Editing Dendera

{{Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->| name                            = Dendera
| other_name                      = {{lang|ar|دندرة}}
| native_name                     = {{lang|cop|{{Script/Coptic|ⲛⲓⲧⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ}}}}<br>{{lang|cop|{{Script/Coptic|ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ}}}}
| nickname                        = 
| settlement_type                 = [[List of cities and towns in Egypt|City]]
| image_skyline                   = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Denderah Outside.JPG
| photo2a = Dendera Tempelkomplex 02.JPG
| photo2b = Дендера.jpg
| photo3a = DenderaHathorTempleComplexQenaEgypt622-2007feb10PhotoByCsorfolyDaniel.JPG
| photo3b = Dendera Mammisi Nektanebos I. 02.JPG
| size = 275
| spacing = 2
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| image_caption                   = '''Clockwise from top:''' <br> Entrance to Dendara Temple, Dendara Temple Complex, Inside Hathor Temple, Hathor Temple Complex
| image_flag                      = 
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| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in Egypt
<!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Egypt}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[Governorates of Egypt|Governorate]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Qena Governorate|Qena]]
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| subdivision_name3               = |<!-- Politics ----------------->
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| timezone                        = [[Egypt Standard Time|EST]]
| utc_offset                      = +2
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| coordinates                     = {{coord|26|10|05|N|32|39|22|E|region:EG|display=inline,title}}
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'''Dendera''' ({{langx|ar|دَنْدَرة}} ''Dandarah''; {{langx|grc|Τέντυρις or Τέντυρα}}; [[Bohairic]] {{langx|cop|ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ|translit=Nitentōri}}; Sahidic {{langx|cop|ⲛⲓⲧⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ|translit=Nitntōre}}),<ref name = Gauthier23>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6 |date=1929 |page=23 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1929/page/n13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tentyris (Dendera) |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/2312 |website=Trismegistos |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> also spelled ''Denderah'', ancient '''Iunet 𓉺𓈖𓏏𓊖''' “jwn.t”,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/594810 |title=Iunet (Dendera) |author=Philae-Data |work=ancientworlds.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517064227/http://ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/594810 |archive-date=2008-05-17 }}</ref> '''Tentyris'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blonline.nl/entries/supplementum-epigraphicum-graecum/tentyris-denderah-corpus-34-1607-1622-a34_1607_1622?s.num=7&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.supplementum-epigraphicum-graecum&s.q=tei_concordance%3A%22A.+Bernand%2C+Portes+Passim%22|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140304204402/http://www.blonline.nl/entries/supplementum-epigraphicum-graecum/tentyris-denderah-corpus-34-1607-1622-a34_1607_1622?s.num=7&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.supplementum-epigraphicum-graecum&s.q=tei_concordance:%22A.+Bernand,+Portes+Passim%22|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-04|title=Linguistic Bibliography|work=blonline.nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/261822|title=Félix Teynard - Dendérah (Tentyris), Temple d'Athôr - Face Postérieure - Cléopatre et Cæsarion - The Metropolitan Museum of Art|work=metmuseum.org}}</ref>,(Arabic: Ewan-t إيوان-ة ),<ref>{{ cite book|last=Hawas|first=Zahi|title=مخطوط معجم اللغة المصرية القديمة احمد كمال كمال. الجزء االثاني عشر|language=Arabic|year=2002|publisher=Al-maǧlis al-aʿlá li-l-aṯār, high council of antiquities|place=Cairo|pages=496|isbn=9773053474|quote=}}</ref> or '''Tentyra'''<ref>In old sources such as [[Giovanni Battista Belzoni|Belzoni]].</ref> is a small town and former bishopric in [[Egypt]] situated on the west bank of the [[Nile]], about {{Convert|5|km|0}} south of [[Qena]], on the opposite side of the river. It is located approximately {{Convert|60|km|0}} north of [[Luxor]] and remains a Latin Catholic [[titular see]]. It contains the [[Dendera Temple complex]], one of the best-preserved temple sites from ancient [[Upper Egypt]].

== Etymology ==
{{hiero |jwnt<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1 |date=1925 |page=56 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_1/page/n33/mode/2up}}</ref> | <hiero>iwn-n:t-niwt</hiero>|align=left |era=ok}}{{hiero |t3 n t3 rr(t)<ref name = Gauthier23/><ref name = Budge1051>{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1051 1051] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}</ref> |<hiero>tA:n-tA:r:r-t:niwt</hiero> '''or''' <hiero>xpr:N21-n:tA:Z1*N23-r:r:t*niwt</hiero>|align=left|era=pt}}
[[File:Denderah1.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance to the temple.]]
[[File:Miniature stela. It shows 2 reliefs of ears and incised hieroglyphs. The title or epithet of the "Lady of Dendera" as well as the names of Taweret and Hathor appear. From Egypt, Ramesside period. The British Museum, London.jpg|thumb|Miniature stela. It shows 2 reliefs of ears and incised hieroglyphs. The title or epithet of the "Lady of Dendera" as well as the names of Taweret and Hathor appear. From Egypt, Ramesside period. The British Museum, London]]
The original name of the town is {{Langx|egy|ı͗wnt}}, the etymology of which is unknown. It was later complemented by the name of the chief goddess [[Hathor]] and became Egyptian {{langx|egy|ı͗wnt-tꜣ-ntrt|lit=ı͗wnt of the goddess}} which is the source of {{langx|cop|ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ|translit=Nitentōri}} or just {{Lang|egy|tꜣ-ntrt}} "of the goddess", which is the source of {{langx|grc-x-koine|Τεντυρις}}. The modern [[Arabic]] name of the town comes from either its Greek or Coptic name.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Alan H.|title=Ancient Egyptian Onomastica 2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1947|pages=30}}</ref>

There is also an aberrant Coptic form {{lang|cop|ⲛⲓⲕⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ}}, which could be either dissimilation of a regular name or a confusion with Koine {{lang|grc|Κένταυροι}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peust|first=Carsten|title=Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypte|year=2010|location=Göttingen|pages=33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Černý|first=Jaroslav|title=Coptic Etymological Dictionary|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1976|pages=347}}</ref>

== Temple complex ==
[[File:S10.08 Denderah, image 9881.jpg|thumbnail|Egypt – Denderah]]
{{main|Dendera Temple complex}}
The ''Dendera Temple complex'', which contains the [[Dendera Temple complex#Hathor temple|Temple of Hathor]], is one of the best-preserved temples, if not the best-preserved one, in all of Upper Egypt. The whole complex covers some 40,000 square meters and is surrounded by a hefty mud brick wall. The present Temple of Hathor dates back to July 54 BC, at the time of [[Ptolemy XII]] of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]],<ref name="KAB">{{cite book|editor-last1=Bard|editor-first1=Kathryn A.|editor1-link=Kathryn A. Bard |title=Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-66525-9|page=252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|language=en}}</ref> and was completed by the [[Roman emperor]] [[Tiberius]], but it rests on the foundations of earlier buildings dating back at least as far as [[Khufu]] (known as the Great Pyramid builder Cheops, the second [[Pharaoh]] of the 4th dynasty [c. 2613–c. 2494 BC]) but it was the pharaoh [[Pepi I Meryre]] who built the temple.<ref name="KAB"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWMEtj8j19EC&pg=PA47|title=Egypte: le guide des civilisations égyptiennes, des pharaons à l'islam|last=Beaumont|first=Hervé|date=2001-02-02|publisher=Editions Marcus|isbn=9782713101687|language=fr}}</ref>

It was once home to the celebrated [[Dendera zodiac]], which is now displayed in the [[Louvre Museum]] in Paris. There are also Roman and pharaonic [[Mammisi]] (birth houses), ruins of a Coptic church and a small chapel dedicated to [[Isis]], dating to the [[Roman era|Roman]] or the [[History of Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemaic]] epoch. 

In the vicinity of the temple complex a bakery dated to the First Intermediate Period was discovered by the French-Polish expedition from the [[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale|Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO)]] and the [[Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology|Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw]]. Bread offered to Hathor was baked here.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dendera|url=https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/en/2019/04/05/dendera-2/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=pcma.uw.edu.pl}}</ref> The team also excavated the so-called Eastern Temple in this area.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Łukaszewicz|first=Adam|date=2003|title=Dendera: Interim communiqué.|url=https://www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/pam/PAM_2002_XIV/130.pdf|journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean|volume=14}}</ref>

The area around the temple has been extensively landscaped and now has a modern visitor centre, bazaar and small cafeteria.

== Ecclesiastical history ==
After Egypt became a Roman possession, the city of Tentyris was part of the Late [[Roman province]] of [[Thebaid|Thebais Secunda]]. Its [[suffragan bishopric|bishopric was a suffragan]] of [[Ptolemais Hermiou]], the capital and [[metropolitan see]] of the province. Little is known of the history of Christianity in the place, as only the names of two ancient bishops are given:
* [[Pachomius the Great]], generally recognized as the founder of Christian [[cenobitic monasticism]]
* [[Serapion of Dendera|Serapion]] or Aprion, a contemporary and friend of the monk Pachomius, whose diocese boasted the celebrated convent of [[Tabenna]].

The town was given its present Arabic name of Denderah during the late [[Ottoman Empire]] and ruled 6000 inhabitants in Qena (Qeneh) district.

=== Titular see ===
Under the Latin name '''Tentyris''', the episcopal see was nominally revived as a [[titular bishopric]] (in Curiate Italian repeatedly renamed) since 1902, but is vacant since 1972,<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2t80.html Tentyris] at catholic-hierarchy.org.</ref> having had the following incumbents of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank :
* Matteo Gaughren, [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate]] (O.M.I.) (1902.01.13 – 1914.05.30)
* Emile-Marie Bunoz, O.M.I. (1917.06.13 – 1945.06.03)
* André van den Bronk, [[Society of African Missions]] (S.M.A.) (1946.07.30 – 1952.05.15)
* Teodoro Bensch (1956.12.01 – 1958.01.07)
* Jean-Rosière-Eugène Arnaud, [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] (M.E.P.) (1958.03.02 – 1972.09.11).

== Climate ==
This area has a large amount of sunshine year round due to its stable descending air and high pressure.  According to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system, Dendera has a [[hot desert climate]], abbreviated "BWh" on climate maps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=624021&cityname=Dandara%2C+Qina%2C+Egypt|title=Dandara, Egypt Köpen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|work=Weatherbase}}</ref>

==Sponsors==
<gallery>
File:Ptolemy before Hathor, Philae.jpg|[[Ptolemy XII]] before Hathor and Philae, at the [[Hathor Temple]], Dendera, which he built in 54 BC.<ref name="KAB" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=mondial|first1=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine|title=Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/1824/|website=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial|language=fr}}</ref>
File:Ptolemy before Isis & Osiris, Dendera Temple.jpg|[[Ptolemy XII]] before Isis and Osiris, at the [[Hathor Temple]], Dendera.<ref name="KAB"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=mondial|first1=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine|title=Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/1824/|website=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial|language=fr}}</ref>
Image:Roman Emperor Domitian on the Northern gate of Dendera Temple, Egypt.jpg|Roman Emperor [[Domitian]] on the Northern gate of the Temple of Hathor.
File:Roman Emperor Trajan at Dendera, Egypt.jpg|Roman Emperor [[Trajan]] at Dendera, Egypt
File:Trajan_offers_to_Hathor_%26_Ra-Harakhte%2C_Dendera.jpg|Roman Emperor [[Trajan]] offers to Hathor and Ra-Harakhte, Dendera.
File:Emperor Trajan, Dendera.jpg|Emperor Trajan as a Pharaoh making an offering to the Gods, in Dendera.<ref name="PAS">"Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Separate scenes of Domitian and Trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. There are cartouches of Domitian and Trajan on the column shafts of the Temple of Knum at Esna, and on the exterior a frieze text mentions Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian"  {{cite book|last1=Stadter|first1=Philip A.|last2=Stockt|first2=L. Van der|title=Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98-117 A.D.)|date=2002|publisher=Leuven University Press|isbn=978-90-5867-239-1|page=75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&pg=PA75|language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Monuments==
<gallery>
Image:DenderaHathorTempleComplexQenaEgypt622-2007feb10PhotoByCsorfolyDaniel.JPG
Image:Aegypt1987036 hg.jpg
Image:Dendera Bes 01a.JPG
Image:Aegypt1987-078 hg.jpg
Image:Dendera Hathorkopf 01.JPG
Image:Dendera Tempelkomplex 07.JPG
Image:Dendera Mammisi Nektanebos I. 02.JPG
Image:Dendera Römische Säulen 02.JPG
Image:SFEC-DENDERA-2010-112.JPG
Image:Dendera Tempelkomplex 02.JPG
Image:Egypt.Dendera.Hathor.01.jpg
Image:Denderah Outside.JPG
Image:Dendera Tempelkomplex 06.JPG
Image:Flickr - Gaspa - Dendara, tempio di Hator (11).jpg
Image:Dendera Topo Map.jpg
Image:Dendera Hathor-Heiligtum 01.JPG
Image:Temple of Hathor, Ceiling, Dendera, Egypt.jpg
Image:Дендера.jpg
</gallery>

== References – Notes ==
{{portal|Egypt}}
{{reflist}}

==Sources and external links==
{{commonscat}}
{{EB1911 poster|Dendera}}
* {{Catholic|wstitle=Tentyris}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1752.htm GigaCatholic, listing the titular bishops]

{{Egyptian Cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa|Tentyris]]
[[Category:Populated places in Qena Governorate]]