [[Vasakhi]], [[Lohri|Lodi]] and Gurpurab. Majority of the Indians in Malaysia speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (also lingua franca among all Indians) while [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] are also spoken by minorities. ====Others==== A small minority of Malaysians do not fit into the broader ethnic groups. A small population exists of people of European and Middle Eastern descent. Europeans and Middle Easterners, who first arrived during the colonial period, assimilated through intermarriage into the Christian and Muslim communities. Most Eurasian Malaysians trace their ancestry to British, Dutch and/or Portuguese colonists, and there is a strong [[Kristang people|Kristang]] community in Malacca. The [[Nepal]]ese are mostly migrant workers from [[Nepal]] totalling 356,199<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nepal.iom.int/jupgrade/index.php/en/press-room/18-topic-details/115-art-latest-news-28|title=Total migrant workers from Terai Madhesh of Nepal to Malaysia|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129113132/http://nepal.iom.int/jupgrade/index.php/en/press-room/18-topic-details/115-art-latest-news-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/Comment/time-for-madhesi-people-to-know-real-friends,595|title= 1 in 10 madhesi of Madhesi are migrant workers in Malaysia : Nepali times|access-date= 4 May 2016|archive-date= 10 July 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170710040920/http://nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/Comment/time-for-madhesi-people-to-know-real-friends,595|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/Comment/madhesis-fighting-their-own-battle-in-nepal,578 |title= Madhesi are recognizes Nepali first in Qatar, Malaysia and India |access-date= 4 May 2016 |archive-date= 3 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160603233552/http://nepalitimes.com/regular-columns/Comment/madhesis-fighting-their-own-battle-in-nepal,578 |url-status= live }}</ref> of which Malaysian Citizens are as little over 600 and lives in [[Rawang, Selangor]]. Originally brought by the British as bodyguards and security personnel, [[Nepali people|Nepali population]] consist of Rana, Chettri, Rai and Gurung clans. Other minorities include [[Filipinos in Malaysia|Filipinos]] and [[Burmese in Malaysia|Burmese]]. A small number of ethnic [[Vietnamese in Malaysia|Vietnamese]] from [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]] settled in Malaysia as [[Vietnam War]] refugees. There is no general consensus on the ethnic profiling of children of mixed parentage. Some choose to be identified according to paternal ethnicity while others simply think that they fall in the "Others" category. The majority choose to identify themselves as Malay as long as either parent is Malay, mainly due to the legal definition of Bumiputra and the privileges that comes along with it. Children of ChineseβIndian parentage are known as [[Chindian]]s. Though this is not an official category in national census data, it is an increasing number especially in urban areas due to the increasing ethnic Chinese-Indian relationships. Many other people from around the world have moved to Malaysia. There are over 70,000 Africans who have emigrated to Malaysia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/african-migrants-aspire-to-a-better-life-in-asia/a-17014189-0 |title=African migrants aspire to a better life in Asia |date=15 August 2013 |work=DW |access-date=9 February 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408042342/https://www.dw.com/en/african-migrants-aspire-to-a-better-life-in-asia/a-17014189-0 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Languages== {{main|Languages of Malaysia}} [[File:7-11 Penang Sentral.jpg|thumb|A sign at [[7-Eleven]] stores showing common languages in Malaysia: English, Malay, Chinese, and Tamil]] Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia |publisher=Ethnologue.com |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=18 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018162010/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MY |url-status=live }}</ref> 41 of which are found in Peninsula Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |title=Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular) |publisher=Ethnologue.com |access-date=18 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510095800/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MYP |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref> The official language of Malaysia is known as [[Bahasa Malaysia]], a standardised form of the [[Malay language]].<ref name="CONSTITUTION 152"/> English was, for a protracted period, the de facto, administrative language of Malaysia, though its status was later rescinded. Despite that, English remains an active [[second language]] in many areas of Malaysian society and is taught as a compulsory subject in all public schools.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/7/9/nation/6630852&sec=nation |title=PAGE hands in second memorandum |access-date=8 September 2010 |work=The Star Online |date=9 July 2010 |quote=Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin announced last year that the policy of Teaching of Mathematics and Science in English (known by its Malay acronym, PPSMI) would be scrapped from 2012. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018051457/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2010%2F7%2F9%2Fnation%2F6630852&sec=nation |archive-date=18 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/7/8/nation/20090708144354&sec=nation |title=Math and Science back to Bahasa, mother tongues |work=The Star Online |access-date=8 September 2010 |date=8 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232436/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F7%2F8%2Fnation%2F20090708144354&sec=nation |archive-date=2 March 2011 }}</ref> Many businesses in Malaysia conduct their transactions in English, and it is sometimes used in official correspondence. Examinations are based on [[British English]], although there has been much American influence through television. [[Malaysian English]], also known as Malaysian Standard English (MySE), is a form of English derived from [[British English]], although there is little official use of the term, except with relation to education. Malaysian English also sees wide use in business, along with [[Manglish]], which is a colloquial form of English with heavy [[Malay language|Malay]], Chinese languages and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] influences. Most Malaysians are conversant in English, although some are only fluent in the Manglish form. The Malaysian government officially discourages the use of Manglish.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Benjamin |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |title=Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language" |publisher=Itre.cis.upenn.edu |date=5 October 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134708/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003643.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysian Chinese mostly speak Chinese languages from the southern provinces of China. The more common languages in Peninsular Malaysia are [[Hokkien]], [[Cantonese]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Hainanese]], and [[Fuzhou dialect|Hokchiu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phuakl.tripod.com/Chinese.htm |title=Book Review: The Chinese in Malaysia |publisher=Phuakl.tripod.com |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717103539/http://phuakl.tripod.com/Chinese.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Sarawak]], most ethnic Chinese speak either [[Fuzhou dialect|Fuzhounese]] or [[Hakka dialect|Hakka]] while Hakka predominates in [[Sabah]] except in the city of [[Sandakan]] where [[Cantonese]] is more often spoken despite the [[Hakka]]-origins of the Chinese residing there. Hokkien is mostly spoken in [[Penang]], [[Kedah]] and [[Perlis]], whereas Cantonese is mostly spoken in [[Ipoh]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]]. However, in Malaysia as a whole, the majority of ethnic Chinese now speak [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], a non-native language from northern China (originally spoken by the Beijing elite and chosen as the official language of China), as their first language, while English is the first language for the rest. Some of the less-spoken languages such as [[Hainanese]] are facing extinction. As with Malaysian youths of other races, most Chinese youth are multilingual and can speak up to four languages with at least moderate fluency β their native Chinese language, Mandarin, English and Malay. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the most common language spoken among [[South Asian ethnic groups|Indians]] in Malaysia,<ref name="West2009Encyclopedia">{{Cite book | last = West | first = Barbara | author-link = Barbara A. West | title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1 | publisher = Facts on File inc. | year = 2009 | location = New York | page = 486 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC | isbn = 978-0-8160-7109-8 | access-date = 5 August 2016 | archive-date = 27 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230727121024/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC | url-status = live }}</ref> especially in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] where they still maintain close cultural ties with their homeland [[Tamil Nadu]] & [[Ceylon]]. This is because there are far fewer Indians in East Malaysia than in the Peninsula. Tamil community from Ceylon have their own Tamil dialect known as Sri Lankan Tamil. Besides Tamil, the [[Malayalam Language]] is spoken by over 200,000 [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees]] in Malaysia, predominantly in [[Perak]], [[Selangor]], [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Johore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY|title=Malayali, Malayalam in Malaysia|access-date=21 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141418/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] is also spoken by the Telugu community. [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi language]] is commonly spoken by the Punjabi community. Besides that, [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] is used by a small number of Sinhalese community from [[Sri Lanka]]. Citizens of [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Bugis]] or [[Javanese people|Javanese]] origins, who can be classified "Malay" under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues. The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to, but easily distinguishable from, Malay. The [[Iban language|Iban]] is the main tribal language in [[Sarawak]] while [[Dusunic languages]] are spoken by the natives in [[Sabah]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5i1aMcmLWlMC&q=Dusunic+languages&pg=PA397 |title=The Austronesian languages of Asia ... β Google Books |access-date=21 September 2010|isbn=9780700712861 |date=1 January 2005 |last1=Alexander Adelaar |first1=K. |last2=Himmelmann |first2=Nikolaus |publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref> A variant of the [[Brunei Malay|Malay language]] that is spoken in [[Brunei]] is also commonly spoken in both states. Some Malaysians have [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] ancestry and speak [[creole language]]s, such as the [[Portuguese-based creole languages#Southeast Asia|Portuguese-based Malaccan Creoles]],<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=30027570 |title=Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European? |journal=Anthropological Linguistics |publisher=University of Texas |year=1975 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=211β236|last1=Hancock |first1=Ian F. }}</ref> and the Spanish-based [[ZamboangueΓ±o language|ZamboangueΓ±o Chavacano]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Michaelis | first = Susanne | author-link = Susanne Michaelis | title = Roots of Creole structures | publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Co. | year = 2008 | location = Amsterdam | page = 279 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pPUeQLcGMOMC | isbn = 978-90-272-5255-5}}</ref> Thai is also spoken in some areas.<ref name="multiref1"/> ==Citizenship== {{Main|Malaysian citizenship|Malaysian nationality law}} Citizenship is usually granted by [[lex soli]].<ref>{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|verse=Article 14 |range=-1}}</ref> Citizenship in the states of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] in [[East Malaysia|Malaysian Borneo]] are distinct from citizenship in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] for immigration purposes. Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip [[identity document|identity card]], known as ''[[MyKad]]'', at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times.<ref>{{cite web |author=Leow Yong May |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/30/nation/18649549&sec=nation |title=More than just a card |publisher=Thestar.com.my |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=27 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702222512/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F30%2Fnation%2F18649549&sec=nation |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref> ==Religion== {{Main|Religion in Malaysia}} [[File:Malaysia religion by state 2020.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state|Dominant religious confessions in [[Malaysia]] according to [[Census in Malaysia|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 | title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal }}</ref> <br /> Dark green: Muslim majority > 50% <br /> Light green: Muslim plurality < 50% <br /> Blue: Christian majority > 50% ]] [[Islam]] is the largest and state religion of Malaysia, although Malaysia is a multi-religious society and the Malaysian constitution guarantees [[religious freedom]]. Despite the recognition of Islam as the state religion, the first 4 prime ministers have stressed that Malaysia could function as a secular state. According to the Population and Housing Census 2020 figures, approximately 63.5 percent of the population practised Islam; 18.7 percent [[Buddhism]]; 9.1 percent Christianity; 6.1 percent [[Hinduism]]; and 2.7 percent practise other religions or reported having no religion or did not provide any information.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal |url=https://open.dosm.gov.my/dashboard/kawasanku |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www.dosm.gov.my}}</ref> The percentage population of Muslims has been steadily increasing β from 58.6% in 1991, 60.4% in 2000, 61.5% in 2010, to 63.5% of the 2020 census.<ref name="2020 Census">{{cite web |author=Malaysian government statistics department |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418044258/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/BG11nZfaBh09RaX#pdfviewer |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2022 |title=Key Findings Population and Housing Census 2020 |year=2020 |access-date=20 August 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Census 2000">{{Cite book|title=General Report of the Population and Housing Census 2000 |author=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |year=2005 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |location=Putrajaya |isbn=978-983-9044-26-3 |pages=60β64 }}</ref> The majority of [[Malaysian Indians]] follow Hinduism (84.5%), with a significant minority identifying as Christians (7.7%), Sikhs (3.9%), Muslims (3.8%), and 1,000 [[Jain]]s. Most [[Malaysian Chinese]] follow a combination of [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Confucianism]] and [[ancestor-worship]] but, when pressed to specify their religion, will identify themselves as Buddhists. Statistics from the 2000 Census indicate that 75.9% of Malaysia's ethnic Chinese identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (10.6%) and [[Christianity]] (9.6%), along with small [[Hui people|Hui-Muslim]] populations in areas like [[Penang]].<ref name="Census 2000" /> Christianity constitutes a slim majority of the non-Malay [[Bumiputra]] community (50.1%) with an additional 36.3% identifying as Muslims while 7.3% follow [[folk religion]].<ref name="Census 2000" /> ===Islam=== {{Main|Islam in Malaysia}} [[File:Around-Kota-Bharu-(19).jpg|thumb|alt=The wooden Kampung Laut mosque with its minaret and an onion-shaped dome on its tiled roof.|[[Kampung Laut Mosque]] in Tumpat is one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia, dating to early 18th century]] [[Islam]] is thought to have been brought to Malaysia around the 12th century by [[Arab people|Arab]] traders.<ref name="islam01">{{cite book |title=A History of Malaysia |pages=52β53 |author=Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya |isbn=978-0-333-27672-3 |year=1984 |publisher=MacMillan Press Ltd |location=Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC&pg=PA52}}</ref> Since then the religion has become the predominant religion of the country and is recognised as the state's official religion. All ethnic [[Malay (ethnic group)|Malays]] are considered Muslim by [[Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia]].<ref>{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|verse=Article 160 (2) |range=-1}}</ref> Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of [[Syariah Court|Syariah]] courts in matters concerning their religion. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the [[Shafi`i]] legal school of Islam, which is the main [[madh'hab]] of Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Peletz | first = Michael | author-link = Michael G. Peletz | title = Islamic modern: religious courts and cultural politics in Malaysia | publisher=Princeton University Press | year = 2002 | location = Princeton | pages = 84β85 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q4TA4hjqjJ0C | isbn = 978-0-691-09508-0}}</ref> The jurisdiction of [[Sharia]]h courts is limited only to Muslims in matters such as marriage, [[inheritance]], divorce, [[apostasy]], [[religious conversion]], and custody among others. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts, which have a similar hierarchy to the [[Courts of Malaysia|Civil Courts]]. Despite being the supreme courts of the land, the Civil Courts (including the Federal Court) do not hear matters related to Islamic practices,<ref>{{cite web |last=Mahathir |first=Marina |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |title=Malaysia moving forward in matters of Islam and women by Marina Mahathir β Common Ground News Service |publisher=Commongroundnews.org |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222100655/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=28311&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0&isNew=0 |archive-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as ratified by [[Mahathir Mohamad]] in the late 1980s. Regulation of sexual activities among the Muslim population is strict; with laws prohibiting unmarried couples from occupying a secluded area or a confined space to prevent suspicion of acts forbidden in [[Islam]].<ref>Jennifer Pak, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8439899.stm "Unmarried couples caught in Malaysia hotel raids"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330222315/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8439899.stm |date=30 March 2022 }}, ''BBC News'', 4 January 2010</ref> ==Education== {{Main|Education in Malaysia}} [[File:Nottinghamunimalaysia.JPG|thumb|left|200px|[[University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus|Malaysia campus]] of the [[University of Nottingham]] at [[Semenyih]], Selangor]] Literacy rates (percentage of people over 15 who can read and write) are high in Malaysia, with an overall literacy rate of 88.7%.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Moran | first1 = Robert T. | last2 = Harris | first2 = Philip R. | last3 = Moran | first3 = Sarah V. | title = Managing cultural differences: global leadership strategies for the 21st century | publisher=Butterworth Heinemann | year = 2007 | location = Oxford | page = 452 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FJWxdydBGPoC | isbn = 978-0-7506-8247-3}}</ref> Literacy rates are higher among males (92%) than females (85.4%) Education in Malaysia is monitored by the federal government [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)|Ministry of Education]].<ref>{{Sourcetext|source=Constitution of Malaysia|chapter=Ninth Schedule|verse=|range= }}</ref> The education system features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education,<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm |title=Malaysia |publisher=State.gov |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604190416/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and five years of optional secondary education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wenr.wes.org/2014/12/education-in-malaysia|title=Education in Malaysia|date=2 December 2014|website=WENR|language=en-US|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015922/https://wenr.wes.org/2014/12/education-in-malaysia|url-status=live}}</ref> Most Malaysian children start schooling between the ages of three and six, in [[kindergarten]]. ===Primary education=== Children begin primary schooling at the age of seven for a period of six years. Primary schools are divided into two categories, national primary schools and vernacular school.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mustafa |first=Shazwan |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/malay-groups-want-vernacular-schools-abolished/ |title=Malay groups want vernacular schools abolished |newspaper=The Malaysian Insider |date=22 August 2010 |access-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825032917/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/malay-groups-want-vernacular-schools-abolished |archive-date=25 August 2010 }}</ref> Vernacular schools (''Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan'') use either Chinese or Tamil as the medium of instruction, whereas national primary schools (''Sekolah Kebangsaan'') uses Bahasa Malaysia as the medium of instruction for subjects except English, Science and Mathematics. [[File:Overfloor and Big Tree, Malay College.jpg|thumb|alt=Part of the Malay College Kuala Kangsar buildings with its football field in the foreground.|[[Malay College Kuala Kangsar]] (MCKK) is one of the earliest boarding schools established in [[British Malaya]].]] Before progressing to the secondary level of education, pupils in Year 6 are required to sit the Primary School Achievement Test (''[[Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah]]'', UPSR).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Education%20and%20Learning/Non%20Citizen/nTheNationalEducationSystem/nPrimaryEducation/Pages/PrimarySchoolEducation.aspx |title=Primary School Education |publisher=Malaysia.gov.my |access-date=26 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144745/http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Education%20and%20Learning/Non%20Citizen/nTheNationalEducationSystem/nPrimaryEducation/Pages/PrimarySchoolEducation.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref> A programme called First Level Assessment (''Penilaian Tahap Satu'', PTS) taken during Primary Year 3 was abolished in 2001. ===Secondary education=== Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary schools (''Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan'') for five years. National secondary schools use Malay as the main language of instruction. The only exceptions are Mathematics and Science and languages other than Malay, however this was only implemented in 2003, prior to which all non-language subjects were taught in Malay. At the end of Form Three, which is the third year, students are evaluated in the Form Three Assessment ("Pentaksiran Tingkatan Tiga", PT3)οΌ now abolished οΌ. Secondary students no longer sit for PMR in Form Three that has been abolished in 2014. In the final year of secondary education (Form Five), students sit the Malaysian Certificate of Education (''[[Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia]]'', SPM) examination, which is equivalent to the former British Ordinary or 'O' Levels. The government has decided to abandon the use of English in teaching maths and science and revert to [[Bahasa Malaysia]], starting in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/10/world/asia/10iht-malay.html?ref=world |title=In Malaysia, English Ban Raises Fears for Future |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=9 July 2009 |last=Gooch |first=Liz |date=10 July 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505140513/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/10/world/asia/10iht-malay.html?ref=world |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysian national secondary schools are sub-divided into several types: National Secondary School (''Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan''), Religious Secondary School (''Sekolah Menengah Agama''), National-Type Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan) (also referred to as Mission Schools), Technical Schools (Sekolah Menengah Teknik), [[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh|Residential Schools]] and [[MARA Junior Science College]] (Maktab Rendah Sains MARA). There are also 60 [[Chinese Independent High School]]s in Malaysia, where most subjects are taught in Chinese. Chinese Independent High Schools are monitored and standardised by the United Chinese School Committees' Association of Malaysia (UCSCAM). However, unlike government schools, independent schools are autonomous. It takes six years to complete secondary education in Chinese independent schools. Students will sit a standardised test conducted by UCSCAM, which is known as the Unified Examination Certificate (UEC) in Junior Middle 3 (equivalent to PMR) and Senior Middle 3 (equivalent to [[A level]]). A number of independent schools conduct classes in Malay and English in addition to Chinese, enabling the students to sit the PMR and SPM additionally. ===Tertiary education=== {{See also|List of universities in Malaysia}} [[File:CYBER.jpg|thumb|left|alt=An aerial view of Multimedia University's Cyberjaya campus' garden and covered walkway.|An aerial view of [[Multimedia University]]'s [[Cyberjaya]] campus. Multimedia University is Malaysia's first private university.]] Before the introduction of the [[Malaysian Matriculation Programme|matriculation system]], students aiming to enter public universities had to complete an additional 18 months of secondary schooling in Form Six and sit the Malaysian Higher School Certificate (''[[Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia]]'', STPM); equivalent to the British Advanced or [['A' levels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studymalaysia.com/education/art_education.php?id=smhappendixC|title=Academic Qualification Equivalence|work=StudyMalaysia.com|access-date=15 September 2010|archive-date=4 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504030032/http://www.studymalaysia.com/education/art_education.php?id=smhappendixC|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the introduction of the matriculation programme as an alternative to STPM in 1999, students who completed the 12-month programme in matriculation colleges (kolej matrikulasi in Malay) can enrol in local universities. However, in the matriculation system, only 10 per cent of the places are open to non-Bumiputra students.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Saw | first1 = Swee-Hock | author-link = Swee-Hock Saw | last2 = Kesavapany | first2 = K | author-link2 = K. Kesavapany | title = Malaysia: recent trends and challenges | publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | year = 2006 | location = Singapore | page = 259 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EHtO7JdRLO0C | isbn = 978-981-230-339-4}}</ref> There are a number of government-funded public universities in Malaysia, the most prominent of them being [[University of Malaya]]. Although the ethnic quota system favouring Bumiputras at such universities was abolished in 2002, disparity of student intake still exists in these universities with underrepresentation of non-Bumiputras.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23841888 |title=Is Malaysia university entry a level playing field? |author=Jennifer Pak |date=2 September 2013 |work=BBC |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302133036/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23841888 |url-status=live }}</ref> Instead, private universities have sprung up to cater to the local population. These private universities are also gaining a reputation for international quality education and students from all over the world attend these universities. In addition, four reputable international universities have set up their branch campuses in Malaysia since 1998. A branch campus can be seen as an 'offshore campus' of the foreign university, which offers the same courses and awards as the main campus. Both local and international students can acquire these identical foreign qualifications in Malaysia at a lower fee. The foreign university branch campuses in Malaysia are: [[Monash University Malaysia Campus]], [[Curtin University, Malaysia]], [[Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus]] and [[University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus]]. Students also have the option of enrolling in private tertiary institutions after secondary studies. Most institutions have educational links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, allowing students to spend a portion of their course duration abroad as well as getting overseas qualifications. One such example is [[Tunku Abdul Rahman University College]] which partnered with [[Sheffield Hallam University]] and [[Coventry University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tarc.edu.my/about/collaborative-partnership/academia-collaborations.htm|title=Collaborative Partnership|publisher=Tunku Abdul Rahman University College|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429121347/http://www.tarc.edu.my/about/collaborative-partnership/academia-collaborations.htm|archive-date=29 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===International schools=== {{see also|Template:International schools in Malaysia}} In addition to the Malaysian National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools such as The International School Kuala Lumpur, Alice Smith School, Gardens International School, Cempaka Schools Malaysia, Kolej Tuanku Ja'afar...etc. These schools cater to the growing expatriate population in the country and the Malaysians who want a foreign curriculum, UK based curriculum, English education or Australian curriculum as well. ==Health== {{See also|Healthcare in Malaysia}} The Malaysian government places importance on the expansion and development of health care, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public health care<ref name="Myhealth">{{cite web |url=http://www.myhealthcare.gov.my/en/index.asp?page=MHTC&subpage=MHTC_mission |title=The Official Site of Malaysia Healthcare Travel & Medical Tourism |publisher=Myhealthcare.gov.my |date=3 July 2009 |access-date=17 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017064513/http://www.myhealthcare.gov.my/en/index.asp?page=MHTC&subpage=MHTC_mission |archive-date=17 October 2010 }}</ref>βan increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and ageing population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of [[telehealth]]. A major problem with the health care sector is the lack of medical centres for rural areas, which the government is trying to counter through the development of and expansion of a system called "[[telehealth|tele-primary care]]".<ref name="HealthCareExpat">{{cite web |author=moveforward |url=http://www.expatforum.com/articles/health/health-care-in-malaysia.html |title=Health Care in Malaysia |publisher=Expatforum.com |date=8 August 2009 |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515212914/http://www.expatforum.com/articles/health/health-care-in-malaysia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another issue is the overprescription of drugs, though this has decreased in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allianzworldwidecare.com/healthcare-in-malaysia |title=Healthcare in Malaysia |publisher=Allianzworldwidecare.com |access-date=17 September 2010 |archive-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926054440/http://www.allianzworldwidecare.com/healthcare-in-malaysia |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2009 the Malaysian Health Ministry has increased its efforts to overhaul the system and attract more foreign investment.<ref name="Myhealth"/> The country generally has an efficient and widespread system of health care. It implements a [[universal healthcare]] system, which co-exists with the private healthcare system.<ref name="HealthCareExpat"/> [[Infant mortality rate]] in 2009 was 6 deaths per 1000 births, and life expectancy at birth in 2009 was 75 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malaysia_statistics.html |title=Malaysia β Statistics |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=22 May 2011 |archive-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901172009/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malaysia_statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Malaysia has the highest levels of [[obese|obesity]] among Malay population in [[ASEAN]] countries.<ref name=ref2013022608>{{Cite news | title = Confirmed: Malaysia fattest ASEAN nation | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 26 February 2013 | url = http://investvine.com/confirmed-malaysia-fattest-se-asian-country/ | access-date = 6 April 2013 | archive-date = 4 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130304161421/http://investvine.com/confirmed-malaysia-fattest-se-asian-country/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=ref2013040609>{{Cite news | title = Too fat | publisher = Investvine.com | date = 6 April 2013 | url = http://investvine.com/obesity-in-malasia/ | access-date = 6 April 2013 }} {{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure that the manpower in these hospitals is maintained.<ref name="HealthCareExpat"/> Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment in Malaysia. There is still, however, a significant shortage in the medical workforce, especially of highly trained specialists; thus, certain medical care and treatment are available only in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment. The majority of private hospitals are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investmentβit has often taken up to ten years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now exploring this area again, corresponding with the increased number of foreigners entering Malaysia for medical care and the recent government focus on developing the [[medical tourism|health tourism]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.my/corporate/mediacentre.asp?page=news_desk&subpage=archive&news_id=127 |title=Media Release:Health Tourism in Malaysia |author=Ministry of Tourism |publisher=[[Tourism Malaysia]] |access-date=21 June 2010 }} {{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Government has also been trying to promote Malaysia as a health care destination, regionally and internationally.<ref name="Myhealth"/> == See also == {{Portal|Malaysia}} * [[Immigration to Malaysia]] * [[Project IC]], corruption & electoral demographics ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== * [http://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php Department of Statistics, Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220220122/http://www.statistics.gov.my/index.php |date=20 December 2006 }} {{Ethnic groups in Malaysia}} {{Malaysia topics}} {{Asia in topic|Demographics of}} {{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics of Malaysia}} [[Category:Demographics of Malaysia| ]]
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