Editing Dentition

{{Short description|Development and arrangement of teeth}}
[[File:Upper Jaw Dentition.jpeg|thumb|335px|Cast of a human upper jaw showing [[incisor]]s, [[Canine tooth|canines]], [[premolar]]s, and two of the three possible sets of [[Molar (tooth)|molars]].]]

'''Dentition''' pertains to the [[Animal tooth development|development of teeth]] and their arrangement in the [[mouth]]. In particular, it is the characteristic arrangement, kind, and number of teeth in a given species at a given age.<ref name="ShorterOEDp646"/> That is, the number, type, and morpho-physiology (that is, the relationship between the shape and form of the tooth in question and its inferred function) of the teeth of an animal.<ref name=Martin1983p103/>

==Terminology==
Animals whose teeth are all of the same type, such as most non-mammalian vertebrates, are said to have ''[[Heterodont|homodont]]'' dentition, whereas those whose teeth differ morphologically are said to have ''[[heterodont]]'' dentition. The dentition of animals with two successions of teeth ([[Deciduous teeth|deciduous]], [[Permanent teeth|permanent]]) is referred to as ''[[diphyodont]]'', while the dentition of animals with only one set of teeth throughout life is ''monophyodont''. The dentition of animals in which the teeth are continuously discarded and replaced throughout life is termed ''[[polyphyodont]]''.<ref name=Martin1983p103/> The dentition of animals in which the teeth are set in sockets in the jawbones is termed [[Thecodontia|''thecodont'']].

==Overview==
The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate dentition remains contentious. Current theories suggest either an "outside-in" or "inside-out" evolutionary origin to teeth, with the dentition arising from [[odontode]]s on the skin surface moving into the mouth, or vice versa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=G. J. |display-authors=etal |year=2010 |title=The odontode explosion: The origin of tooth-like structures in vertebrates |journal=BioEssays |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=808–817 |doi=10.1002/bies.200900151|pmid=20730948 |pmc=3034446 }}</ref> Despite this debate, it is accepted that vertebrate teeth are homologous to the dermal denticles found on the skin of basal Gnathostomes (i.e. Chondrichtyans).<ref>Martin et al. (2016) Sox2+ progenitors in sharks link taste development with the evolution of regenerative teeth from denticles, PNAS</ref> Since the origin of teeth some 450 mya, the vertebrate dentition has diversified within the [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, and [[fish]]: however most of these groups continue to possess a long row of pointed or sharp-sided, undifferentiated teeth (''homodont'') that are completely replaceable. The mammalian pattern is significantly different. The teeth in the upper and lower jaws in mammals have evolved a close-fitting relationship such that they operate together as a unit. "They 'occlude', that is, the chewing surfaces of the teeth are so constructed that the upper and lower teeth are able to fit precisely together, cutting, crushing, grinding or tearing the food caught between."<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985pp130-131"/>

[[Mammal]]s have up to four distinct types of teeth, though not all types are present in all mammals. These are the [[incisor]] (''cutting''), the [[canine tooth|canine]], the [[premolar]], and the [[molar (tooth)|molar]] (''grinding''). The incisors occupy the front of the tooth row in both upper and lower jaws. They are normally flat, chisel-shaped teeth that meet in an edge-to-edge bite. Their function is cutting, slicing, or gnawing food into manageable pieces that fit into the mouth for further chewing. The canines are immediately behind the incisors. In many mammals, the canines are pointed, tusk-shaped teeth, projecting beyond the level of the other teeth. In carnivores, they are primarily offensive weapons for bringing down prey. In other mammals such as some primates, they are used to split open hard-surfaced food. In humans, the canine teeth are the main components in occlusal function and articulation. The mandibular teeth function against the maxillary teeth in a particular movement that is harmonious to the shape of the occluding surfaces. This creates the incising and grinding functions. The teeth must mesh together the way gears mesh in a transmission. If the interdigitation of the opposing cusps and incisal edges are not directed properly the teeth will wear abnormally (attrition), break away irregular crystalline enamel structures from the surface (abrasion), or fracture larger pieces (abfraction). This is a three-dimensional movement of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. There are three points of guidance: the two posterior points provided by the temporomandibular joints and the anterior component provided by the incisors and canines. The incisors mostly control the vertical opening of the chewing cycle when the muscles of mastication move the jaw forwards and backwards (protrusion/retrusion). The canines come into function guiding the vertical movement when the chewing is side to side (lateral). The canines alone can cause the other teeth to separate at the extreme end of the cycle (cuspid guided function) or all the posterior teeth can continue to stay in contact (group function). The entire range of this movement is the envelope of masticatory function. The initial movement inside this envelope is directed by the shape of the teeth in contact and the Glenoid Fossa/Condyle shape. The outer extremities of this envelope are limited by muscles, ligaments and the articular disc of the TMJ. Without the guidance of anterior incisors and canines, this envelope of function can be destructive to the remaining teeth resulting in periodontal trauma from occlusion seen as wear, fracture or tooth loosening and loss. The premolars and molars are at the back of the mouth. Depending on the particular mammal and its diet, these two kinds of teeth prepare pieces of food to be swallowed by grinding, shearing, or crushing. The specialised teeth—incisors, canines, premolars, and molars—are found in the same order in every mammal.<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985p132-135"/> In many mammals, the infants have a set of teeth that fall out and are replaced by [[adult teeth]]. These are called [[deciduous teeth]], primary teeth, baby teeth or milk teeth.<ref name=Swindler2002/><ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp135"/> Animals that have two sets of teeth, one followed by the other, are said to be diphyodont. Normally the dental formula for milk teeth is the same as for adult teeth except that the molars are missing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2018 |title=What Is a Diphyodont? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-diphyodont.html |url-status=live |website=Worldatlas}}</ref>

==Dental formula==
Because every mammal's teeth are specialised for different functions, many mammal groups have lost the teeth that are not needed in their adaptation. Tooth form has also undergone evolutionary modification as a result of natural selection for specialised feeding or other adaptations. Over time, different mammal groups have evolved distinct dental features, both in the number and type of teeth and in the shape and size of the chewing surface.<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985p134"/>

The number of teeth of each type is written as a dental formula for one side of the mouth, or [[Circular sector|quadrant]], with the upper and lower teeth shown on separate rows. The number of teeth in a mouth is twice that listed, as there are two sides. In each set, incisors (I) are indicated first, canines (C) second, premolars (P) third, and finally molars (M), giving I:C:P:M.<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985p134"/><ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalFormula"/> So for example, the formula 2.1.2.3 for upper teeth indicates 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on one side of the upper mouth. The deciduous dental formula is notated in lowercase lettering preceded by the letter d: for example: di:dc:dp.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalFormula"/>

An animal's dentition for either deciduous or permanent teeth can thus be expressed as a dental formula, written in the form of a fraction, which can be written as {{DentalFormula|upper=I.C.P.M|lower=I.C.P.M}}, or I.C.P.M / I.C.P.M.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalFormula"/><ref name=Martin1983p102/> For example, the following formulae show the deciduous and usual permanent dentition of all [[Catarrhini|catarrhine primate]]s, including humans:

#Deciduous: <math>(di^2\text{-}dc^1\text{-}dm^2) / (di_2\text{-}dc_1\text{-}dm_2) \times 2 =20.</math><ref name=Swindler2002/> This can also be written as {{DentalFormula|upper=di2.dc1.dm2|lower=di2.dc1.dm2}}. Superscript and subscript denote upper and lower jaw, i.e. do not indicate mathematical operations; the numbers are the count of the teeth of each type. The dashes (-) in the formula are likewise not mathematical operators, but spacers, meaning "to": for instance the human formula is {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.2-3|lower=2.1.2.2-3}} meaning that people may have 2 or 3 molars on each side of each jaw. 'd' denotes deciduous teeth (i.e. milk or baby teeth); lower case also indicates temporary teeth. Another annotation is {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.0.2|lower=2.1.0.2}}, ''if'' the fact that it pertains to deciduous teeth is clearly stated, per examples found in some texts such as ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution.''<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalFormula"/>
#Permanent: <math>(I^2\text{-}C^1\text{-}P^2\text{-}M^3) / (I_2\text{-}C_1\text{-}P_2\text{-}M_3) \times 2 =32.</math><ref name=Swindler2002/> This can also be written as {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=2.1.2.3}}. When the upper and lower dental formulae are the same, some texts write the formula without a fraction (in this case, 2.1.2.3), on the implicit assumption that the reader will realise it must apply to both upper and lower quadrants. This is seen, for example, throughout ''The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution''.

The greatest number of teeth in any known [[placental]] land mammal{{specify|reason=which one?|date=January 2020}} was 48, with a formula of {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.5.3|lower=3.1.5.3}}.<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985p134"/> However, no living placental mammal has this number. In extant placental mammals, the maximum dental formula is {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.3|lower=3.1.4.3}} for pigs. Mammalian tooth counts are usually identical in the upper and lower jaws, but not always. For example, the [[aye-aye]] has a formula of {{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.1.3|lower=1.0.0.3}}, demonstrating the need for both upper and lower quadrant counts.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalFormula"/>

===Tooth naming discrepancies===
Teeth are numbered starting at 1 in each group. Thus the [[human]] teeth are I1, I2, C1, P3, P4, M1, M2, and M3.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalEruption"/> (See next paragraph for premolar naming etymology.) In humans, the third molar is known as the [[wisdom tooth]], whether or not it has erupted.<ref name=Harris1988p34/>

Regarding premolars, there is disagreement regarding whether the third type of deciduous tooth is a premolar (the general consensus among mammalogists) or a molar (commonly held among human anatomists).<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp135"/> There is thus some discrepancy between nomenclature in zoology and in dentistry. This is because the terms of human dentistry, which have generally prevailed over time, have not included mammalian dental evolutionary theory. There were originally four premolars in each quadrant of early mammalian jaws. However, all living primates have lost at least the first premolar. "Hence most of the [[prosimian]]s and [[platyrrhine]]s have three premolars. Some genera have also lost more than one. A second premolar has been lost in all catarrhines. The remaining permanent premolars are then properly identified as P2, P3 and P4 or P3 and P4; however, traditional dentistry refers to them as P1 and P2".<ref name=Swindler2002/>

===Dental eruption sequence===
The order in which teeth emerge through the gums is known as the '''dental eruption sequence'''. Rapidly developing anthropoid primates such as [[macaque]]s, [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s, and [[australopithecine]]s have an eruption sequence of M1 I1 I2 M2 P3 P4 C M3, whereas [[anatomically modern humans]] have the sequence M1 I1 I2 C P3 P4 M2 M3. The later that tooth emergence begins, the earlier the anterior teeth (I1–P4) appear in the sequence.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalEruption"/>

==Dental formulae examples==
<!-- Table -->
{|class="wikitable"
|+ '''Some examples of mammalian dental formulae'''<ref name=notea/>
!Species
!Dental formula
!Comment
|-
!colspan="2" scope="row"| '''Non placental''' || Non-placental mammals such as [[marsupial]]s  (e.g., opossums) can have more teeth than placentals.
|-
|[[Bilby]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=5.1.3.4|lower=3.1.3.4}}<ref name=FaunaofAustralia>{{cite web |url=https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/a117ced5-9a94-4586-afdb-1f333618e1e3/files/25-ind.pdf |last=Johnson |first=Ken A. |date=n.d.|access-date=2021-05-15 |title="Fauna of Australia" |website=Fauna of Australia Volume 1b - Mammalia |quote="Fauna of Australia Volume 1b - Mammalia" }}</ref> ||<br />
|-
| [[Kangaroo]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.2.4|lower=1.0.2.4}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/K/KAN/kangaroo.html|title=Kangaroo|website=www.1902encyclopedia.com|access-date=28 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704235746/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/K/KAN/kangaroo.html|archive-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> ||<br />
|-
| [[Musky rat-kangaroo]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.1.4|lower=2.0.1.4}}<ref name="Bettongs, potoroos and the musky rat-kangaroo">{{Citation|author=Andrew W. Claridge |author2=John H. Seebeck |author3=Randy Rose|title=Bettongs, Potoroos and the Musky Rat-kangaroo|year=2007|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-09341-6}}</ref> ||<br />
|-
| Rest of [[Potoroidae]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.1.4|lower=1.0.1.4}}<ref name="Bettongs, potoroos and the musky rat-kangaroo"/>||The marsupial family Potoroidae includes the [[bettongs]], [[potoroos]], and two of the [[Rat-Kangaroo|rat-kangaroos]]. All are rabbit-sized, brown, jumping marsupials and resemble a large rodent or a very small wallaby.<br />
|-
|[[Tasmanian devil]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=4.1.2.4|lower=3.1.2.4}} <ref name="University Of Edinburgh Natural History Collection">{{citation | title=University Of Edinburgh Natural History Collection | url=http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=24.134.165.255.261 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301043029/http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=24.134.165.255.261 | archive-date=2012-03-01 }}</ref>||<br />
|-
| [[Opossum]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=5.1.3.4|lower=4.1.3.4}} <ref name=WWT>{{citation | title=Dental formulae of mammal skulls of North America | url=http://www.wildwoodtracking.com/skulls/dentalformulae.html | publisher=Wildwood Tracking | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414085135/http://www.wildwoodtracking.com/skulls/dentalformulae.html | archive-date=2011-04-14 }}</ref>||<br />
|-
!colspan="2" scope="row"| '''Placental'''||Some examples of dental formulae for [[placental mammals]].
|-
|[[Ape|Apes]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=2.1.2.3}} || All [[ape]]s (excluding 20–23% of [[human]]s) and [[Old World monkey]]s share this formula, sometimes known as the ''cercopithecoid dental formula''.<ref name="Harris1988p34" />
|-
|[[Armadillo]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=0.0.7.1|lower=0.0.7.1}}<ref name="Freeman&Genoways"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Aye-aye]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.1.3|lower=1.0.0.3}}<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolAye-aye"/>||A [[prosimian]]. The aye-aye's deciduous dental formula (dI:dC:dM) is {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2|lower=2.1.2}}.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalFormula"/>
|-
|[[Badger]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.1|lower=3.1.3.2}}<ref name=Chunnie>{{cite web|title=The Skulls|url=http://www.geocities.ws/chunniemonster/adultsandbabies.html|work=Chunnie's British Mammal Skulls|access-date=15 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008214845/http://www.geocities.ws/chunniemonster/adultsandbabies.html|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref> ||<br />
|-
|[[Big brown bat]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.1.3|lower=3.1.2.3}}<ref name="WWT"/> ||<br />
|-
|[[Eastern red bat|Red bat]], [[hoary bat]], [[Seminole bat]], [[Mexican free-tailed bat]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=1.1.2.3|lower=3.1.2.3}}<ref name="WWT"/> ||<br />
|-
|[[Camel]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=1.1.3.3|lower=3.1.2.3}}<ref name=VeterianKeyCamelidae>{{cite web |url=https://veteriankey.com/camelidae/#:~:text=The%20dental%20formula%20for%20both,(M)%203%2F3.&text=The%20canine%20teeth%20of%20the,other%20male%20llamas%20and%20humans. |last=Bravo |first=P. Walter |date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2021-05-15 |title=Camelidae |website=veteriankey.com|quote="The dental formula for both Bactrian and dromedary camels is incisors (I) 1/3, canines (C) 1/1, premolars (P) 3/2, molars (M) 3/3." }}</ref>||<br />
|-
|[[Cat]] (deciduous)||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.0|lower=3.1.2.0}}<ref name="provet"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Cat]] (permanent)|| {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.1|lower=3.1.2.1}}<ref name=Martin1983p102/> || The last upper premolar and first lower molar of the cat, since it is a [[Carnivora|carnivore]], are called [[carnassial]]s and are used to slice meat and skin.
|-
|[[Cow]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=0.0.3.3|lower=3.1.3.3}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ofo/tsc/bse_information.htm |title=Using Dentition to Age Cattle |access-date=2008-09-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916182105/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ofo/tsc/bse_information.htm |archive-date=2008-09-16 |website=fsis.usda.gov }}</ref>|| The cow has no upper incisors or canines, the rostral portion of the upper jaw forming a dental pad. The lower canine is incisiform, giving the appearance of a 4th incisor.<br />
|-
|[[Dog]] (deciduous)||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.0|lower=3.1.3.0}}<ref name="provet">{{cite web|url=http://www.provet.co.uk/health/diagnostics/dentalformulae.htm|title=Dental formulae |website=www.provet.co.uk|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>||<br />
|-
|[[Dog]] (permanent)||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Eared Seal]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.1-3|lower=2.1.4.1}}<ref name=Otariidae>{{cite web |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Otariidae/ |last=Myers |first=Phil |date=2000|access-date=2021-05-15 |title="Otariidae" |website=Animal Diversity Web |quote="The dental formula is 3/2, 1/1, 4/4, 1-3/1 = 34-38." }}</ref>||<br />
|-
|''[[Eulemur]]''||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.3|lower=3.1.3.3}} ||Prosimian genus to which the large Malagasy or [[True lemur|'true' lemurs]] belong.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp177"/> [[Ruffed lemur]]s (genus ''Varecia''),<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp550"/> [[dwarf lemur]]s (genus ''Mirza''),<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp340"/> and [[mouse lemur]]s (genus ''Microcebus'') also have this dental formula, but the mouse lemurs have a [[Toothcomb|dental comb]].<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp335"/>
|-
|''Euoticus''|| {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3}} ||Prosimian genus to which the [[Needle-clawed bushbaby|needle-clawed bushbabies]] (or [[galago]]s) belong. Specialised morphology for gummivory includes procumbent dental comb and caniniform upper anterior premolars.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp177"/>
|-
|[[Fox]] (red)||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Guinea pig]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.1.3|lower=1.0.1.3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/docs/fact-sheets/TheGuineaPig_6Arch.pdf|title=The Guinea Pig (''Cavia porcellus'')|first=Denise|last=Noonan|website=ANZCCART|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804182551/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART/docs/fact-sheets/TheGuineaPig_6Arch.pdf|archive-date=2016-08-04}}</ref>||<br />
|-
|[[Hedgehog]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.3|lower=2.1.2.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Horse]] (deciduous)||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.0.3.0|lower=3.0.3.0}}<ref name=Pence2002/><ref name=Cirelli/>||<br />
|-
|[[Horse]] (permanent)|| {{DentalFormula|upper=3.0-1.3-4.3|lower=3.0-1.3.3}} ||Permanent dentition varies from 36 to 42, depending on the presence or absence of canines and the number of premolars.<ref name=UltimateUnqulate/> The first premolar ([[wolf tooth]]) may be absent or rudimentary,<ref name=Pence2002/><ref name=Cirelli/> and is mostly present only in the upper (maxillary) jaw.<ref name=Cirelli/> The canines are small and spade-shaped, and usually present only in males.<ref name=UltimateUnqulate/> Canines appear in 20–25% of females and are usually smaller than in males.<ref name=Cirelli/><ref name=noteb/>
|-
| Human ([[deciduous teeth]]) || See comment || Either {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.0|lower=2.1.2.0}} or {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.0.2|lower=2.1.0.2}}. Human anatomists and mammal anatomists differ on whether the two anterior deciduous teeth are premolars (mammalogists) or molars (human anatomists)<br />
|-
| Human ([[permanent teeth]]) || {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.2-3|lower=2.1.2.2-3}} ||[[Wisdom tooth|Wisdom teeth]] are congenitally absent in 20–23% of the human population; the proportion of agenesis of wisdom teeth varies considerably among human populations, ranging from a near 0% incidence rate among [[Aboriginal Tasmanians]] to near 100% among [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous Mexicans]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11220165 |year=1999 |last1=Rozkovcová |first1=E. |last2=Marková |first2=M. |last3=Dolejší |first3=J. |title=Studies on agenesis of third molars amongst populations of different origin |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=71–84 |journal=Sborník Lékařský}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indri]]||See comment||A prosimian. Dental formula disputed. Either {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=2.0.2.3}} or {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=1.1.2.3}}. Proponents of both formulae agree there are 30 teeth and that there are only four teeth in the dental comb.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp267"/>
|-
|[[Sportive lemur|Lepilemur]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=0.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3}}||A prosimian. The upper incisors are lost in the adult, but are present in the deciduous dentition.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp300"/>
|-
|[[Lion]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.1|lower=3.1.2.1}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/chunniemonster/dental_formula.html|title=Dental Formula|website=www.geocities.ws|access-date=28 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228224107/http://www.geocities.ws/chunniemonster/dental_formula.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> ||<br />
|-
|[[Mole (animal)|Mole]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.3|lower=3.1.4.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Mouse]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.0.3|lower=1.0.0.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||[[Plains pocket mouse]] (''Perognathus flavescens'') have dental formula of {{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.1.3|lower=1.0.1.3}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/perflave.htm|title=Plains Pocket Mouse (Perognathus flavescens)|website=www.nsrl.ttu.edu|access-date=28 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007075006/http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/perflave.htm|archive-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[New World monkey]]s ||See comment||All New World monkeys have a dentition formula of {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3}} or {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.2|lower=2.1.3.2}}.<ref name=Harris1988p34/>
|-
|[[Pantodonta]]
|{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.3|lower=3.1.4.3}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Kenneth David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bs0D5ix4VAC |title=The Beginning of the Age of Mammals |date=2006 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8472-6 |pages=94–118 |chapter=Cimolesta}}</ref>
|Extinct suborder of early [[Eutheria|eutherians]].
|-
|[[Pig]] (deciduous)||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.0|lower=3.1.4.0}}<ref name="provet"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Pig]] (permanent)||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.3|lower=3.1.4.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Rabbit]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=2.0.3.3|lower=1.0.2.3}}<ref name=Martin1983p102/> ||<br />
|-
|[[Raccoon]] || {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.2}} ||<br />
|-
|[[Rat]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.0.3|lower=1.0.0.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Sheep]] (deciduous)||{{DentalFormula|upper=0.0.3.0|lower=4.0.3.0}}<ref name="provet"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Sheep]] (permanent)||{{DentalFormula|upper=0.0.3.3|lower=3.1.3.3}}<ref name="WWT"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Shrew]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.3|lower=3.1.3.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||
|-
|[[Sifaka]]s||See comment||Prosimians. Dental formula disputed. Either {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=2.0.2.3}} or {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.2.3|lower=1.1.2.3}}. Possess dental comb comprising four teeth.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp438"/>
|-
|[[Slender loris]]<br />[[Slow loris]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3}}||Prosimians. Lower incisors and canines form a dental comb; upper anterior dentition is peg-like and short.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp309"/><ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp371"/>
|-
|[[Squirrel]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.2.3|lower=1.0.1.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Tarsier]]s||{{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=1.1.3.3}}||Prosimians.<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp520"/>
|-
|[[Tiger]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.1|lower=3.1.2.1}}<ref name="Emily&Eisnerp319"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Vole]] (field)||{{DentalFormula|upper=1.0.0.3|lower=1.0.0.3}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|-
|[[Weasel]]||{{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.1|lower=3.1.3.2}}<ref name="Chunnie"/>||<br />
|}
<!-- End of table -->

==Dentition use in archaeology==
Dentition, or the study of teeth, is an important area of study for archaeologists, especially those specializing in the study of older remains.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Towle|first1=Ian|last2=Irish|first2=Joel D.|last3=Groote|first3=Isabelle De|date=2017|title=Behavioral inferences from the high levels of dental chipping in Homo naledi|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=164|issue=1|pages=184–192|doi=10.1002/ajpa.23250|pmid=28542710|s2cid=24296825 |issn=1096-8644|url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/6367/3/Towle%20et%20al%20Homo%20naledi%20chipping%20%282%29.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Weiss&Mann1985p130-135"/><ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolArchaeology"/> Dentition affords many advantages over studying the rest of the skeleton itself ([[osteometry]]). The structure and arrangement of teeth is constant and, although it is inherited, does not undergo extensive change during environmental change, dietary specializations, or alterations in use patterns. The rest of the skeleton is much more likely to exhibit change because of adaptation. Teeth also preserve better than bone, and so the sample of teeth available to archaeologists is much more extensive and therefore more representative.

Dentition is particularly useful in tracking ancient populations' movements, because there are differences in the shapes of incisors, the number of grooves on molars, presence/absence of wisdom teeth, and extra cusps on particular teeth. These differences can not only be associated with different populations across space, but also change over time so that the study of the characteristics of teeth could say which population one is dealing with, and at what point in that population's history they are.

==Dinosaurs==
A dinosaur's dentition included all the teeth in its jawbones, which consist of the [[dentary]], [[maxilla]]ry, and in some cases the [[premaxilla]]ry bones. The maxilla is the main bone of the upper jaw. The premaxilla is a smaller bone forming the anterior of the animal's upper jaw. The dentary is the main bone that forms the lower jaw (mandible). The predentary is a smaller bone that forms the anterior end of the lower jaw in ornithischian dinosaurs; it is always edentulous and supported a horny beak.

Unlike modern lizards, [[dinosaur]] teeth grew individually in the sockets of the jawbones, which are known as the [[Dental alveolus|dental alveoli]]. This [[thecodont]] dentition is also present in [[crocodilian]]s and [[mammal]]s, but is not found among the non-[[archosaur]] reptiles, which instead have [[acrodont]] or [[pleurodont]] dentition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/teeth/tooth_implantation.html|access-date=30 November 2022|website=Palaeos: Life through Deep Time|title=Palaeos Vertebrates > Bones > Teeth: Tooth Implantation}}</ref> Teeth that were lost were replaced by teeth below the roots in each tooth socket. Occlusion refers to the closing of the dinosaur's mouth, where the teeth from the upper and lower parts of the jaw meet. If the occlusion causes teeth from the maxillary or premaxillary bones to cover the teeth of the dentary and predentary, the dinosaur is said to have an overbite, the most common condition in this group. The opposite condition is considered to be an underbite, which is rare in [[theropod]] dinosaurs.

The majority of dinosaurs had teeth that were similarly shaped throughout their jaws but varied in size. Dinosaur tooth shapes included cylindrical, peg-like, teardrop-shaped, leaf-like, diamond-shaped and blade-like. A dinosaur that has a variety of tooth shapes is said to have heterodont dentition. An example of this are dinosaurs of the group [[Heterodontosauridae]] and the enigmatic early dinosaur, ''[[Eoraptor]]''. While most dinosaurs had a single row of teeth on each side of their jaws, others had dental batteries where teeth in the cheek region were fused together to form compound teeth. Individually these teeth were not suitable for grinding food, but when joined together with other teeth they would form a large surface area for the mechanical digestion of tough plant materials. This type of dental strategy is observed in ornithopod and ceratopsian dinosaurs as well as the duck-billed [[hadrosaurs]], which had more than one hundred teeth in each [[dental battery]]. The teeth of carnivorous dinosaurs, called ziphodont, were typically blade-like or cone-shaped, curved, with serrated edges. This dentition was adapted for grasping and cutting through flesh. In some cases, as observed in the railroad-spike-sized teeth of ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'', the teeth were designed to puncture and crush bone. Some dinosaurs had procumbent teeth, which projected forward in the mouth.<ref>Martin, A. J. (2006). ''Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs''. Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. 560 pp. {{ISBN|1-4051-3413-5}}.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Medicine}}
* [[Deciduous teeth]]
* [[Dental notation]]
* [[Dentistry]]
* [[Dentition analysis]]
* [[Odontometrics]]
* [[Permanent teeth]]
* [[Phalangeal formula]]
* [[Teething]]
* [[Tooth eruption]]

===Dentition discussions in other articles===
Some articles have helpful discussions on dentition, which will be listed as identified.
* [[African_bush_elephant#Dentition|African bush elephant]]
* [[Canidae#Dentition|Canidae]]
** [[Red fox#Dentition|Red fox]]
* [[Lemur#Dentition|Lemur]]
* [[Manatee#Dentition|Manatee]]
* [[Ungulate#Teeth|Ungulate]]

== Citations ==

{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=notea>Unless otherwise stated, the formulae can be assumed to be for adult, or permanent dentition.</ref>

<ref name=noteb>Regarding horse dentition, {{harvtxt|Pence|2002|p=7}} gives erroneous upper and lower figures of 40 to 44 for the dental range. It is not possible to arrive at this range from the figures she provides. The figures from {{harvnb|Cirelli}} and {{harvnb|Ultimate Ungulates}} are more reliable, although there is a self-evident error for Cirelli's calculation of the upper female range of 40, which is not possible from the figures he provides. One can only arrive at an upper figure of 38 without canines, which for females Cirelli shows as 0/0. It appears canines do sometimes appear in females, hence the sentence in {{harvnb|Ultimate Ungulates}} that canines are "usually present only in males". However, Pence's and Cirelli's references are clearly otherwise useful, hence the inclusion, but with the caveat of this footnote.</ref>

<ref name=Harris1988p34>{{citation |year=1988 |author=Marvin Harris |title=Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology |edition=5th |place=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-042697-2|author-link=Marvin Harris }}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolArchaeology">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005}}. The utility of dental formulae in species identification is indicated throughout this dictionary. Dental formulae are noted for many species, both extant and extinct, and where unknown (in some extinct species) this is noted.</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolAye-aye">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|pp=134,139}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalEruption">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=139}}. See section on dental eruption sequence, where numbering used is per this text.</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolDentalFormula">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=139}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp135">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=135}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp177">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=177}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp267">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=267}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp300">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=300}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp309">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=309}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp335">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=335}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp340">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=340}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp371">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=371}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp438">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=438}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp520">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=520}}</ref>

<ref name="CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp550">{{harvp|Mai|Young Owl|Kersting|2005|p=550}}</ref>

<ref name=Cirelli>{{harvnb|Cirelli}}</ref>

<ref name=Emily&Eisnerp319>{{cite book |last1=Emily |first1=Peter P. |last2=Eisner |first2=Edward R. |date=2021-06-16 |title=Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry |location= |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |page=319 |isbn=978-1119545811}}
</ref>

<ref name="Freeman&Genoways">{{citation |date=December 1998 |last1=Freeman |first1=Patricia W. |last2=Genoways |first2=Hugh H. |title=Recent northern records of the Nine-banded Armadillo (''Dasypodidae'') in Nebraska |journal=The Southwestern Naturalist |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=491&ndash;504 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=museummammalogy |jstor=30054089 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611170542/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=museummammalogy |archive-date=2011-06-11 }}</ref>

<ref name=Martin1983p102>{{harvp|Martin|1983|p=102}}</ref>

<ref name=Martin1983p103>{{harvp|Martin|1983|p=103}}</ref>

<ref name=Pence2002>{{harvp|Pence|2002|p=7}}</ref>

<ref name="ShorterOEDp646">{{citation | year=2007 | edition=6th | title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary| editor=Angus Stevenson |chapter=Dentition definition |volume=1: A–M| publisher=Oxford University Press| location=Oxford|page=646|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2| title-link=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary }}</ref>

<ref name=Swindler2002>{{harvp|Swindler|2002|p=11}}</ref>

<ref name=UltimateUnqulate>{{harvnb|Ultimate Ungulates}}</ref>

<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985pp130-131">{{harvp|Weiss|Mann|1985|pp=130&ndash;131}}</ref>

<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985p130-135">{{harvp|Weiss|Mann|1985|pp=130&ndash;135}}</ref>

<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985p132-135">{{harvp|Weiss|Mann|1985|pp=132&ndash;135}}</ref>

<ref name="Weiss&Mann1985p134">{{harvp|Weiss|Mann|1985|p=134}}</ref>
}}

== General references ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last1=Adovasio |first1=J. M. |first2=David |last2=Pedler |contribution=The peopling of North America |title=North American Archaeology |editor1-first=Timothy R. |editor1-last=Pauketat |editor2-first=Diana DiPaolo |editor2-last=Loren |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2005 |pages=35&ndash;36 |isbn=978-0-631-23184-4}}
* {{citation |last=Cirelli |first=Al |title=Equine Dentition |place=Nevada |publisher=University of Nevada |url=http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/2000/sp0008.pdf |access-date=7 June 2010}}
* {{citation |year=2005 |first1=Larry L. |last1=Mai |first2=Marcus |last2=Young Owl |first3=M. Patricia |last3=Kersting |title=The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution |place=Cambridge & New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66486-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00mail }}
* {{citation |year=1983 |first1=E. A. |last1=Martin |title=Macmillan Dictionary of Life Sciences |edition=2nd revised |place=London |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=978-0-333-34867-3}}
* {{citation |year=2002 |first=Patricia |last=Pence |title=Equine Dentistry: A Practical Guide |place=Baltimore |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-0-683-30403-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4KVGceXBNIC }}
* {{citation |year=2002 |first=Daris R. |last=Swindler |author-link=Daris Swindler |title=Primate Dentition: An Introduction to the Teeth of Non-human Primates |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001037356.pdf |isbn=978-0-521-65289-6}}
* {{citation |author=Ultimate Ungulates|title=Family Equidae: Horses, asses, and zebras |publisher=Ultimate Unqulate.com|url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Perissodactyla/Equidae.html |access-date=7 June 2010}}
* {{citation|year=1985 |last1=Weiss |first1=M. L. |last2=Mann |first2=A. E. |title=Human Biology and Behaviour: An Anthropological Perspective |edition=4th |place= Boston |publisher= Little Brown |isbn=978-0-673-39013-4}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |year=2002 |author=Daris R. Swindler |author-link=Daris Swindler |chapter=Chapter 1: Introduction (pp.&nbsp;1–11) and Chapter 2: Dental anatomy (pp.&nbsp;12–20). |title=Primate Dentition: An Introduction to the Teeth of Non-human Primates |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter-url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001037356.pdf |isbn=978-0-521-65289-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nu1j1EnKbscC&dq=%22primate+dentition%22&pg=PP15 See also preview pages in Google books]
* {{citation |year=2007 |author1=Feldhamer, George A. |author2=Lee C. Drickhamer |author3=Stephen H. Vessey |author4=Joseph F. Merritt |author5=Carey Krajewski |chapter=4: Evolution and Dental Characteristics |title=Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mammalogyadaptat03edunse/page/48 48–67] |place=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8695-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udCnKce9hfoC |access-date=7 June 2010 |url=https://archive.org/details/mammalogyadaptat03edunse/page/48 }} (link provided to title page to give reader choice of scrolling straight to relevant chapter or perusing other material).

== External links ==
{{Commonscat}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824022120/http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/dentalanat.html Colorado State's Dental Anatomy Page]
* [http://www.geocities.ws/chunniemonster/adultsandbabies.html For image of skulls and more information on dental formula of mammals.]

{{Tooth development}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mammal anatomy]]
[[Category:Teeth]]
[[Category:Dentition types| ]]
[[Category:Veterinary dentistry]]

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