Editing Denglisch

{{short description|Mixture of German and English languages}}
{{distinguish|Danglish|Dunglish}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2009}}
{{original research|date=October 2007}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}

[[File:Denglish.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Mixed German, English and French in a German department store]]

'''Denglisch''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɛŋlɪʃ|-|audio=De-Denglisch.ogg}}) is a term describing the increased use of [[anglicism]]s and [[pseudo-anglicism]]s in the German language. It is a [[portmanteau]] of the German words {{langx|de|Deutsch|label=none}} (''German'') and {{langx|de|Englisch|label=none}}. The term is first recorded from 1965.<ref name="Lambert, James 2018">Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 23. DOI: 10.1075/eww.00001.lam</ref>

The word has been adopted in English in an anglicized form as '''Denglish''', recorded from 1996.<ref name="Lambert, James 2018"/>

== Terminology ==
The term is particularly used by [[Language purism|language purist]]s in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary (and other features of the language such as grammar and orthography) into German.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/09/worlddispatch.germany War of words | World news | guardian.co.uk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The standard German reference work ''[[Duden]]'' defines it as "a pejorative term for German with too many English expressions mixed in."<ref name="Krügers-2007">Sönke Krügers [https://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article1366422/Warum_Denglisch_Sprachmuell_ist.html Warum Denglisch Sprachmüll ist – Nachrichten Vermischtes] Welt Online, 19 November 2007</ref>

Other sources use words with aggressive, hostile, or negative connotations to describe it such as "a persistent infiltration",<ref name=Kerry-2006>{{cite web |title=Definition of Denglish, BuzzWord from Macmillan Dictionary |last1=Maxwell |first1=Kerry |url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/buzzword/entries/Denglish.html |website=Macmillan Dictionary |date=14 August 2006 |publisher=Springer Nature Ltd |access-date=18 May 2019 |quote=This is the phenomenon of Denglish, a persistent infiltration of English words and expressions into the German language.}}</ref> an "invasion", "onslaught", or "attack",<ref name=DW-2002>{{cite web |title=Denglish Invades Germany |author=Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com)<!--from HTML meta tag-->  |url=https://www.dw.com/en/denglish-invades-germany/a-411555 |date=2002-05-13 |website=DW |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2019-05-18 }}</ref><ref name=Langley>{{cite web |title=Denglisch – The German language under attack? |last1=Langley |first1=Edward |url=https://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/denglisch.htm }}</ref> or that it is "corrupting the language"<ref name=Morris-2013>{{cite web |title=Sprechen Sie Denglish? |last1=Morris |first1=Harvey |url=https://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/sprechen-sie-denglish/ |date=26 June 2013 |website=NY Times |access-date=2019-05-18 }} (in English)</ref> or is an "infectious disease".<ref name="Heuermann-2009"/>

The term itself is not a standard German word, but an informal portmanteau of ''Deutsch'' + ''English'', and gives the same kind of impression in German, as the word ''Spanglish'' has in English: i.e., it is well-understood, but it is an informal word for which there is no common equivalent in standard language use.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

Other slang terms in German which refer to the same phenomenon include: {{langx|de|label=none|McDeutsch}} ("McGerman"), {{langx|de|label=none|Dummdeutsch}} ("dumb German"), {{langx|de|label=none|Dönerdeutsch}} (kebab German).<ref name="Heuermann-2009"/>{{rp|308}}

In English there are numerous colloquial portmanteau words. One set is based on the word ''Deutsch''. These include (chronologically) ''Deutschlisch'' (first recorded in 1970), ''Deutlish'' (1977), ''Deutschlish'' (1979) and ''Dinglish'' (1990).<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 22. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</ref> Another set of terms is based on the word ''German''. These include (chronologically) ''Germenglish'' (first recorded 1936), ''Germanglish'' (1967), ''Gerglish'' (1968), ''Germish'' (1972), ''Germlish'' (1974), ''Genglish'' (1977), ''Ginglish'' (1989), ''Germinglish'' (1996), and ''Gernglish'' (1996).<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 24-25. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</ref>

== Criticism ==
Some influence of English on German is expected as part of normal [[language contact]]. The term ''Denglisch'' refers to abundant or excessive use of [[anglicisms]] or [[pseudo-anglicism]]s in German.

The introduction of English [[buzzword]]s peaked during the 1990s and the early 2000s. Since then, the ubiquity of the practice has made it much less fashionable or prestigious, and several commentators have argued against it. ''[[Zeit Online]]'' (whose title is itself an example of the prevalence of anglicisms in German IT terminology) criticized the ubiquitous use of English in a 2007 article.<ref name="Krügers-2007" /> Although the article acknowledged the risks of excessive [[linguistic purism]], it condemned the fashion of labeling information desks at train stations, formerly simply known as ''Auskunft'', with the anglicism ''Service Point''. The choice of the pseudo-anglicism ''Brain up!'' by then-minister for education [[Edelgard Bulmahn]] as a campaign slogan in 2004 was highlighted as an extreme case by ''[[Die Zeit]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zeit.de/2007/31/Deutsch-Aufmacher|title=Deutsch: Die verkaufte Sprache|last=Jessen|first=Jens|date=2007-07-28|work=Die Zeit|access-date=2019-09-06|language=de-DE|issn=0044-2070|quote="Welcher Teufel trieb eine deutsche Wissenschaftsministerin zu einer Kampagne mit dem Motto »Brain up«, was weder auf Deutsch noch auf Englisch Sinn ergibt?"}}</ref> ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine]]'' satirized this choice at the time of its introduction,<ref name=FAX-2004>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/eliteuniversitaeten-uphearen-bitte-1144071.html Uphearen bitte!] csl., Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 27 January 2004, Nr. 22 / p. 36.</ref> and later wrote that even the English-speaking sphere was mocking "German linguistic submissiveness".<ref name=FAZ-2015>[https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/25-jahre-deutsche-einheit/verfassungsrichter-huber-warnt-deutschland-ist-in-der-sinnkrise-13832186.html ''Deutschland ist in der Sinnkrise''], [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]], 30 September 2015 (in German)</ref>

== Forms of influence ==
Words and expressions labeled as Denglisch can come from various sources, including loanwords, calques, anglicisms, pseudo-anglicisms, or adoption of non-native grammar, syntax, or spelling.

=== Loanwords ===
{{original research |section |reason=Per WP:V, unsourced material in this section may be challenged and removed |date=May 2019}}
German vocabulary has numerous cases of English loanwords now fully "naturalized" as German words, including full inflection. English had only very limited influence on German before the mid-19th century. Such loanwords as there are mostly concern nautical vocabulary, loaned into [[Low German]] (e.g. ''tank'', ultimately from Indo-Aryan; ''Tanker'' (''[[tanker (ship)]]'') is early 20th century).

In the 19th century, it was still more common to use [[loan translation]] for the vocabulary of industrialisation (''Dampfmaschine'' for "steam engine", ''Pferdestärke'' for "horse power", etc.). To some extent, this continued in the early 20th century: ''Wolkenkratzer'' for "skyscraper", ''Kaugummi'' for "chewing gum", ''Flutlicht'' for "flood light", ''Fernsehen'' for "television".

English loanwords became more common in the early 20th century. A notable example from this period is ''Test'' (ultimately from Old French ''test'' "earthen pot"). ''Test'' was compatible both with German phonology and orthography so its nature as a loan is not evident.

Early loanwords (19th to early 20th century) often describe garments or foodstuffs: ''Jumper'' (19th century), ''Curry'' (19th century loan from English, ultimately from Tamil), ''Pyjama'' (early 20th century loan from English ''pyjamas'', ultimately from Urdu), ''Trenchcoat'' (1920s). Other loanwords are ''boykottieren'' "to boycott" (1890s) and ''Star''.

Direct influence of English, especially via US pop culture, became far more pronounced after the end of [[World War II]], with [[allied-occupied Germany]] and later by association with 1960s to 1970s US [[counterculture]]: ''Jeep'', ''Quiz'', ''Show'', ''Western'', ''Rock'', ''Hippie'', ''Groupie''.

The newest and most prolific wave of anglicisms arose after 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the surge of the "Anglo-Saxon" smack of [[economic liberalism]] in continental Europe and the associated business jargon ("CEO" became extremely fashionable in German, replacing traditional terms such as ''Direktor'', ''Geschäftsführer'', ''Vorsitzender'' during the 1990s). At the same time, the rapid development of information technology pushed many technical terms from that field into everyday language.

Many of the more recent loans have developed in the spoken language and are still clearly felt to be English words, so their English orthography is retained in written communication, which leads to awkward spellings combining German morphemes with English word stems, as in ge''boot''et ("booted up" of a computer) or ''gecrasht''  or ''gecrashed'' ("crashed", of a computer), ''downgeloadet'', ''gedownloadet'' or ''gedownloaded'' ("downloaded"). They also retain English phonology in many cases, including phonemes that do not exist in Standard German (such as the /eɪ/ in "upd''a''te").

=== Pseudo-anglicisms ===
A [[pseudo-anglicism]] is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but is not used by native English speakers.{{sfn|Sicherl|1999|p=14}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977}}{{sfn|Onysko|2007|loc=p. 52 <!--not '|p=52' here because other Onysko|2007|p=52 below would throw an error-->|ps= The term "pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL<sup>&#91;"receptor language"; p.14&#93;</sup> uses lexical elements of the SL<sup>&#91;"source language"; p.14&#93;</sup> to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Pseudo anglicism || Meaning || Remarks
|-----
| Basecap<ref>[[Duden]], [https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Basecap Basecap]</ref> || baseball cap || 
|-----
| Beamer<ref>[[Duden]] [https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Beamer] </ref>|| overhead projector ||
|-----
| Fotoshooting<ref>[[Duden]], [https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/Fotoshooting Fotoshooting]</ref> || photo shoot ||
|-----
| Handy<ref>[[Duden]], [https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Handy Handy]</ref> || mobile phone ||
|-----
| Showmaster<ref>[[Duden]], [https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/Showmaster Showmaster]</ref> || TV-show host/[[Master of ceremonies|emcee]]  ||
|-----
| trampen<ref>[[Duden]], [https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/trampen trampen]</ref> || [[hitchhiking]]  ||
|-----
| Youngtimer || an old, but not yet vintage or classic car  || derived from the German [[:wikt:Oldtimer|Oldtimer]], meaning vintage or classic car (or aircraft),<ref>[[Duden]], [https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/Youngtimer Youngtimer]</ref> itself derived from the more general (non-car-specific) English [[:wikt:oldtimer|oldtimer]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNUDAAAAMBAJ&q=old-timer&pg=PA104|title=Popular Mechanics|date=September 1974 |publisher=Hearst Magazines }}</ref>
|}

=== Adoption of grammar or idioms ===
Another form of Denglisch consists of [[calque]]s of popular English expressions which replace German words and [[idiom]]s. Common examples are:

*''Was passierte in 2005?'' (What happened in 2005?) <br />Formally: ''Was passierte 2005?'' or ''Was passierte im Jahr 2005?''

Although this is considered incorrect by many native speakers as it violates German grammar, it can be found even in German newspapers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,545997,00.html|title=Ausgemustert: Fast jeder zweite Mann untauglich fr die Bundeswehr|author=((SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany))|date=8 April 2008|work=SPIEGEL ONLINE}}</ref>

*''Das macht Sinn.'' (That makes sense.) <br />Formally: ''Das ergibt Sinn.''; ''Das hat Sinn.'', or ''Das ist sinnvoll''.<ref>{{cite web |language=de |title=Wenn Sprache wandert: Sinn machen oder Sinn ergeben? |trans-title=When language shifts: 'Sinn machen' or 'Sinn ergeben'? |last1=Schmuki |first1=Fabio |url=https://blog.supertext.ch/2016/08/wenn-sprache-wandert-sinn-machen-oder-sinn-ergeben/ |date=16 August 2016 |website=Supertext-Magazin |publisher=Supertext AG |access-date=27 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=de |title=Stop making sense! |author=DER SPIEGEL |url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/zwiebelfisch/zwiebelfisch-stop-making-sense-a-261738.html |date=2003-08-20 |website=Spiegel Kultur |publisher=Spiegel Gruppe |access-date=27 March 2020  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=de |title=Macht Sinn? Von wegen! Diese sprachlichen Fehler nerven am meisten |trans-title='Macht Sinn'? Like hell it does! These linguistic errors are the most annoying. |last1=Schulte |first1=Jule  |url=https://www.stern.de/neon/heimat/sprache-kultur/macht-sinn--von-wegen--mit-diesen-sprachlichen-fehlern-ist-jetzt-schluss-8806022.html |date=19 July 2019 |website=Stern |access-date=27 March 2020  }}</ref>
*''Willkommen zu [unserem Videochannel]'', properly ''Willkommen bei ...'' (although it has been pointed out that combination of "willkommen" with the preposition ''zu'' can also be found in German classics).<ref>[https://www.welt.de/kultur/history/article13820925/Willkommen-zu-bei-an-Was-stimmt-denn-nun.html Willkommen zu ... bei ... an? Was stimmt denn nun?], ''[[Die Welt]]'', 23 January 2012</ref>

=== Orthography ===
Another phenomenon is the usage of the possessive construction '' 's '' (generally used in English but also correct in German in sundry cases), often called ''Deppenapostroph'' or ''Idiotenapostroph'' ("Idiot's apostrophe" or "Idiot's inverted comma") instead of the traditional German constructions. For example, a Denglisch speaker might write ''Wikipedia's Gestaltung'' ("Wikipedia's design") instead of either ''Wikipedias Gestaltung'' or ''die Gestaltung der Wikipedia''. Less often, it is used incorrectly to mark a plural s ([[Apostrophe#Greengrocers' apostrophes|Greengrocers' apostrophe]]); pluralizing with an apostrophe is correct in [[Dutch language|Dutch]], not in German or English.
: ''Handy's'', ''Dessou's'',
or for adverbial expressions, such as
: ''montag's'' (instead of ''montags'', cf. English [on] Mondays).

The apostrophe is also frequently confused with other characters, with stand-alone [[acute accent|acute]] or [[grave accent]]s being used in its stead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-fau/frontdoor/index/index/docId/782|last=Mann|first=Michael|date=23 January 2009|publisher=[[University of Erlangen–Nuremberg]]|title=Der Apostroph in der Diskussion: Ein Beitrag zur Debatte um ein umstrittenes Zeichen|page=4}}</ref>

Denglisch may combine words according to English rules by writing them in succession. According to the Standard German grammar and spelling rules, that is incorrect.
: ''Reparatur Annahme'' instead of ''Reparaturannahme''
The first spelling, with two separate words, makes no logical or grammatical connection between the words but simply juxtaposes them. The second combines them into one word, an ''Annahme'' (in this case a place where something is received) for ''Reparaturen'' (repairs). That is often called ''Deppenleerstelle'', or ''[[:de:Deppenleerzeichen|Deppenleerzeichen]]'' which means ''idiot's space'', incorrectly separating parts of a compound word.

=== Non-translation ===
Many words are taken over as is from English, with little or no change in spelling even if it doesn't fit the German orthographic system. One German source laments the presence of Denglisch as an "infectious disease" of "raging anglicitis" in the German language, which manifests as a kind of "hybrid communications medium". It gives as examples the words  ''events'', ''economy'', ''performance'', ''entertainment'', or ''electronic cash''{{efn|Instead of already existing German words {{langx|de|label=none|Ereignisse, Wirtschaft, Leistung, Unterhaltung, Zahlung per Chip-Karte}} respectively.}} appearing in German.<ref name="Heuermann-2009">{{cite book |language=de |last=Heuermann |first=Hartmut |title=Mythos, Religion, Ideologie: kultur- und gesellschaftskritische Essays |trans-title=Myth, Religion, Ideology: Cultural and Sociocritical Essays |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ8-SxKWbGwC&pg=PA293 |access-date=20 May 2019 |year=2009 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=Frankfurt |isbn=978-3-631-58821-5 |page=293 |oclc=317701743  |quote=German suffers from a kind of infectious disease, a raging Anglicitis. A mishmash is emerging, a hybrid means of communication, popularly called Denglish. Everywhere you look it's overrunning our native vocabulary.<br />''Das deutsche leidet an einer Art Infektionskrankheit, an gassierender Anglizitis. Eine Mischsprache ist im Entstehen begriffen, ein zwitterhaftes Kommunikationsmittel, populär Denglisch genannt.  Allenthalben überwuchert es unseren einheimischen Wortschatz.''}}</ref>

Some major companies such as [[Deutsche Bank]] now conduct much of their business in English, while several departments of the major German telephone company [[Deutsche Telekom]] were known as "T-Home" (formerly "T-Com"), "T-Mobile", "T-Online", and "T-Systems".

Reinventing titles for English-language films [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] into German was once a common practice so, for example, [[Paul Landres|Paul Landres']] 1958 Western ''Man from God's Country'' became ''Männer, die in Stiefeln sterben'' (i.e. ''Men Who Die with Their Boots On.''), while [[Raoul Walsh|Raoul Walsh']]s 1941 film 
''[[They Died with Their Boots On]]'' became ''Sein letztes Kommando'' (''His Last Command'') or ''Der Held des Westens'' (''The Hero of the West''). Most current American film titles are no longer translated into German, (''[[Ice Age (2002 film)|Ice Age]]'') although they still often receive German appendages like ''[[:DE:Prometheus – Dunkle Zeichen|Prometheus – Dunkle Zeichen]]'' (''Prometheus – Dark Signs'') or include puns not present in the original title, such as ''[[Clerks (1994 film)|Clerks]] – Die Ladenhüter'' for ''Clerks – The Shelf-Warmers''. Menus of many global fast food chains also usually go partly or completely untranslated: "Double Whopper (formally: ''Doppel-Whopper'') mit leckerem Bacon und Cheddar Cheese."

=== Advertising language ===
Advertising agencies in German-speaking countries have such a need for skills in English that they want ads for new employees to contain plain English such as "Join us".<ref>Wetzlarer Neue Zeitung 26 August 2006</ref> [[KFC]] Germany's recruitment slogan is "I Am for Real", and its website shows very heavy use of English coupled with nonstandard German.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iamforreal.de/ |title=KFC iamforreal.de<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=12 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313060338/http://www.iamforreal.de/ |archive-date=13 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

German commercials or, more often, written advertisements are likely to use many English terms:

:''{{lang|de|Mit [[Jamba!]] können Sie Klingeltöne, Logos und Spiele direkt aufs [[mobile phone|Handy]] downloaden.}}''
:''{{lang|de|Wählen Sie aus Tausenden coolen Sounds, aktuellen Games und hippen Logos.}}''

The verb "downloaden" is alleged to have been coined by Microsoft, as there is a native, common German word ("{{lang|de|herunterladen}}").  Microsoft Windows Update uses the phrase "{{lang|de|Downloaden Sie die neuesten Updates}}" ("Download the latest updates") instead of the standard "{{lang|de|Laden Sie die neuesten Aktualisierungen herunter}}".  The latest interface guidelines suggest that the term "{{lang|de|herunterladen}}" should be used again because many users complained.  However, ''Aktualisierungen'' (unlike ''herunterladen'') would not be idiomatic German in this usage or would at least have to be explained as ''Softwareaktualisierungen'' or ''Programmaktualisierungen'', the former involving the new Anglicism "Software".

The use of ("{{lang|de|Handy}}") has its roots in a commercial name, too. It is related to the handheld [[Walkie-talkie]], a commercial name for the two-way radio transceiver to be transported in a bag, later in hands and so called ("{{lang|en|Handie-talkie}}"). A correct translation could be ("{{lang|de|Handsprechfunkgerät}}"). Germans used to cite the word ("{{lang|de|Handy}}") as an example of Denglisch.

Advertising in the field of personal [[hygiene]] tends to use much English:

:''Double Action Waschgel''
:''Vitalisierendes Peeling''
:''Energy Creme Q10''
:''Oil Control Gel Creme''
:''Oil Control Waschgel''
:[brand name] ''Visibly Clear Anti-[[acne vulgaris|Mitesser]] Peeling''
:''Ariel Sproodles''

The same applies to detergents:

:''Color Waschmittel'' instead of ''Buntwaschmittel'' or ''Farbwaschmittel''
:[brand name] ''Megaperls''
:[brand name] ''Oxy-Action''

Larger national and international companies based in Germany also use English to describe their services. The television broadcaster [[ProSieben]] uses the slogan "We love to entertain you" while [[Zurich Financial Services]] advertise with the slogan "Because change happens". The fastest trains run by the German state-owned railway system [[Deutsche Bahn]] (German Rail) are named "[[InterCity|IC]]" and "[[InterCityExpress|ICE]]", abbreviations of "Inter City" and "Inter City Express", while information booths are named ''ServicePoints'', first-class waiting areas are referred to as ''Lounges'',<ref>{{cite web |title=DB Lounge – Die 1. Klasse im Bahnhof |url=http://www.bahn.de/p/view/service/bahnhof/db_lounge.shtml|access-date=29 March 2011}}</ref> and words like ''Kundendienst'' ([[customer service]]) and ''Fahrkarte'' (ticket) are quickly losing out to their respective English counterparts. As an official stance against this rampant use of Denglisch, the Deutsche Bahn in June 2013 issued a directive and glossary of 2200 Anglicisms that should be replaced by their German counterparts.<ref>{{cite news |title=No Denglisch: Willkommen to Linguistic Purity |url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21580180-willkommen-linguistic-purity-no-denglisch|access-date=30 August 2013 | newspaper=The Economist |date=29 June 2013}}</ref>

Sometimes such neologisms also use [[CamelCase]], as in the [[Deutsche Telekom]]'s newest rates called "Fulltime", "Freetime", "Call Plus" and "Call Time" offering additionally such features as "CountrySelect".  Services are offered at certain 'Callshops', using both languages by building a German-style compound, capitalizing it and using two English words in a new context. It has become common for travel agencies to offer "last minute" bookings or manufacturers to adopt "just in time"; perhaps driven by international commerce and economic interests.

The phrase "Test it" is increasingly common as an English phrase idiosyncratic to German, meaning roughly "Try it out". That is thought to have originated with advertising copy for [[West (cigarette)|West cigarettes]], exhorting consumers to "Test The West".

== In popular culture ==
* The popular German ''[[a cappella]]'' group [[Wise Guys (band)|Wise Guys]] produced a song on their ''[[Radio (Wise Guys)|Radio]]'' album called "Denglisch", a tongue-in-cheek look at the use of English words in German language. In the song, the lyrics start out mostly German with only a few English words creeping in: "Oh, Herr, bitte gib mir meine Sprache zurück!" (''O Lord, please give me my language back!''). It progresses to most of the lyrics being English: "O Lord, please gib mir meine Language back". The tune is a parody of ''[[My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean]]''.
* In 1985, the famous German poetic songwriter [[Reinhard Mey]] recorded "Mey English Song" as a parody on the increasingly frequent playing of English songs on the radio, although the fans "only understand 'railway station'" (literal translation of the German idiom "verstehe nur Bahnhof"; "cannot understand a thing"). In the song, he states, his producer told him, "Well, what do we now for record sell?", urging Mey to sing in English.
* In an episode of the web series ''[[Will It Blend?]]'' Tom puts a German-English/English-German CD dictionary into his blender. After he finishes blending the dictionary, he says, "Denglish smoke! Don't breathe this!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.willitblend.com/videos/view/97|title=Germany|author=Blendtec|work=willitblend}}</ref>
* The book ''I like you – und du?'' ({{ISBN|978-3499203237}}) features frequent [[code-switching]] between English and German.
* The songs of Austrian singer [[Falco (musician)|Falco]], while primarily sung in German, would often include lines or choruses sung in English. This casual mixing of languages became a signature of the artist.
* The punk rock band [[Goldfinger (band)|Goldfinger]] from [[Los Angeles]] produced a cover of "[[99 Luftballons]]" by [[Nena (band)|Nena]] for their 2000 album ''[[Stomping Ground]]'' in which the fourth verse is in German.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/p-qfzH0vnOs Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130818063028/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-qfzH0vnOs Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-qfzH0vnOs|title=Goldfinger – 99 Red Balloons|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They also included a "Germish version" of their song Spokesman as a bonus track on their 2002 album ''[[Open Your Eyes (Goldfinger album)|Open Your Eyes]]'', containing a mostly German second verse.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Zhe04X0Fmho Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160411003925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zhe04X0Fmho Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zhe04X0Fmho|title=Goldfinger Spokesman (2nd verse in German)|work=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* The [[American Civil War]] song "I'm Going to Fight Mit Sigel" is sung in English, interspersed with German words, from the point of view of a [[German Americans in the American Civil War|German-American]] soldier fighting under General [[Franz Sigel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/amss.sb20220b/?st=text|title=I'm going to fight mit Sigel. By John F. Poole and sung by H.W. Egan. Air: The girl I left behind me. H. De Marsan, Publisher, 54 Chatham Street, N. Y|website=[[Library of Congress]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* The Austrian composer and singer [[Udo Jürgens]] produced a song "Merry Christmas allerseits" (''Merry Christmas to All'') for his 2003 album ''Es werde Licht - meine Winter- + Weihnachtslieder'' (''Let There be Light - My Winter and Christmas Songs''), containing a mixture of English and German lyrics.  <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmfRcHA2UQE|title=Merry Christmas allerseits. By Wolfgang Hofer and sung by Udo Jürgens. |website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Blinkenlights]]
* [[Béarlachas]]
* [[Danglish]]
* [[Dunglish]]
* [[Engrish]]
* [[False friends]]
* [[Franglais]]
* [[Language transfer]]
* [[List of English words of German origin]]
* [[Lübke English]]
* [[Macaronic language]]
* [[Mixed language]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
'''Notes'''
{{Notelist}}

'''References'''
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |language=German |last=Duckworth |first=David |editor1-last=Best |editor1-first=Werner |editor2-last=Kolb |editor2-first=Werner |editor3-last=Lauffer |editor3-first=Hartmut |title=Zur terminologischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz. Kritische Übersicht, und neue Vorschlag |trans-title=The Terminological Basis of Research in the Field of English-German Interference. Critical Overview, and New Proposal. |url= |page= |location=Tübingen |publisher=[[:de:Max Niemeyer Verlag|Niemeyer]] |date=1977 |isbn=9783484102859 |oclc=185584225 |access-date= |quote=Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial. }}
* {{cite book |last=Onysko |first=Alexander |title=Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbr2txEYSHAC&pg=PA52 |series=Linguistik: Impulse & Tendenzen, 23 |chapter=4 Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms |year=2007 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-019946-8 |pages=52 |oclc=901310392 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sicherl |first1=Eva |last2=Šabec |first2=Nada |last3=Gabrovšek |first3=Dušan |title=The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dc7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14 |series=Razprave Filozofske fakultete. |year=1999 |publisher=Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete |isbn=978-86-7207-114-6 |page=14 |oclc=442412304 |ref={{harvid|Sicherl|1999}} }}

==Further reading==
*"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2013/jun/25/germans-speak-denglish-borrowing-english-words Germans are speaking Denglish – by borrowing words from us]." (Passnotes No 3,401). ''[[The Guardian]]''. 25 June 2013.
* Peter Littger: "The Devil lies in the Detail. Lustiges und Lehrreiches über unsere Lieblingsfremdsprache" Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-46204-703-5}}. https://www.amazon.de/dp/3462047035
*Vasagar, Jeevan. "[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10139103/Deutsche-Bahn-aims-to-roll-back-use-of-English.html Deutsche Bahn aims to roll back use of English]." ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''. 24 June 2013.
*Pidd, Helen. "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/14/german-language-anglicisms-challenge Mind your language: German linguists oppose influx of English words]." ''[[The Guardian]]''. Monday 14 March 2011.

== External links ==
* [http://www.messybeast.com/dragonqueen/HGVhumour.html Denglisch used for truck-driver humour]
* [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1395083,00.html Opinion: Desperately Ditching Denglish], a November 2004 article from the [[Deutsche Welle]] website
* [http://www.wordspy.com/words/Denglish.asp Denglish definition and citation], from a February 2001 article on a "lexpionage" ([[lexicon|lexical]] espionage) website
* [http://www.gayle-tufts.de Gayle Tufts], a Berlin-based American performer whose comedy is often based on Denglish.
* [http://www.languagehat.com/archives/001686.php Denglish], at Languagehat.com
* [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/meinung/die-deutschen-und-ihr-englisch-the-devil-lies-in-the-detail/11622894.html Die Deutschen und ihr Englisch. The devil lies in the detail], an April 2015 article from the [[Der Tagesspiegel]] website
* [http://www.manager-magazin.de/thema/der_denglische_patient/ Der DEnglische Patient – A column by Peter Littger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025100038/http://www.manager-magazin.de/thema/der_denglische_patient/ |date=25 October 2016 }} (Manager Magazin, 2016)

{{Internet slang variants}}
{{interlanguage varieties}}

[[Category:Macaronic forms of English]]
[[Category:German language]]