Editing Dental and alveolar ejective stops

{{Short description|Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨tʼ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2014}}
{{infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=tʼ
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0074+0x02BC.svg
|imagesize=150px
|decimal1=116|decimal2=357
|x-sampa=t_&gt;
|kirshenbaum=t`
}}
{{infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=t̪ʼ
|decimal1=116|decimal2=810|decimal3=357
|x-sampa=t_d_>
}}
The '''alveolar''' and '''dental ejective stops''' are types of [[consonant]]al sounds, usually described as voiceless, that are pronounced with a [[Airstream mechanism#Glottalic initiation|glottalic egressive airstream]]. In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨'''ʼ'''⟩,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart|title=The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart {{!}} International Phonetic Association|website=www.internationalphoneticassociation.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref> as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in [[Armenian language|Armenian]] linguistics ⟨p‘ t‘ k‘⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions, the apostrophe represents [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]: ⟨pʼ⟩ = IPA ⟨pʲ⟩. In some [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist traditions]], an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨k̓ , k!⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨kʼ, kʼʼ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection.

In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In [[Hausa language|Hausa]], the hooked letter [[ƙ]] is used for /kʼ/. In [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: ''p t k ts tsh kr'' for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/. In some conventions for [[Haida language|Haida]] and [[Hadza language|Hadza]], double letters are used: ''tt kk qq ttl tts'' for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and ''zz jj dl gg'' for /tsʼ tʃʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza).

In [[Oromo language|Oromo]] /tʼ/ is written as ⟨x⟩.

==Features==
Features of the alveolar ejective:

{{plosive}}
* There are four specific variants of {{IPA|[tʼ]}}:
** [[Dental consonant|Dental]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper [[teeth]], termed respectively ''[[apical consonant|apical]]'' and ''[[laminal consonant|laminal]]''.
** [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]], which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the [[alveolar ridge]], and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
** [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''.
** [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''.
{{voiceless short}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{ejective}}

==Occurrence==

===Dental or denti-alveolar===
{| class="wikitable"
! Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]{{sfnp|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=27}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[t̪ʼat̪t̪a]}} || 'hair' || Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar ejective.{{sfnp|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=27–28}}
|-
|[[Trumai language|Trumai]]
| colspan="3" |{{Example needed|date=April 2025}}
|Contrasts with alveolar ejective.
|}

===Alveolar===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|я'''тӀ'''э]]}} / i͡atḣė / {{lang|kbd-Arab|یا'''ط'''ە}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Yata.ogg|[jaːtʼa]}}|| 'dirt'||
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || {{lang|am|ጥጃ}}/ṭəǧǧa/t'ejah/tehǧa ||{{IPA|[tʼɨd͡ʒːa]}}|| 'calf' ||
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
| Yerevan dialect<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|pp=17–18}}</ref>
| [[Armenian alphabet|'''տ'''ասը]]/t'asë
|align=center| {{IPA|[ˈtʼɑsə]}}
| 'ten'
| Corresponds to tenuis {{IPA|[t⁼]}} in other [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]] dialects
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''тӏ'''ай]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''th'''ay}} / {{lang|ce-Arab|'''ط'''ای}} || {{IPA|[tʼəj]}} || 'bridge' || 
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]]{{sfnp|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|p=27}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[t̺ʼirimalle]}} || 'spider' || Apical, contrasts with laminal denti-alveolar ejective.{{sfnp|Maddieson|Spajić|Sands|Ladefoged|1993|pp=27–28}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ganza language|Ganza]]<ref name="Smolders-2016">
{{cite journal
| last = Smolders
| first  = Joshua
| date = 2016
| title = A Phonology of Ganza 
| url = http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/document/1070 
| format = pdf
| journal = Linguistic Discovery
| volume = 14 
| issue      = 1
| pages      = 86–144
| doi        = 10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.470
| access-date = 2017-01-16
| doi-access = free
}}</ref>{{rp|95}} || colspan="2" align="center" |  {{IPA|[tʼóɗó]}} || 'black' ||
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|ტიტა]]}}/t'it'a ||{{IPA|[ˈtʼitʼä]}}|| 'tulip'||
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Haida language|Haida]] || {{lang|hai|qqay'''tt'''as}} || {{IPA|[qʼajtʼas]}} || 'basket' || 
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''тӀ'''ы]]}} / {{lang|kbd-Latn|'''ţ'''ə}} / {{lang|kbd-Arab|'''ط'''ە}} ||{{Audio-IPA|тӏы.ogg|[tʼə]}}|| 'ram' ||
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Kawésqar language|Kawésqar]] || {{lang|alc|'''t'<nowiki/>'''ǽrkse}} || {{IPA|[tʼǽɾkse]}}|| 'spicy'||
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Khwarshi language|Khwarshi]] || {{lang|khv-Cyrl|'''тӀ'''ая}}/t'aja ||{{IPA|[tʼaja]}}|| 'to drop' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Lushootseed]]
|'''''t̕'''əb'''t̕'''əb''
|{{IPA|[tʼəb.tʼəb]}}
|'winter wren'
|
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || {{lang|xmf|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ტ'''ყები]]}}/t'q'ɛbi ||{{IPA|[ˈtʼqʼɛbi]}}|| 'leather'||
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Navajo language|Navajo]] || {{lang|nv|yáʼá'''tʼ'''ééh}} ||{{IPA|[jáʔátʼɛ́ːh]}} or {{IPA|[jáʔátʼéːh]}}|| 'greetings' or 'hello' || literally 'it is good'<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_h0tbtlZx0A|date=December 30, 2019|title=What does "Yá'át'ééh" mean? (Navajo Greeting)|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=September 21, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]] || {{lang|nez|'''tʼ'''eyíi'''tʼ'''eyii}} || {{IPA|[tʼæˈjiːtʼæjiː]}} || 'flat'
|
|-
|[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]
|[[Iron Ossetian|Iron]]
|{{lang|os|с'''тъ'''алы}}/sthaly
|{{IPA|[ˈstʼäɫɪ̈]}}
|'star'
|
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Quechua language|Quechua]] || {{lang|qu|'''tʼ'''anta}} || {{IPA|[tʼæntæ]}} || 'bread' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Svan language|Svan]] || [[Georgian alphabet|'''ტ'''ჷნ]]/tʼən ||{{IPA|[tʼən]}}|| 'body'||
|}

==See also==
* [[List of phonetic topics]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Dum-Tragut
|first=Jasmine
|year=2009
|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian
|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company
|place=Amsterdam
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Maddieson
|first1=Ian
|authorlink1=Ian Maddieson
|last2=Spajić
|first2=Siniša
|last3=Sands
|first3=Bonny
|last4=Ladefoged
|first4=Peter
|authorlink4=Peter Ladefoged
|year=1993
|chapter=Phonetic structures of Dahalo
|editor-last=Maddieson
|editor-first=Ian
|title=UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages
|volume=84
|pages=25–65
|publication-place=Los Angeles
|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group
|chapter-url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|tʼ}}
* {{phoible|t̪ʼ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alveolar Ejective}}
[[Category:Alveolar consonants]]
[[Category:Ejectives]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]