Editing Demosponge

{{Short description|Class of sponges}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Cambrian Stage 3]] – present, {{fossil range |515|0|earliest=650|ref=<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Botting|first1=J.P.|last2=Cárdenas|first2=P.|last3=Peel|first3=J.S.|date=January 2015|title=A crown-group demosponge from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet Biota, North Greenland|journal=Palaeontology|volume=58|issue=1|pages=35–43|doi=10.1111/pala.12133|bibcode=2015Palgy..58...35B}}</ref>}}
(Possible [[Neoproterozoic]] record<ref name=Love09/>)
| taxon = Demospongiae
| image = Sponges in Caribbean Sea, Cayman Islands.jpg
| image_caption = Included are the yellow tube sponge, ''[[Aplysina fistularis]]'', the purple vase sponge, ''[[Niphates digitalis]]'', the red encrusting sponge, ''[[Spiratrella coccinea]]'', and the gray rope sponge, ''[[Callyspongia]]'' sp.
| authority = [[William Johnson Sollas|Sollas]], 1885
| subdivision_ranks = Subclasses
| subdivision = * [[Heteroscleromorpha]]
* [[Keratosa]]
* [[Verongimorpha]]
* Order †[[Protomonaxonida]]
}}
[[File:Chondrocladia lampadiglobus.jpg|thumb| The carnivorous ping-pong tree sponge, ''[[Chondrocladia|Chondrocladia lampadiglobus]]'' <ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Vacelet |title=New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=148 |pages=553–584. Figure 17 |date=2006 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0035105|title = Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera)|year = 2012|last1 = Van Soest|first1 = Rob W. M.|last2 = Boury-Esnault|first2 = Nicole|last3 = Vacelet|first3 = Jean|last4 = Dohrmann|first4 = Martin|last5 = Erpenbeck|first5 = Dirk|last6 = De Voogd|first6 = Nicole J.|last7 = Santodomingo|first7 = Nadiezhda|last8 = Vanhoorne|first8 = Bart|last9 = Kelly|first9 = Michelle |author-link9=Michelle Kelly (marine scientist)|last10 = Hooper|first10 = John N. A.|journal = PLOS ONE|volume = 7|issue = 4|pages = e35105|pmid = 22558119|pmc = 3338747|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...735105V|doi-access = free}}</ref>]]
[[File:Monanchora arbuscula (Red encrusting sponge).jpg|thumb|''[[Monanchora arbuscula]]'' ([[Poecilosclerida]])]]
[[File:Geodia barretti.jpg|thumb|''[[Geodia barretti]]'' ([[Tetractinellida]])]]
[[File:Chondrosia reniformis01.jpg|thumb|''[[Chondrosia reniformis]]'' ([[Chondrosiida]])]]
[[File:Spongia officinalis.jpg|thumb|''[[Spongia officinalis]]'' ([[Dictyoceratida]])]]
[[File:Spongilla lacustris.jpg|thumb|''[[Spongilla lacustris]]'' ([[Spongillida]])]]

'''Demosponges''' or '''common sponges''' are [[sponge]]s of the [[class (biology)|class]] '''Demospongiae''' (from {{langx|grc|δῆμος|dêmos|common people}} + {{langx|grc|σπογγιά|spongiá|sponge|label=none}}), the most diverse group in the [[phylum]] [[Porifera]] which include greater than 90% of all [[extant taxon|extant]] sponges with nearly 8,800 [[species]] worldwide (according to the World Porifera Database).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/|title=World Porifera Database|work=marinespecies.org|access-date=21 October 2015}}</ref> Being [[siliceous sponge]]s, they are predominantly [[sponge#leuconoid|leuconoid]] in structure with an [[endoskeleton]] made of a meshwork of [[sponge spicule|spicule]]s consisting of fibers of the protein [[spongin]], the mineral [[silica]], or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar [[glass sponge]]s.<ref name=IZ>{{cite book |author= Barnes, Robert D. |year=1982 |title= Invertebrate Zoology |publisher= Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= 105–6|isbn= 978-0-03-056747-6}}</ref> Some species, in particular from the [[Antarctic]], obtain the silica for spicule-building from the ingestion of [[diatoms]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ana|last1=Riesgo|first2=Sergi|last2=Taboada|first3=Nathan J.|last3=Kenny|first4=Nadia|last4= Santodomingo|first5=Juan|last5=Moles|first6=Carlos|last6=Leiva|first7=Eileen|last7=Cox|first8=Conxita|last8=Avila|first9=Luis|last9=Cardona|first10=Manuel|last10=Maldonado|title=Recycling resources: silica of diatom frustules as a source for spicule building in Antarctic siliceous demosponges.|journal= Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=192|issue=2|year=2021|pages= 259–276|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa058}}</ref>

The many diverse [[Order (biology)|orders]] in this class include all of the large sponges. About 311 million years ago, in the [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Late Carboniferous]], the order [[Spongillida]] split from the marine sponges, and is the only sponges to live in freshwater environments.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schuster A, Vargas S, Knapp IS, Pomponi SA, Toonen RJ, Erpenbeck D, Wörheide G |title=Divergence times in demosponges (Porifera): first insights from new mitogenomes and the inclusion of fossils in a birth-death clock model |journal=BMC Evol Biol |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=114 |date=July 2018 |pmid=30021516 |pmc=6052604 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1230-1 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..114S }}</ref> Some species are brightly colored, with great variety in body shape; the largest species are over {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} across.<ref name=IZ/> They reproduce both sexually and [[asexual reproduction|asexually]]. They are the only extant organisms that [[methylate]] [[sterol]]s at the 26-position, a fact used to identify the presence of demosponges before their first known unambiguous fossils.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brocks|first1=J. J.|last2=Jarrett|first2=A. J. M.|last3=Sirantoine|first3=E.|last4=Kenig|first4=F.|last5=Moczydłowska|first5=M.|last6=Porter|first6=S.|last7=Hope|first7=J.|date=2016-03-01|title=Early sponges and toxic protists: possible sources of cryostane, an age diagnostic biomarker antedating Sturtian Snowball Earth|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=129–149|doi=10.1111/gbi.12165|pmid=26507690|bibcode=2016Gbio...14..129B |issn=1472-4669}}</ref><ref name=Love09>{{Cite journal|last1=Love|first1=Gordon D.|last2=Grosjean|first2=Emmanuelle|last3=Stalvies|first3=Charlotte|last4=Fike|first4=David A.|last5=Grotzinger|first5=John P.|last6=Bradley|first6=Alexander S.|last7=Kelly|first7=Amy E.|last8=Bhatia|first8=Maya|last9=Meredith|first9=William|title=Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period|journal=Nature|volume=457|issue=7230|pages=718–721|doi=10.1038/nature07673|pmid=19194449|year=2009|bibcode=2009Natur.457..718L|s2cid=4314662|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/14867/2/Love2009p34510.1038nature07673_supp.pdf|access-date=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724144041/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/14867/2/Love2009p34510.1038nature07673_supp.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Because of many species' long life span (500–1,000&nbsp;years) it is thought that analysis of the aragonite [[skeleton]]s of these sponges could extend data regarding [[ocean temperature]], [[salinity]], and other variables farther into the past than has been previously possible. Their dense skeletons are deposited in an organized chronological manner, in concentric layers or bands. The layered skeletons look similar to [[reef]] [[coral]]s. Therefore, demosponges are also called '''coralline sponges'''.

== Classification and systematics ==

The Demospongiae have an ancient history. The first demosponges may have appeared during the [[Precambrian]] deposits at the end of the [[Cryogenian]] "Snowball Earth" period. Their presence has been indirectly detected by fossilized steroids, called [[sterane]]s, hydrocarbon markers characteristic of the cell membranes of the sponges, rather than from direct fossils of the sponges themselves. They represent a continuous [[chemical fossil]] record of demosponges through the end of the [[Neoproterozoic]].<ref name=Love09/> The earliest Demospongiae fossil was discovered in the lower [[Cambrian]] (Series 2, Stage 3; approximately 515 Ma) of the [[Sirius Passet]] Biota of North Greenland:<ref name="Botting2015">{{cite journal |author1=Botting J.P. |author2=Cárdenas P. |author3=Peel J.S. | date = January 2015 | title = A crown-group demosponge from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet Biota, North Greenland | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 58 | issue = 1| pages = 35–43 | doi = 10.1111/pala.12133 | doi-access = free |bibcode=2015Palgy..58...35B }}</ref> this single specimen had a [[spicule (sponge)|spicule]] assemblage similar to that found in the subclass [[Heteroscleromorpha]]. The earliest sponge-bearing [[reef]]s date to the Early Cambrian (they are the earliest known reef structure built by animals), exemplified by a small bioherm constructed by [[archaeocyathid]]s and calcified microbes at the start of the [[Tommotian|Tommotian stage]] about 530 Ma, found in southeast Siberia.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Riding Robert |author2=Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev | year = 1995 | title = Structure and 5 thousand years diversity of oldest sponge-microbe reefs: Lower Cambrian, Aldan River, Siberia | journal = Geology | volume = 23 | issue = 7| pages = 649–52 | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0649:SADOOS>2.3.CO;2 }}</ref> A major radiation occurred in the Lower [[Cambrian]] and further major radiations in the [[Ordovician]] possibly from the middle Cambrian.<ref>{{cite book |first=R.M. |last=Finks |chapter=The evolution and ecologic history of sponges during Palaeozoic times |editor-first=W.G. |editor-last=Fry |title=Biology of the porifera |publisher=Academic Press |series=Symposium of the Zoological Society of London |volume=25 |date=1970 |isbn=0-12-613325-5 |oclc=1409104310 |pages=3–22 }}</ref>

The [[Systema Porifera]] (2002) book (2 volumes) was the result of a collaboration of 45 researchers from 17 countries led by editors J. N. A. Hooper and R. W. M. van Soest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=J.N.A. |last2=Van Soest |first2=R.W.M. |chapter=Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_3 |editor-last=Hooper |editor-first=J.N.A. |editor2-last=Van Soest |editor2-first=R.W.M. |editor3-last=Willenz |editor3-first=P. |title=Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges |publisher=Springer |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-4615-0747-5 |pages=15–51 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_3}}</ref> This milestone publication provided an updated comprehensive overview of sponge [[systematics]], the largest revision of this group (from genera, subfamilies, families, suborders, orders and class) since the start of spongiology in the mid-19th century. In this large revision, the extant Demospongiae were organized into 14 orders that encompassed 88 families and 500 genera. Hooper and van Soest (2002) gave the following classification of demosponges into orders:

* Subclass '''[[Homoscleromorpha]]''' <small>Bergquist, 1978</small>
** [[Homosclerophorida]] <small>Dendy, 1905</small>
* Subclass '''[[Tetractinomorpha]]'''
** [[Astrophorida]] <small>Sollas, 1888</small>
** [[Chondrosida]] <small>Boury-Esnault & Lopès, 1985</small>
** [[Hadromerida]] <small>Topsent, 1894</small>
** [[Lithistida]] <small>Sollas, 1888</small>
** [[Spirophorida]] <small>Bergquist & Hogg, 1969</small>
* Subclass '''[[Ceractinomorpha]]''' <small>Lévi, 1953</small>
** [[Agelasida]] <small>Verrill, 1907</small>
** [[Dendroceratida]] <small>Minchin, 1900</small>
** [[Dictyoceratida]] <small>Minchin, 1900</small>
** [[Halichondrida]] <small>Gray, 1867</small>
** [[Halisarcida]] <small>Bergquist, 1996</small>
** [[Haplosclerida]] <small>Topsent, 1928</small>
** [[Poecilosclerida]] <small>Topsent, 1928</small><!-- Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 148, 553–584. -->
** [[Verongiida]] <small>Bergquist, 1978</small>
** [[Verticillitida]] <small>Termier & Termier, 1977</small>

However, molecular and morphological evidence show that the [[Homoscleromorpha]] do not belong in this class. The [[Homoscleromorpha]] was therefore officially taken out of the Demospongiae in 2012, and became the fourth class of phylum Porifera.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gazave E. |author2=Lapébie P. |author3=Ereskovsky A. |author4=Vacelet J. |author5=Renard E. |author6=Cárdenas P. |author7=Borchiellini C. | year = 2012 | title = No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 687 |issue=1 | pages = 3–10 | doi = 10.1007/s10750-011-0842-x |bibcode=2012HyBio.687....3G |s2cid=14468684 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01456632/file/Gazave%20et_2012-%20class.pdf }}</ref>
[[File:Nevadacoelia wistae.jpg|thumb|''[[Nevadacoelia|Nevadacoelia wistae]]'', a fossil [[Anthaspidellidae|anthaspidellid]] demosponge from the early [[Ordovician]] of [[Nevada]].]]
Morrow & Cárdenas (2015)<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Morrow Christine |author2=Cárdenas Paco | year = 2015 | title = Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera) | journal = Frontiers in Zoology | volume = 12 | pages = 1–27 | doi =  10.1186/s12983-015-0099-8|pmid=25901176 |pmc=4404696 |doi-access=free }}</ref> propose a revision of the Demospongiae higher taxa classification, essentially based on molecular data of the last ten years. Some demosponge subclasses and orders are actually [[polyphyletic]] or should be included in other orders, so that Morrow and Cárdenas (2015) officially propose to abandon certain names: these are the [[Ceractinomorpha]], [[Tetractinomorpha]], [[Halisarcida]], [[Verticillitida]], [[Lithistida]], [[Halichondrida]] and [[Hadromerida]]. Instead, they recommend the use of three subclasses: [[Verongimorpha]], [[Keratosa]] and [[Heteroscleromorpha]]. They retain seven ([[Agelasida]], [[Chondrosiida]], [[Dendroceratida]], [[Dictyoceratida]], [[Haplosclerida]], [[Poecilosclerida]], [[Verongida|Verongiida]]) of the 13 orders from Systema Porifera. They recommend to resurrect or upgrade six order names ([[Axinellida]], [[Merliida]], [[Spongillida]], [[Sphaerocladina]], [[Suberitida]], [[Tetractinellida]]). Finally, they create seven new orders ([[Bubarida]], [[Desmacellida]], [[Polymastiida]], [[Scopalinida]], [[Clionaida]], [[Tethyida]], [[Trachycladida]]). These added to the recently created orders ([[Biemnida]] and [[Chondrillida]]) make a total of 22 orders in the revised classification. These changes are now implemented in the World Porifera Database<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/|title=World Porifera Database}}</ref> part of the World Register of Marine Species.

* Subclass '''[[Heteroscleromorpha]]''' <small>Cárdenas, Pérez, Boury-Esnault, 2012</small>
** order [[Agelasida]] <small>Verrill, 1907</small>
** order [[Axinellida]] <small>Lévi, 1953</small>
** order [[Biemnida]] <small>Morrow et al., 2013</small>
** order [[Bubarida]] <small>Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015</small>
** order [[Clionaida]] <small>Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015</small>
** order [[Desmacellida]] <small>Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015</small>
** order [[Haplosclerida]] <small>Topsent, 1928</small>
** order [[Merliida]] <small>Vacelet, 1979</small>
** order [[Poecilosclerida]] <small>Topsent, 1928</small>
** order [[Polymastiida]] <small>Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015</small>
** order [[Scopalinida]] <small>Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015</small>
** order [[Sphaerocladina]] <small>Schrammen, 1924</small>
** order [[Spongillida]] <small>Manconi & Pronzato, 2002</small>
** order [[Suberitida]] <small>Chombard & Boury-Esnault, 1999</small>
** order [[Tethyida]] <small>Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015</small>
** order [[Tetractinellida]] <small>Marshall, 1876</small>
** order [[Trachycladida]] <small>Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015</small>
** Heteroscleromorpha incertae sedis
* Subclass '''[[Verongimorpha]]''' <small>Erpenbeck et al., 2012</small>
** order [[Chondrillida]] <small>Redmond et al., 2013</small>
** order [[Chondrosiida]] <small>Boury-Esnault et Lopès, 1985</small>
** order [[Verongida|Verongiida]] <small>Bergquist, 1978</small>
* Subclass '''[[Keratosa]]''' <small>Grant, 1861</small>
** order [[Dendroceratida]] <small>Minchin, 1900</small>
** order [[Dictyoceratida]] <small>Minchin, 1900</small>

=== Sclerosponges ===
Sclerosponges were first proposed as a class of sponges, '''Sclerospongiae''', in 1970 by Hartman and Goreau.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartman |first1=W.D. |last2=Goreau |first2=T.F. |chapter=Jamaican coralline sponges: Their morphology, ecology and fossil relatives |editor-first=W.G. |editor-last=Fry |title=Biology of the porifera |publisher=Academic Press |series=Symposium of the Zoological Society of London |volume=25 |date=1970 |isbn=0-12-613325-5 |oclc=1409104310 |pages=205–243 }} (Cited by {{cite web |url=http://mgg.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/sil/work1.htm |date=21-23 March 1998 |title=Notes of the ''Sclerosponge Workshop'' |publisher=University of Miami |department=Stable Isotope Laboratory, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science |location=Miami, FL |access-date=2018-12-19 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=2018-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818135926/http://mgg.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/sil/work1.htm |url-status=dead }})</ref> However, it was later found by Vacelet that sclerosponges occur in different classes of [[Porifera]].<ref>{{cite conference |first=J. |last=Vacelet |title=Coralline sponges and the evolution of the Porifera |book-title=The origins and relationships of lower invertebrates : Proceedings of an International symposium held in London, September 1983 |series=Systematics Association |volume=28 |publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1985 |isbn=0-19-857181-X |oclc=220503346 |pages=1–13 }}</ref> That means that sclerosponges are not a closely related ([[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]]) group of sponges and are considered to be a polyphyletic grouping and contained within the Demospongiae. Like [[bat]]s and [[bird]]s that independently developed the ability to fly, different sponges developed the ability to build a calcareous skeleton independently and at different times in [[Geological history of Earth|Earth's history]]. Fossil sclerosponges are already known from the [[Cambrian]] period.<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Reitner |title=Coralline Spongien — Der Versuch einer phylogenetisch-taxonomischen Analyse |journal=Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. Reihe e, Paläobiologie |volume=1 |date=1992 |doi=10.23689/fidgeo-5876 |url=https://e-docs.geo-leo.de/handle/11858/11466}}<!-- Yes, the very first paper to appear in this journal! See http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~palaeont/JOURNAL.HTM --></ref>

=== Chaetetids ===
<!-- [[Chaetetes]] anchors to this section -->
Chaetetids, more formally called "chaetetid hyper-calcified demosponges" (West, 2011), are common calcareous [[fossils]] composed of fused tubules. They were previously classified as extinct [[corals]], [[bryozoans]], [[algae]], [[stromatoporoidea|stromatoporoids]] and [[sclerosponges]]. The chaetetid skeleton has now been shown to be of polyphyletic origin and with little systematic value. Extant chaetetids are also described. This skeleton is now known from three demosponge orders (Hadromerida, Poecilosclerida, and Agelasida). Fossil chaetetid hyper-calcified demosponges can only be classified with information on their spicule forms and the original mineralogy of their skeletons (West, 2011).

<gallery widths="200px" heights="170px">
File:Chaetetid Bird Spring Upper Carboniferous Nevada.jpg|Fossil chaetetid from the [[Bird Spring Formation]] ([[Upper Carboniferous]]) of southern [[Nevada]].
File: Chaetetid Bird Spring cross-section Upper Carboniferous Nevada.jpg|Cross-section of a fossil chaetetid (Bird Spring Formation, Upper Carboniferous, Nevada.
</gallery>

== Reproduction ==
[[Image:Acarnus erithacus.jpg|thumb|right|Red volcano sponge (''[[Acarnus erithacus]]'', [[Poecilosclerida]]).]]

Spermatocytes develop from the transformation of [[choanocytes]] and [[oocytes]] arise from [[archeocyte]]s. Repeated cleavage of the zygote egg takes place in the [[mesohyl]] and forms a [[parenchymella]] larva with a mass of larger internal cells surrounded by small, externally [[flagella]]ted cells. The resulting swimming larva enters a canal of the central cavity and is expelled with the exhalant current.

Methods of asexual reproduction include both budding and the formation of [[gemmule]]s. In budding, aggregates of cells differentiate into small sponges that are released superficially or expelled through the oscula. Gemmules are found in the freshwater family [[Spongillidae]]. They are produced in the mesohyl as clumps of archeocytes, are surrounded with a hard layer secreted by other amoebocytes. Gemmules are released when the parent body breaks down, and are capable of surviving harsh conditions. In a favorable situation, an opening called the micropyle appears and releases amoebocytes, which differentiate into cells of all the other types.

===Meiosis and recombination===

The cytological progression of [[sponge|porifera]] [[oogenesis]] and [[spermatogenesis]] ([[gametogenesis]]) shows great similarity to other metazoa.<ref name = Koutsouveli2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Koutsouveli V, Cárdenas P, Santodomingo N, Marina A, Morato E, Rapp HT, Riesgo A |title=The Molecular Machinery of Gametogenesis in Geodia Demosponges (Porifera): Evolutionary Origins of a Conserved Toolkit across Animals |journal=Mol Biol Evol |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=3485–3506 |date=December 2020 |pmid=32929503 |pmc=7743902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa183 }}</ref>  Most of the genes from the classic set of [[meiosis|meiotic]] genes conserved in [[eukaryote]]s are upregulated in the sponges ''[[Geodia hentscheli]]'' and ''Geodia phlegraei'' including genes for DNA [[genetic recombination|recombination]].<ref name = Koutsouveli2020/>   Since porifera are the earliest divergent animals, these findings indicate that the basic toolkit of meiosis and recombination were present early in eukaryote evolution.<ref name = Koutsouveli2020/>

== Economic importance ==
The most economically important group of demospongians to human are the [[Spongia officinalis|bath sponges]]. These are harvested by divers and can also be grown commercially. They are bleached and marketed; the [[spongin]] gives the sponge its softness.

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General references ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|journal = Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.|date = September 2004|volume = 32|issue = 3|pages = 823–37|title = Molecular phylogeny of Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution |first1=C. |last1=Borchiellini |first2=C. |last2=Chombard |first3=M. |last3=Manuel |first4=E. |last4=Alivon |first5=J. |last5=Vacelet |first6=N. |last6=Boury-Esnault |doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.021|pmid = 15288059| bibcode=2004MolPE..32..823B }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Wörheide G |title=A hypercalcified sponge with soft relatives: Vaceletia is a keratose demosponge |journal=Mol Phylogenet Evol |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=433–8 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18321733 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.021 |bibcode=2008MolPE..47..433W }}
*{{cite book |first=R.S.K. |last=Barnes |title=The Invertebrates: A Synthesis |publisher=Blackwell Science |date=2001 |isbn=0-632-04761-5 |oclc=467870538 }}
*{{cite book |first=P.R. |last=Bergquist |title=Sponges |publisher=University of California Press |date=1978 |isbn=0-520-03658-1 |oclc=1151330990 |pages=86–103 }}; . pp.&nbsp;.
*{{cite book |first=C.P. |last=Hickman |title=Biology of the Invertebrates |publisher=Mosby |oclc=756435588 |edition=2nd |date=1973 }}
*{{cite book |first=E.N. |last=Kozloff |title=Invertebrates |publisher=Saunders |date=1990 |isbn=0-03-046204-5 |oclc=22648359 |pages=74–91 }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Kelly-Borges M. |author2=Pomponi S. A. | year = 1994 | title = Phylogeny and classification of lithistid sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae): a preliminary assessment using ribosomal DNA sequence comparisons | journal = Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 87–103 |pmid=8087187 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Reitner |first1=J. |first2=D. |last2=Mehl |title=Monophyly of the Porifera |series=Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg |volume=36 |date=1996 |pages=5–32 |oclc=833177093}}
*{{cite journal |first=R.R. |last=West |title=Part E, Revised, Volume 4, Chapter 2C: Classification of the fossil and living hypercalcified chaetetid-type Porifera (Demospongiae) |journal=Treatise Online |issue=22 |date=2011 |publisher=Kansas University Paleontological Institute |doi=10.17161/to.v0i0.4139 |url=https://journals.ku.edu/treatiseonline/article/view/4139|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |first=R.R. |last=West |title=Part E, Revised, Volume 4, Chapter 2A: Introduction to the fossil hypercalcified chaetetid-type Porifera (Demospongiae) |journal=Treatise Online |issue=20 |date=2011 |publisher=Kansas University Paleontological Institute |doi=10.17161/to.v0i0.4137 |url=https://journals.ku.edu/treatiseonline/article/view/4137|doi-access=free }}
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{{Porifera}}
{{Animalia}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q248530}}
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[[Category:Demospongiae| ]]
[[Category:Cryogenian first appearances]]