Editing Department store

{{Short description|Retail establishment}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Bon Marché, Paris - interior view.JPG|thumb|Interior of {{Lang|fr|[[Le Bon Marché]]|italic=no}} in Paris (2008)]]
A '''department store''' is a [[retail]] establishment offering a wide range of [[consumer goods]] in different areas of the store, each area ("department") specializing in a product category.  In modern major cities, the department store made a dramatic appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, and the definition of service and luxury. Similar developments were under way in [[London]] (with [[Whiteleys]]), in [[Paris]] ({{Lang|fr|[[Le Bon Marché]]|italic=no}}) and in [[New York City]] ([[Alexander Turney Stewart|Stewart's]]).<ref>Gunther Barth, "The Department Store," in ''City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America.'' (Oxford University Press, 1980) pp 110–47,</ref>

Today, departments often include the following: clothing, cosmetics, [[do it yourself]], [[furniture]], gardening, hardware, [[home appliance]]s, [[Household goods|houseware]], paint, sporting goods, toiletries, and toys. Additionally, other lines of products such as food, books, jewellery, electronics, [[stationery]], [[Photography|photographic]] equipment, baby products, and products for pets are sometimes included. Customers generally check out near the front of the store in [[Discount store|discount department stores]], while high-end traditional department stores include sales counters within each department. Some stores are one of many within a larger [[retail chain]], while others are an independent retailer.

Since the 1980s, they have come under heavy pressure from discounters, and have come under even heavier pressure from [[e-commerce]] sites since the 2000s.
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==Types==
[[File:Kuopion Sokos2 - Haapaniemenkatu 24-26 - Multimäki - Kuopio - m.jpg|thumb|[[Sokos]] department store building in [[Multimäki]], [[Kuopio]], Finland]]
Department stores can be classified in several ways:
* '''Mainline department store''' or simply, the traditional department store, offering mid- to high-end goods, most or at least some of the time at the full retail price. Examples are [[Macy's]], [[Bloomingdale's]], [[Nordstrom]], [[J.C. Penney]], [[Montgomery Ward]], [[Sears]] and [[Belk]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Off Price Is The New Black For Retailers |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/off-price-black-retailers-202300176.html |publisher=Investor's Business Daily |date=8 September 2015}}</ref>
**'''[[Junior department store]]''', a term used principally in the second part of the 20th century for a smaller version of a mainline department store. These were usually either independent stores, or chains such as [[Boston Store (California)|Boston Store]] and [[Harris & Frank]], which specialized in cosmetics and wearing apparel and accessories, with few home goods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McKeever |first1=James Ross |title=Shopping Center Development Handbook |date=1977 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=9780874205763 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HI9PAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last1=Moriarty | first1=John Jr. |title=Change in Philosophy, Direction Is Behind McCain's Move to Mall |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54613734/the-plight-of-the-junior-department/ |access-date=2 July 2020 |publisher=The Post-Crescent ([[Appleton, Wisconsin]]) |date=12 July 1981}}</ref>
* '''Discount department store''', a large [[discount store]] selling apparel and home furnishings at a discount, either selling overstock from mainline department stores, or merchandise especially made for the discount department store market. Examples are [[Nordstrom Rack]], [[Saks Off 5th]], [[Marshalls]], [[Ross Dress for Less]], [[TJ Maxx]], and [[Kohl's]].<ref name="mainline">{{Cite web|title=Off Price Is The New Black For Retailers|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/off-price-black-retailers-202300176.html|access-date=29 August 2021|website=finance.yahoo.com|date=8 September 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Some sources may refer to the following types of stores as department stores, even though they are not generally considered as such:
*[[Hypermarket]]s (discount superstores with full grocery offerings, such as [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[Walmart]] and [[Carrefour]])<ref>[https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/hypermarket.asp "Hypermarket", Investopedia]</ref>
*[[Variety store]]s, also known in the U.S. as [[five and dime]]s, or dollar stores

==History==
===Origins in England, 1700s===
One of the first department stores may have been Bennett's in [[Derby]], first established as an [[ironmonger]] (hardware shop) in 1734.<ref name="Bennetts"/><ref name="derbyshire">{{cite news|author=Natalie Loughenbury|date=6 January 2010|title=Bennetts Irongate, Derby Celebrates Its 275th Anniversary|work=Derbyshire Life|publisher=Bennets|url=https://www.bennettsofderby.co.uk/history/|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> It continued trading in the same building until its administation and closure in 2019.<ref name="Bennetts">{{cite news |title=Bennetts: Green light for plan to transform former Derby store |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-67588057 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was [[Harding, Howell & Co.]], which opened in 1796 on [[Pall Mall, London|Pall Mall]], London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hibiscus-sinensis.com/regency/shoppingmalls.htm|title=Regency England shopping arcades exchanges and bazaars|website=hibiscus-sinensis.com}}</ref> The oldest department store chain may be [[Debenhams]], which was established in 1778 and closed in 2021. It is the longest trading defunct British retailer. An observer writing in ''[[Ackermann's Repository]]'', a British periodical on contemporary taste and fashion, described the enterprise in 1809 as follows:

<blockquote>The house is one hundred and fifty feet in length from front to back, and of proportionate width. It is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is exclusively appropriated to the sale of furs and fans. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. In the third shop, on the right, you meet with a rich assortment of jewelry, ornamental articles in ormolu, French clocks, &etc.; and on the left, with all the different kinds of perfumery necessary for the toilette. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses; so that there is no article of female attire or decoration, but what may be here procured in the first style of elegance and fashion. This concern has been conducted for the last twelve years by the present proprietors who have spared neither trouble nor expense to ensure the establishment of a superiority over every other in Europe, and to render it perfectly unique in its kind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/repositoryofarts109acke|title=The Repository of arts, literature, commerce, manufactures, fashions and politics|first=Rudolph|last=Ackermann|date=3 August 1809|publisher=London : Published by R. Ackermann ... Sherwood & Co. and Walker & Co. ... and [[Simpkin & Marshall]] ...|via=Internet Archive}}</ref></blockquote>

This venture is described as having all of the basic characteristics of the department store; it was a public retail establishment offering a wide range of [[consumer good]]s in different departments. Jonathan Glancey for the [[BBC]] writes:

<blockquote>Harding, Howell & Co was focused on the needs and desires of fashionable women. Here, at last women were free to browse and shop, safely and decorously, away from home and from the company of men. These, for the main part, were newly affluent middle-class women, their good fortune – and the department store itself – nurtured and shaped by the [[Industrial Revolution]]. This was transforming life in London and the length and breadth of Britain at a dizzying pace on the back of energetic free trade, fecund invention, steam and sail, and a seemingly inexhaustible supply of expendable cheap labour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/bespoke/story/20150326-a-history-of-the-department-store/index.html|title=A history of the department store|website=BBC Culture|access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Harrod's (50718173793).jpg|thumb|right|[[Harrods]] illuminated exterior at night in Knightsbridge, London]]
This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the [[business partnership]] was dissolved. All the major [[High Street]]s in British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century.  Increasingly, women became the main customers.<ref>Alison Adburgham, ''Shops and Shopping, 1880–1914: Where and in What Matter the Well-Dressed Englishwoman Bought Her Clothes'' (2nd ed. 1981)''</ref> [[Kendals]] (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner) in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal's, despite its 2005 name change to [[House of Fraser]]. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796.<ref name="PB80">{{cite book|last=Parkinson-Bailey|first=John|title=Manchester an architectural history|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|year=2000|pages=80–81|isbn=0-7190-5606-3}}</ref> At its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage "Kendals Arcade" and an art nouveau tiled food hall. The store was especially known for its emphasis on quality and style over low prices giving it the nickname "the Harrods of the North", although this was due in part to Harrods acquiring the store in 1919. [[Harrods]] of London can be traced back to 1834, though the current store was built between 1894 and 1905. Opened in 1830, [[Austins (department store)|Austins]] in Derry remained in operation as the world's oldest independent department store until its closure in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Historic Derry department store Austins closes after 186 years |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/retail-and-services/historic-derry-department-store-austins-closes-after-186-years-1.2565229 |access-date=15 April 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Task Force for iconic Edwardian Austins building in Derry city centre established |url=https://www.derryjournal.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/task-force-for-iconic-edwardian-austins-building-in-derry-city-centre-established-3939407 |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=Derry Journal}}</ref> [[Lewis's]] of Liverpool operated from 1856 to 2010. The world's first [[Santa's workshop|Christmas grotto]] opened in Lewis's in 1879, entitled 'Christmas Fairyland'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liverpool's record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/liverpools-record-breaking-christmas-grotto-25517874 |access-date=15 April 2024 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> [[Liberty (department store)|Liberty & Co.]] in London's [[West End of London|West End]] gained popularity in the 1870s for selling Oriental goods.<ref>Iarocci, L., ''Visual Merchandising: The Image of Selling'', Ashgate Publishing, 2013, p. 128</ref> In 1889, [[Oscar Wilde]] wrote "Liberty's is the chosen resort of the artistic shopper".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilde |first1=Oscar |title=The Woman's World ..., Volume 2 |date=1889 |publisher=Cassell and Company|page=6}}</ref>

===Origins in Parisian ''magasins de nouveautés''===
[[File:Au Bon Marché (vue générale - gravure).jpg|thumb|Au Bon Marché]]
The Paris department stores have roots in the ''magasin de nouveautés'', or [[novelty store]]; the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Discovery, Invention and Innovation|pages=1–31|publisher=Springer US|isbn=9780792393030|doi=10.1007/978-0-585-32028-1_1|title=Informational Society|year=1993}}</ref>  They flourished in the early 19th century. [[Balzac]] described their functioning in his novel ''[[César Birotteau]]''.  In the 1840s, with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought, they grew in size, and began to have large plate glass display windows, fixed prices and price tags, and advertising in newspapers.<ref name="Fierro (1996), pages 911–912">{{cite book|last=Fierro|first=Alfred|title=Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris|year=1996|pages=911–912}}</ref>

A novelty shop called ''[[Le Bon Marché|Au Bon Marché]]'' had been founded in Paris in 1838 to sell items like lace, ribbons, sheets, mattresses, buttons, and umbrellas. It grew from {{convert|300|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} and 12 employees in 1838 to {{convert|50000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} and 1,788 employees in 1879.  Boucicaut was famous for his marketing innovations; a reading room for husbands while their wives shopped; extensive newspaper advertising; entertainment for children; and six million catalogs sent out to customers. By 1880 half the employees were women; unmarried women employees lived in dormitories on the upper floors.<ref name="world">{{cite book| title=The World of Department Stores| author=Jan Whitaker| page=22| publisher=Vendome Press| place=New York| year=2011| isbn=978-0-86565-264-4}}</ref>

''Au Bon Marché'' soon had half a dozen or more competitors including [[Printemps]], founded in 1865; [[La Samaritaine]] (1869), Bazar de Hotel de Ville ([[Bazar de l'Hôtel de Ville|BHV]]); and [[Galeries Lafayette]] (1895).<ref name="Fierro (1996), pages 911–912" /><ref>{{cite book |first=Michael B. |last=Miller |title=The Bon Marché: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869–1920 |location=London |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1981 |isbn=0-04-330316-1 }}</ref> The French gloried in the national prestige brought by the great Parisian stores.<ref name="Heidrun Homburg 1992 pp 183-219">{{cite journal |first=Heidrun |last=Homburg |title=Warenhausunternehmen und ihre Gründer in Frankreich und Deutschland Oder: Eine Diskrete Elite und Mancherlei Mythen |trans-title=Department store firms and their founders in France and Germany, or: a discreet elite and various myths |journal=Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte |year=1992 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=183–219 |doi=10.1524/jbwg.1992.33.1.185 |s2cid=201653161 }}</ref> The great writer [[Émile Zola]] (1840–1902) set his novel {{Lang|fr|[[Au Bonheur des Dames]]}} (1882–83) in the typical department store, making it a symbol of the new technology that was both improving society and devouring it.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Frans C. |last=Amelinckx |title=The Creation of Consumer Society in Zola's Ladies' Paradise |journal=Proceedings of the Western Society for French History |year=1995 |volume=22 |pages=17–21 }}</ref>

=== First Australian department stores ===
Australia is notable for having the longest continuously operating department store, [[David Jones (department store)|David Jones]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Walsh |first=G. P. |title=Jones, David (1793–1873) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/jones-david-2279 |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |place=Canberra |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> The first David Jones department store was opened on 24 May 1838, by Welsh born immigrant David Jones in a "large and commodious premises" on the corner of [[George Street, Sydney|George]] and [[Barrack Street]]s in [[Sydney]], only 50 years after the foundation of the colony. Expanding to a number of stores in the various states of Australia, David Jones is the oldest continuously operating department franchise in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ravelli |first=Louise |date=April 2022 |title=Ode to a lost icon, David Jones |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17504813211073195 |journal=Discourse & Communication |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1177/17504813211073195 |s2cid=246463089 |issn=1750-4813|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Other department stores in Australia include [[Grace Bros]] founded in 1885, now merged with [[Myer]] which was founded in 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loy-Wilson |first=Sophie |date=January 2016 |title=The Gospel of Enthusiasm: Salesmanship, Religion and Colonialism in Australian Department Stores in the 1920s and 1930s |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022009414561826 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–123 |doi=10.1177/0022009414561826 |s2cid=145570190 |issn=0022-0094|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===First American department stores (1825–1858)===
[[Arnold Constable & Company|Arnold Constable]] was the first American department store. It was founded in 1825 as a small dry goods store on Pine Street in New York City. In 1857 the store moved into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House. During the Civil War, Arnold Constable was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis.  The store soon outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street in 1869; this "Palace of Trade" expanded over the years until it was necessary to move into a larger space in 1914. Financial problems led to bankruptcy in 1975.<ref>"The Arnold Constable & Company Buildings" [http://blog.bryantpark.org/2013/05/from-archives-arnold-constable-company.html May 16, 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513192017/http://blog.bryantpark.org/2013/05/from-archives-arnold-constable-company.html |date=13 May 2016 }}</ref>

In New York City in 1846, [[Alexander Turney Stewart]] established the "[[280 Broadway|Marble Palace]]" on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing "free entrance" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a [[Renaissance]] [[palazzo]], the building's [[cast iron]] construction permitted large [[plate glass]] windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the Christmas shopping season. In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block uptown between 9th and 10th streets, with eight floors. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3112143|title = Alexander Turney Stewart and the Development of the Department Store, 1823–1876|journal = The Business History Review|volume = 39|issue = 3|pages = 301–322|last1 = Resseguie|first1 = Harry E.|year = 1965|doi = 10.2307/3112143|s2cid = 154704872}}</ref> In 1858, [[Rowland Hussey Macy]] founded [[Macy's]] as a dry goods store.

===Innovations 1850–1917===
[[File:Marshall field interior.jpg|thumb|Marshall Field's State Street store "great hall" interior around 1910]]
[[Marshall Field's|Marshall Field & Company]] originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the busiest shopping street in the Midwest at the time, [[State Street (Chicago)|State Street]] in Chicago.<ref>Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan, ''Give the Lady What She Wants: The Story of Marshall Field & Company'' (1952)</ref> Marshall Field's served as a model for other department stores in that it had exceptional customer service.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Marshall Field's also had the firsts; among many innovations by Marshall Field's were the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use [[escalator]]s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary;{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} it pioneered the concept of the "book signing". Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the "theme" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting "under the clock" on State Street.<ref>Wendt and Kogan, ''Give the Lady What She Wants: The Story of Marshall Field & Company'' (1952)</ref>

In 1877, [[John Wanamaker]] opened what some claim was the United States' first "modern" department store in [[Philadelphia]]: the first to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business.<ref>Robert Sobel, ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (1974), chapter 3, "John Wanamaker: The Triumph of Content Over Form"</ref>

[[File:Anthony Hordern and Sons- 20th December 1936 (18832395934).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Anthony Hordern & Sons]] in [[Sydney, Australia]] (1936), once the largest department store in the world.]]
[[File:Christmas Party For Trooper Devereux's Daughter- Christmas in Wartime, Pinner, Middlesex, December 1944 D23005.jpg|thumb|[[Selfridges]] in [[Oxford Street]], [[London]] in wartime Britain (December 1944)]]
Another store to revolutionize the concept of the department store was [[Selfridges]] in London, established in 1909 by American-born [[Harry Gordon Selfridge]] on [[Selfridges, Oxford Street|Oxford Street]]. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and "Colonial" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to ''assist'' customers, but not too aggressively, and to ''sell'' the merchandise.<ref>J.A. Gere and John Sparrow (ed.), ''Geoffrey Madan's Notebooks'', Oxford University Press, 1981</ref> Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; in 1909, [[Louis Blériot]]'s [[monoplane]] was exhibited at Selfridges (Blériot was the first to fly over the [[English Channel]]), and the first public demonstration of television by [[John Logie Baird]] took place in the department store in 1925.

[[File:Hiroshige, Sugura street.jpg|thumb|[[Utagawa Hiroshige]] designed an [[ukiyo-e]] print with [[Mount Fuji]] and Echigoya as landmarks. Echigoya is the former name of Mitsukoshi named after the [[Echigo Province|former province of Echigo]]. The Mitsukoshi headquarters are located on the left side of the street.]]

In [[Japan]], the first "modern-style" department store was [[Mitsukoshi]], founded in 1904, which has its root as a [[kimono]] store called Echigoya from 1673. When the roots are considered, however, [[Matsuzakaya]] has an even longer history, dated from 1611. The kimono store changed to a department store in 1910. In 1924, Matsuzakaya store in [[Ginza]] allowed street shoes to be worn indoors, something innovative at the time.<ref>[http://www.matsuzakaya.co.jp/corporate/history/honshi/index.shtml Matsuzakaya corporate history]</ref> These former kimono shop department stores dominated the market in its earlier history. They sold, or instead displayed, luxurious products, which contributed to their sophisticated atmospheres. Another origin of the Japanese department store is from [[railway]] companies. There have been many [[private railway]] operators in the nation and, from the 1920s, they started to build department stores directly linked to their lines' [[Train station#Terminus|termini]]. [[Seibu Department Stores|Seibu]] and [[Hankyu Department Stores|Hankyu]] are typical examples of this type.
<!--Please only add history (of individual stores or for countries) where there were developments that truly affected the industry as a whole. It is too much information for this article to publish the names of the first, and the current, department stores in every country on Earth. There is a separate article for that.-->

===Innovation (1917–1945)===
In the middle of the 1920s, American management theories such as the [[scientific management]] of [[Frederick Winslow Taylor|F.W. Taylor]] started spreading in Europe. The [[International Management Institute, Geneva|International Management Institute]] (I.M.I.) was established in Geneva in 1927 to facilitate the diffusion of such ideas. A number of department stores teamed up together to create the [[International Association of Department Stores]] in Paris in 1928 to have a discussion space dedicated to this retail format.{{expand section|date=October 2020}}

{|table class=wikitable
|+Table of department store "firsts"
! Year
! Store
! City/<br/>Metro area
! "First"
! Source
|-
| 1923
| [[I. Magnin]] [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]
| [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]
| First suburban department store (not including hotel/resort stores)
| <ref>{{cite book |last1=Longstreth |first1=Richard |title=Branch Stores 1910-1960 |date=1 December 2009 |url=http://www.departmentstorehistory.net/attachments/BranchStoreWeb.doc |access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1930
| [[Suburban Square]]
| [[Philadelphia metropolitan area|Philadelphia]]
| First department store branch to anchor a suburban shopping center
| <ref name="inq"/>
|}

===Expansion to malls===
{{expand section|date=October 2020}}
The U.S. [[Baby Boom]] led to the development of suburban neighborhoods and suburban commercial developments, including shopping malls. Department stores joined these ventures following the growing market of baby boomer spending.

A handful of U.S. retailers had opened seasonal stores in resorts, as well as smaller branch stores in suburbs, in the 1920s and 1930s. Examples include, in [[Greater Los Angeles|suburban Los Angeles]], [[Broadway Hollywood Building|The Broadway-Hollywood]], [[Bullocks Wilshire]], The [[Saban Building|May Company-Wilshire]], [[Saks Fifth Avenue|Saks]]-[[Beverly Hills]], as well as two [[Strawbridge and Clothier]] stores: [[Suburban Square]] (1930) and [[Strawbridge and Clothier Store, Jenkintown|Jenkintown]] (1931) outside Philadelphia. Suburban Square was the first shopping center anchored by a department store.<ref name="inq">{{cite news | url= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer/136267040/ |quote=Dreher's design called for a cluster of shops built around a major department store, with a supermarket, movie theater and office buildings with ample parking space. | title= Setting the trend for, not in, stores | newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] | date= 25 April 1999 | accessdate=24 February 2010}}</ref> In the 1950s, suburban growth took off – for example, in 1952, [[May Company California]] opened a four-level, {{convert|346700|sqft|sqm|adj=on}}<ref>{{cite news |title=May Co. Opens Its vast New Lakewood Store (cont'd.) |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-may-co-opens-its/136262536/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=The Los Angeles Times |date=19 February 1952 |page=26}}</ref> store in [[Lakewood Center]] near Los Angeles, at the time, the largest suburban department store in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=May Co. Opens Its vast New Lakewood Store |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-may-co-opens-its/136261990/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=The Los Angeles Times |date=19 February 1952 |page=25}}</ref> However, only three years later it would build an even bigger, {{convert|452000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} store in the [[San Fernando Valley]] at [[Laurel Plaza]].

===Expansion worldwide===
{{expand section|date=October 2020}}
{{See also|Department stores by country}}

===2010–today===
{{See also|Retail apocalypse}}

Starting in 2010 many analysts referred to a [[retail apocalypse]] in the United States and some other markets, referring to the closing of [[brick-and-mortar]] [[retail]] stores, especially those of large chains.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.businessinsider.com/store-closures-in-2018-will-eclipse-2017-2018-1 |title=A tsunami of store closings is about to hit the US — and it's expected to eclipse the retail carnage of 2017 |last=Peterson |first=Hayley |date=1 January 2018 |website= businessinsider.com |access-date= 4 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="atlantic" /> In 2017, over 12,000 U.S. stores closed due to over-expansion of malls, rising rents, bankruptcies, [[leveraged buyout]]s, low quarterly profits other than during [[Economics of Christmas|holiday peak periods]], delayed effects of the [[Great Recession]] of 2008-9,<ref name="atlantic">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/04/retail-meltdown-of-2017/522384/|title=What in the World Is Causing the Retail Meltdown of 2017?|first=Derek|last=Thompson|date=10 April 2017|access-date=10 April 2017|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> shifts in spending to [[experience economy|experiences]] rather than material goods, relaxed [[dress code]]s in workplaces, and the shift to [[e-commerce]]<ref>{{cite web |title=These haunting photos of the retail apocalypse reveal a new normal in America |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/these-haunting-photos-of-the-retail-apocalypse-reveal-a-new-normal-in-america/ss-BByFpjX |website=Business Insider |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408075056/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/these-haunting-photos-of-the-retail-apocalypse-reveal-a-new-normal-in-america/ss-BByFpjX |archive-date=8 April 2017 |date=24 March 2017}}</ref> in which {{anchor|Amazon effect}}[[Amazon.com]] and [[Walmart]] dominated versus the online offerings of traditional retailers.

COVID-19 increased the number of permanent store closings in two ways: first through mandatory temporary closing of stores, especially in March and April 2020, with customers largely staying away from stores for non-essential purchases for many more months after that; and secondly, by causing a shift to working from home, which stimulated e-commerce further and reduced demand for business apparel.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

===Click-and-collect, curbside pickup===
[[Omnichannel retail strategy|Click-and-collect]] services at department stores had been increasing during the 2010s, with many creating larger, distinctly signed, designated areas. Some of the more elaborate ones included features such as reception and seating areas with coffee served, computers with large screens for online shopping, and dressing rooms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Click & Collect de Palacio de Hierro Polanco |url=https://fundamentalmx.com/proyectos/click-and-collect-palacio-de-hierro |website=Fundamental (Architects, Mexico) |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>

With the onset of COVID-19 in 2020, most U.S. retailers offered a [[curbside pickup]] service as an option on their websites, and a dedicated area at one of the store entrances accessible by car.

===Store-within-a-store===
Along with discount stores, mainline department stores implemented more and more "stores-within-a-store". For luxury brands this was often in boutiques similar to the brands' own shops on streets and in malls; they hired their own employees who merchandised the selling space, and rang up the transactions at the brand's own cash registers. The main difference was that the boutique was physically inside the department store building, although in many cases there are walls or windows between the main store space and the boutique, with designated entrances.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

==Around the world==
{{Further|Department stores by country}}

==Largest flagship stores==
=== Table of largest department store flagship or branch stores by sales area ===
<small>Incomplete list, notable stores of {{cvt|50000|sqm|0|abbr=on}} or more. Individual department store buildings or complexes of buildings. Does not include shopping centers (e.g. [[GUM (shopping centers)|GUM]] in Moscow and Intime "Department Stores" in China) where most space is leased out to other retailers, big-box category killer stores (e.g. Best Buy, Decathlon), hypermarkets, discount stores (e.g. Walmart, Carrefour), markets, or souqs.</small>
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background-color:lavenderblush" | closed || style="background-color:honeydew;" | open
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" 
! Company
! Branch
! City
! Country
! data-sort-type=number | Sq m
! data-sort-type=number | Sq ft
! Opened**
! Closed
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Shinsegae]]
| Centum City
| [[Busan]]
| [[South Korea|S.&nbsp;Korea]]
| 293,905<ref>{{cite web |title=Largest department store |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-department-store |website=Guinness Book of World Records |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>
| 3,163,567
| {{dts|2009|6|26|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}
| open
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" |
* <small>Largest in the world according to [[Guinness Book of World Records|Guinness]]</small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew; "
| [[Macy's]]
| [[Herald Square]]<br/><small>(see [[Macy's Herald Square|article]])</small>
| [[New York City|New York]]
| [[United States|U.S.]]
| 232,258
| 2,500,000<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/01/macys-to-renovate-flagshi_n_1069650.html| work=[[The Huffington Post]]| first=Inae| last=Oh| title=Macy's $400 Million Grand Makeover To Flagship Store| date=1 November 2011}}</ref>
| 1902
| open
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8"| 
* <small>Largest in [[the Americas]]</small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Anthony Hordern & Sons]]
|
| [[Sydney]]
| [[Australia]]
| {{cvt|2265120|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number}}
| {{cvt|2265120|sqft|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| 1823
| 1973
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Gimbels]]
| Center City
| [[Philadelphia]]
| U.S.
| 202,343 
| 2,178,000<ref name="hidden">{{cite web |title=The Gilded Mall Of Market Street: Gimbels Had It |url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/11/the-gilded-mall-of-market-street-gimbels-had-it/ |website=Hidden City Philadelphia |access-date=5 February 2024 |date=24 November 2014}}</ref>
| 1894
| {{dts|1993|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}
|- class="expand-child" style="background-color:lavenderblush;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
* <small>Upon opening its 12-story addition at 9th & Chestnut in 1927, it was, at 50 acres, the largest department store in the world.<ref name="hidden" /></small>

|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Hudson's]]
| Downtown Detroit
| [[Detroit]]
| U.S.
| 197,355 (1983)
| 2,124,316 (1983)<ref name="hudsons">{{cite web |last1=Austin |first1=Dan |title=Hudson's Department Store {{!}} Historic Detroit |url=https://www.historicdetroit.org/buildings/hudsons-department-store |website=historicdetroit.org |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
| 1891<ref name="hudsons" />
| {{dts|1983|1|17|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="hudsons" />
|- class="expand-child" style="background-color:lavenderblush;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
* <small>25 floors, 2 half-floors, 1 mezzanine, 4 basements. {{cvt|410|ft|0}} high, tallest department store in the world at the time.</small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:honeydew"
| [[Marshall Fields]],<br/>now [[Macy's]]
| [[State Street (Chicago)|State Street store]]<br/><small>(see [[Marshall Field and Company Building|article]])</small>
| [[Chicago]]
| U.S.
| 185,806 (1912)
| 2,000,000 (1912)<ref name="field1912">{{cite news |title=Field Store to Be Largest in the World |url=https://chicagology.com/skyscrapers/skyscrapers052/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=Dry Goods Reporter |publisher=Chicagology |date=9 March 1912}}</ref>
| 1902
| open 
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
* <small>Largest in the world in 1912<ref name="field1912" /></small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:lavenderblush;"
| [[Wanamaker's]],<br/>now [[Macy's]] 
| 1300 Market St., [[Center City, Philadelphia|Center City]]
| [[Philadelphia]]
| U.S.
| 176,516 (1995)
| 1,900,000 (1995)<ref>{{cite news |title=Era ends as Wanamaker store closes - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/08/28/Era-ends-as-Wanamaker-store-closes/9442809582400/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=UPI |date=28 August 1995 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| 1876
| March 23, 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=The end of Macy’s closes the chapter on the Wanamaker Building. - WHYY |url=https://whyy.org/articles/wanamaker-building-macys-landmark-closing/|access-date=17 November 2023 |work=WHYY |date=23 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| Shinsegae
|Uijeongbu (의정부점)
|[[Uijeongbu]]
|S. Korea
|145,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Shinsegae Department Store, Uijeongbu |url=https://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/article/1513185/shinsegae-department-store-uijeongbu-south-korea |access-date=5 December 2023 |work=World Architecture News |date=15 June 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{cvt|145000|sqm|sqft|disp=number}}
|
| open
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
* <small>As of 2020, retail space has been reduced to {{cvt|435000|sqft|sqm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kostelni |first1=Natalie |title=Local exposure to Macy's store closures could be vast |url=https://whyy.org/articles/local-exposure-to-macys-store-closures-could-be-vast/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=Philadelphia Business Journal |via=WHYY | date=6 February 2020}}</ref></small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Rich's (department store)|Rich's]]
| [[Downtown Atlanta|Downtown]]
| [[Atlanta]]
| U.S.
| 115,886
| 1,247,382
| 1924
| 1994
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Kaufmann's]]
| 400 [[Fifth Avenue (Pittsburgh)|5th Ave.]], [[Downtown Pittsburgh|Downtown]]
| [[Pittsburgh]]
| U.S.
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/business/pittsburgh-company-news/2015/09/06/Soon-to-be-shuttered-Macy-s-Downtown-holds-treasure-trove-of-Pittsburghs-history/stories/201509060078|title=Soon-to-be shuttered Macy's holds treasure trove of Pittsburgh's history|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|access-date=21 August 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| 1887<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/Best-of-the-Burgh-Blogs/The-412/July-2015/Downtown-Pittsburgh-Losing-Its-Last-Flagship-Department-Store/|title=Downtown Pittsburgh Losing Its Last Flagship Department Store|access-date=21 August 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| {{dts|2015|9|20|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wtae.com/news/macys-building-in-downtown-pittsburgh-sold-store-closing/34130474|title=Macy's to close landmark downtown Pittsburgh store|last=Hazen|first=Bob|date=14 September 2015|work=[[WTAE-TV]] News}}</ref>
|-class="expand-child" style="margin-left:4em;background-color:lavenderblush;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
* <small>from 2005 to 2015 operated as Macy's</small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Wertheim (department store)|Wertheim]]
| [[Leipziger Straße]]
| [[Berlin]]
| [[Germany]]
| {{cvt|106000|sqm|sqm|0|disp=number}}<ref name="wogt">{{cite news |last1=Gericke |first1=Gerda |title=Bei "Tante Wertheim" wogt es wie im Bienenhause |trans-title="Aunt Wertheim" swarms like a beehive |url=https://www.iz.de/projekte/news/warenhaus-wertheim-am-leipziger-platz-bei-tante-wertheim-wogt-es-wie-im-bienenhause-118454 |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=Immobilienzeitung |date=8 November 2012 |language=de}}</ref>
| {{cvt|106000|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| {{dts|1897|12|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="wogt" />
| {{dts|1943|11|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref>{{cite news |title=New Berlin Raid: "Very Heavy Damage". Further Gigantic Fires Reported |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-express-new-berlin-raid-very-h/136017074 |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=Evening Express |date=24 November 1943 |page=1}}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[May Company Ohio|May Co.]]
| [[Public Square, Cleveland|Public Square]]−
| [[Cleveland]]
| U.S. 
| {{cvt|1121000|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number}}
| 1,121,000<ref>[http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/06/may-co-cleveland-ohio.html "May Co. Cleveland Ohio", ''Department Store Museum'']</ref>
| 1915
| 1993
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Hankyu Department Store|Hankyu]]
| [[Umeda]]<br/><small>(see [[:ja:阪急百貨店うめだ本店|article in Japanese]])</small>
| [[Osaka]]
| [[Japan]]
| 102,758<ref>{{Cite news |author=早川麗 (Rei Hayakawa) | language=ja | title=大阪「アベノ」、衣食住で吸引力 商業施設開発が刺激 |trans-title="Osaka "Abeno" stimulates the development of commercial facilities with food, clothing and housing") |newspaper=Nihon Keizai Shimbun |publisher=日本経済新聞社 (Nihon Keizai Shimbun) |date=8 February 2012}}</ref>
| 1,106,078
| {{dts|1929|4|15|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="hankyu-dept_9804">{{Cite book | author=50年史編集委員会 (50-year history editorial committee) | language=ja | title=株式会社阪急百貨店50年史 | trans-title=''50-year history of Hankyu Department Store Co., Ltd.'') |publisher=阪急百貨店 (Hankyu Department Store)|date=1998}}</ref>
| open
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew; margin-left:4em;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
*<small>Includes Main Store and adjacent Men's Store (16,000,<sup>2</sup>) - by which measure, the largest department store complex in Japan. Japan's first railway station department store. Original store opened 1929, was dismantled and new store opened (part of it on the old site) in 2005.</small> 
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Le Bon Marché]]
| [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]]
| [[Paris]]
| [[France]]
| 102,360
| 1,101,794
| {{dts|1872|4|2|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="enssib">Nathalie Mercier, ''Le grand magasin parisien : ''Le Bon Marché'', 1863-1938'', mémoire de fin d'études de l'[[École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques]], 1985.</ref>
| open
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew; margin-left:4em;line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
*<small>Largest in Europe</small> 
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Hamburger's]]/<br/>[[May Company California|May Company]]
| [[Broadway (Los Angeles)|Broadway]], [[Downtown Los Angeles|Downtown]]<br /><small>(see [[May Company Building (Broadway, Los Angeles)|article]])</small>
| [[Los Angeles]]
| U.S.
| 102,193
| 1,100,000<ref name=lat>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-downtown-may-sale-20140412-story.html |title=Former May Co. building in downtown L.A. to get revived after sale |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=12 April 2014 |first=Roger |last=Vincent}}</ref>
| 1906
| 1986
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Harrods]]
| [[Knightsbridge]]
| [[London]]
| [[United Kingdom|U.K.]]
| 102,193
| 1,100,000<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10103783|title=History of Harrods department store|date=8 May 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=16 April 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref>
| 1849
| open 
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew; margin-left:4em; line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
*<small>Largest in Europe</small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Kintetsu Department Store|Kintetsu]]
| [[Abeno Harukas]]<br/><small>(see [[:ja:あべのハルカス近鉄本店|article in Japanese]])</small>
| Osaka
| Japan
| 100,000<ref name=kintetsu>{{cite news |title=Kintetsu department store woos foreign shoppers |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/07/24/business/corporate-business/kintetsu-department-store-woos-foreign-shoppers/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=The Japan Times |date=24 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=umeda-all>{{cite news |last1=Ishihara |first1=Takemasa |title=Meltdown of Department Stores as a Type of Business |url=https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/columns/a01_0269.html |access-date=21 November 2023 |work=RIETI}}</ref>
| 1,076,391
| {{dts|2014|3|abbr=on}}<ref name=kintetsu/>
| open
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew; margin-left:4em; line-height:1em"
| colspan="8" | 
* <small>Largest in Japan in a single building</small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| Intime 
| Ningbo&nbsp;General
| [[Ningbo]]
| China
| 96,000
| 1,003,335<ref name=intime>[http://www.china-yintai.com/en/business_retail/store "Intime Department Stores", China Yintai, retrieved 26 November 2023]</ref>
|
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:lavenderblush;"
| [[Gimbels]]
| Herald Square 
| New York
| U.S.
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number}}
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft|sqft|0|disp=number}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoover |first1=Gary |title=Gimbel Brothers Department Stores: Dust to Dust |url=https://americanbusinesshistory.org/gimbel-brothers-department-stores-dust-to-dust/ |website=Business History - The American Business History Center |access-date=27 November 2023 |date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
| {{dts|1910|9|29|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}
| {{dts|1986|9|27|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kandel |first1=Bethany |title=Bargain-hunters find treasures as Gimbels closes flagship store |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-bargain-hunters-find-tr/135847689/ |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=The Buffalo News |date=28 September 1986 |pages=16}}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| Shinsegae
| [[Shinsegae#Daejeon Shinsegae Art & Science (대전신세계 Art & Science)|Daejeon (대전신세계) Shinsegae Art & Science]]
| [[Daejeon]]
| S. Korea
| 88,572 dept. store area{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
| {{cvt|88572|sqm|sqft|disp=number}}
| 2021
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Carson Pirie Scott]]
| State Street
| Chicago
| U.S.
| {{cvt|943944|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number}}
| {{cvt|943944|sqft|sqft|0|disp=number}}<ref>Ori, Ryan (27 April 2016). [http://www.chicagobusiness.com/realestate/20160427/CRED03/160429853/landmark-sullivan-center-selling-for-267-million "Landmark Sullivan Center selling for $267 million"]. ''Crain's Chicago Business''.</ref>
| 1872/1898
| {{dts|2007|2|21|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Sandra |title=Flag of Change on State |url=https://chicagology.com/goldenage/goldenage035/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=26 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Carson Pirie Scott records, ca. 1869-1988, bulk 1925-1977 |url=https://explore.chicagocollections.org/ead/chicagohistory/123/xw4928h/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Explore Chicago Collections |language=en}}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:lavenderblush;"
| Mandel Bros./<br/>[[Wieboldt's]]
| State Street
| Chicago
| U.S.
| {{cvt|881000|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number|abbr=on}}
| {{cvt|881000|sqft|sqft|0|disp=number|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/06/wieboldts-chicago-illinois.html "Wieboldt's", ''Department Store Museum'']</ref>
| 1875
| {{dts|1987|7|18|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Everything must go - and does. A piece of Chicago wrapped up at Wieboldt's last sale |url=http://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune/63506263/ |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=19 July 1987 |pages=31}}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Takashimaya]] 
| Minami ([[Namba]]-[[Shinsaibashi]])
| Osaka
| Japan
|{{cvt|78000|sqm|sqm|0|disp=number}}<ref name=umeda-all/>
|{{cvt|78000|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
|
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Daimaru]]
| [[Shinsaibashi]]<br/><small>(see [[:ja:大丸#心斎橋店#心斎橋店|article in Japanese]])</small>
| Osaka
| Japan
|{{cvt|77000|sqm|sqm|0|disp=number}}
|{{cvt|77000|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| 1922
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Eaton's]]/<br />[[Sears Canada]]
| [[Eaton Centre]]
| [[Toronto]]
| [[Canada]]
| 76,809
| 816,000<ref name="eaton">{{cite news |title=Nordstrom to replace Sears at the Toronto Eaton Centre |url=https://retail-insider.com/retail-insider/2014/01/breaking-nordstrom-to-replace-sears-at/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=Retail Insider |date=15 January 2014}}</ref>
| {{dts|1977|2|10|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name=torontoist>Jamie Bradburn. "Opening of Eaton Centre", ''Torontoist'', February 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/eaton-centre-sears-closes-its-doors/article_74fdb4e5-476f-59cc-b6a5-dd2bf236ef1e.amp.html "Eaton Centre Sears closes its doors", Toronto Star, February 24, 2014]</ref>
| {{dts|2014|2|9|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name=torontoist/>
|- class="expand-child" style="margin-left:4em;background-color:lavenderblush; line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
*<small>9-story Eaton's flagship. Converted to Sears 2002, closed 2014. Space divided, converted to Nordstrom (2016-2023) and offices.<ref name="eaton"/></small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[Bullock's]]
| Broadway, Downtown
| [[Los Angeles]]
| U.S.
| 75,809
| 806,000<ref>[http://pcad.lib.washington.edu/building/9453/ "Bullock's Department Store #1, Downtown, Los Angeles, CA (1906-1907)", PCAD]</ref>
| 1907
| 1983
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:lavenderblush;"
| [[The Bon Marché]]
| [[Downtown Seattle|Downtown]]<br/>see [[Bon Marche Department Store|article]]
| [[Seattle]]
| U.S.
| {{cvt|800000|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number}}
| {{cvt|800000|sqft|sqft|0|disp=number}}<ref>[https://www.dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/WA_KingCounty_BonMarche.pdf "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Bon Marche Department Store". National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior]</ref>
| 1929
| 2020
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Karstadt]]<br />now [[Galeria Kaufhof|Galeria]]
| [[Hermannplatz]] <small>(see [[:de:Karstadt am Hermannplatz|article in German]])</small>
| Berlin 
| Germany
| {{cvt|72000|sqm|sqm|0|disp=number}}
| {{cvt|72000|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| 1929
| open
|- class="expand-child" style="margin-left:4em;background-color:honeydew; line-height:1em;"
| colspan="8" | 
* <small>"The most advanced in Europe" in 1929; 9 stories incl. 2 underground; 8 freight elevators, 13 dumbwaiters, 24 passenger elevators.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=BERLIN Rollkrug-Lichtspiele |url=http://www.allekinos.com/BERLINRollkrug.html |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=www.allekinos.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neukölln |url=https://www.berlin.de/en/districts/neukoelln/908298-6287606-local-district-neukoelln.en.html |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=berlin.de |language=en}}</ref> One freight elevator transported loaded trucks to the 5th floor food area. First in Europe with direct access from a subway station.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=Letzte Hand am Kaufhaus |work=Berliner Tageblatt und Handelszeitung |date=21 April 1929 |url=https://dfg-viewer.de/show/?no_cache=1&set%5Bimage%5D=2&set%5Bzoom%5D=default&set%5Bdebug%5D=0&set%5Bdouble%5D=0&set%5Bmets%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fzefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de%2Foai%2F%3Ftx_zefysoai_pi1%255Bidentifier%255D%3D1815b448-1cd4-40aa-a576-3446046d36f6}}</ref> Destroyed by bombing and fire in 1945 except for a small portion, which reopened in June 1945 and was later expanded.</small>
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:lavenderblush;"
| [[The Emporium (San Francisco)|The Emporium]]
| [[Market Street (San Francisco)|Market Street]]
| San Francisco
| U.S.
| {{cvt|775000|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number}}
| {{cvt|775000|sqft|sqft|0|disp=number}}<ref>{{cite news |title=GOLDEN RULE FIRST IN CITY Miners Eagerly Await Opening of Emporium's Store |url=https://sfmuseum.org/hist10/emporhist.html |access-date=2 December 2023 |date=14 October 1935}}</ref>
| 1908
| 1996
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[El Corte Inglés]]
| [[Torre Titania]], [[Paseo de la Castellana]], [[Castellana (Madrid)|Castellana]]
| [[Madrid]]
| [[Spain]]
| 70,000<ref name="corte-castellana-sqm">{{cite web |title=El Corte Inglés de Castellana se sitúa a la cabeza de la innovación con nuevos espacios y conceptos|trans-title=El Corte Inglés Castellana Store at Head of Innovation with its New Spaces and Concepts |url=https://www.elcorteingles.es/informacioncorporativa/es/comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/el-corte-ingles-de-castellana-se-situa-a-la-cabeza-de-la-innovacion-con-nuevos-espacios-y-conceptos.html |website=El Corte Inglés |access-date=10 December 2023 |language=es-ES |date=26 October 2011}}</ref>
| 753,474
| 2011<ref>{{cite news |title=Los compradores estrenan la antigua torre Windsor|trans-title=The buyers unveil the old Windsor Tower |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2011/01/17/madrid/1295267055_850215.html |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=El País |date=17 January 2011 |language=es}}</ref>
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Galeries Lafayette]]
| [[Boulevard Haussmann]]
| [[Paris]]
| [[France]]
| 70,000<ref name="france">{{cite web |title=Galeries Lafayette Paris Haussmann |url=https://www.france.fr/en/paris/article/galeries-lafayette-paris-haussmann |website=www.france.fr |access-date=16 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| 753,474
| 1912<ref name="france"/>
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:lavenderblush;"
| [[Lazarus (department store)|Lazarus]]
| 141 S. High St. <small>(see [[Lazarus Building|article]])</small>
| [[Columbus, Ohio]]
| U.S.
| {{convert|700000|sqft|sqm|disp=number}}
| {{convert|700000|sqft|sqft|disp=number}}<ref name="lazarus-building">References at [[Lazarus Building]]</ref>
| {{dts|1909|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="lazarus-building" />
| {{dts|2004|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="lazarus-building" />
<!--|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew;"
| colspan="8" | 
* -->
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Isetan]]
| [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]]<br /><small>(see [[:ja:伊勢丹#新宿店#新宿店|article in Japanese]])</small>
| [[Tokyo]]
| [[Japan]]
| {{convert|64296|sqm|sqm|disp=number}}<ref name="2007ar" />
| {{convert|64296|sqm|sqft|disp=number}}
| {{dts|1933|09|28|abbr=on|nowrap=on}}<ref name="2007ar">{{cite report |date= 2007|title=Annual Report 2007 |url=https://s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com/sustainability-cms-imhds-s3/pdf/2007_ar_e_i.pdf |publisher=Isetan Company Ltd.|page=34 |access-date=20 November 2023}} Store size is not published in their later e.g. [https://s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com/sustainability-cms-imhds-s3/pdf/en/e_IsetanMitsukoshiHD_A3.pdf 2023 annual report].</ref>
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
|[[Daimaru]]
| Umeda<br><small>(see [[:ja:大丸梅田店|article in Japanese]])</small>
| Osaka
| Japan
| {{cvt|64000|sqm|sqm|0|disp=number}}<ref name="umeda-all" />
| {{cvt|64000|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| 
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:honeydew;"
| [[El Palacio de Hierro]]/<br />[[Casa Palacio]]
| [[Centro Santa Fe]]
| [[Santa Fe, Mexico City]]
| Mexico
| {{convert|61987|sqm|sqm|disp=number}}<ref>Total of 61,987 sqm consisting of 52,050 main PdH store + 9,937 Casa Palacio home store as indicated in {{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022, Grupo Palacio de Hierro, S.A.B. de C.V. |url=https://www.elpalaciodehierro.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-palacio-content-global/default/PDF/Informativas/Gobierno-corporativo/Reporte-anual-2022-BMV.PDF |access-date=6 December 2023 |page=59 |date=17 October 2022}}</ref>
| {{convert|61987|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| {{dts|1993|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022, Grupo Palacio de Hierro, S.A.B. de C.V. |url=https://www.elpalaciodehierro.com/on/demandware.static/-/Library-Sites-palacio-content-global/default/PDF/Informativas/Gobierno-corporativo/Reporte-anual-2022-BMV.PDF |access-date=6 December 2023 |page=23 |date=17 October 2022}}</ref>
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Saks Fifth Avenue]]
| [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]]<br />(see [[Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store|article]])
| New York
| U.S.
| {{cvt|650000|sqft|sqm|0|disp=number}}
| {{cvt|650000|sqft|sqft|0|disp=number}}<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2017/07/31/activist-investor-pens-another-letter-urging-re.html 31 July 2017. "Activist investor pens another letter urging 're-invention' of Saks Fifth Avenue", ''New York Business Journal''.]</ref>
| 1924
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Kaufhaus des Westens|KaDeWe]]
| [[Tauentzienstraße]]
| Berlin
| Germany
| {{cvt|60000|sqm|sqm|0|disp=number}}<ref>{{cite web |title=KaDeWe Berlin |url=https://store.kadewe.de/en/ |website=KaDeWe |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>
| {{cvt|60000|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| {{dts|1907|3|27|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[J. W. Robinson's]]
| [[7th Street (Los Angeles)|7th St.]] Downtown
| Los Angeles
| U.S.
| {{convert|623700|sqft|sqm|disp=number}}
| {{convert|623700|sqft|sqft|disp=number}}<ref name="lat192301">[https://www.newspapers.com/image/380422917/ "Department Store Addition Now Rising Into Space", ''Los Angeles Times'', 11 January 1923]</ref>
| {{dts|1915|9|7|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="palace">{{cite news |title=Great Palace For Commerce: Robinson's Mammoth Store Opens Tuesday|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/31191874/robinsons_new_bldg_1915/ |access-date=3 May 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=5 September 1915 |page=55 (part V p.1 )}}</ref>
| {{dts|1993|2|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| Shinsegae
| Myeongdong Main Store (본점 본관, 신관)
|[[Seoul]]
| S. Korea
| 56,528<ref>{{cite web |title=Shinsegae Department Store - Main Branch |url=https://en.trippose.com/shopping/shinsegae-department-store-main-branch |website=Trippose - Korea Travel |access-date=5 December 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref>
| {{cvt|56528|sqm|sqft|disp=number}}
|
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:lavenderblush;"
| [[Halle Brothers Co.|Halle's]]
| [[Halle Building]], 1228 [[Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)|Euclid Ave.]], [[Downtown Cleveland|Downtown]]
| [[Cleveland, Ohio]]
| U.S.
| {{convert|606000|sqft|sqm|disp=number}}
| {{convert|606000|sqft|sqft|disp=number}}<ref>{{cite web |author1=BAK (alias) |title=The Halle Brothers Co., Cleveland, Ohio |url=http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/05/halle-brothers-co-cleveland-ohio.html |website=Department Store Museum |access-date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{dts|1910|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="clhi" />
| {{dts|1982|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="clhi">{{cite web |last1=Souther |first1=J. Mark |title=Halle Building - Alfred Pope's Terra-Cotta Showcase for Downtown Shopping |url=https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/960 |website=Cleveland Historical |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>
<!--|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew;"
| colspan="8" | 
* -->
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Selfridges]]
| [[Oxford Street]]
| London
| U.K.
| 55,742
| 600,000<ref>{{cite news |last1=Donnellan |first1=Aimee |title=Selfridges $6 bln deal would be rich bet on London |url=https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/selfridges-6-bln-deal-would-be-rich-bet-london-2021-06-11/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=Reuters |date=11 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| {{dts|1909|3|15|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Selfridges |url=https://www.selfridges.com/IE/en/features/info/history-of-selfridges/ |website=Selfridges |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[El Palacio de Hierro|El&nbsp;Palacio&nbsp;de&nbsp;Hierro]] 
| [[Polanco]]
| [[Mexico City]]
| [[Mexico]]
| 55,200<ref name="mex">[https://www.luxurydaily.com/el-palacio-de-hierro-strengthens-mexico-city-standing-revamps-flagship/ "El Palacio de Hierro strengthens Mexico City standing, revamps flagship", NPR; November 3, 2015]</ref>
| 594,168
| 2016
| open
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew;"
| colspan="8" | 
* <small>Largest in [[Latin America]]</small><ref name="mex" />
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| [[The Broadway]]
| Broadway, Downtown
| Los Angeles
| U.S.
|{{convert|577000|sqft|sqm|disp=number}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Framework is now finished: Construction Started Late Last Fall: Additional Will Be Completed During July: Department Store Growth Is Consistent |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52200322/framework-is-now-finished-broadway/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=23 March 1924 |page=91}}</ref>
|{{convert|577000|sqft|sqft|disp=number}}
|{{dts|1896|2|24|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="lat-1991feb12">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-02-12-mn-1126-story.html |title=The Broadway: Bright History, Uncertain Future |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=12 February 1991 |first=Martha |last=Groves}}</ref>
| {{dts|1973|11|16|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Old building future undecided - Broadway Department Store Opens in New Site Saturday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-old-building-futur/136072121/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=The Los Angeles Times |date=16 November 1973 |pages=139}}</ref> 
|-style="vertical-align:top;background:honeydew;"
| [[Hanshin Department Store|Hanshin]]
| Umeda<br><small>(see [[:ja:阪神百貨店#梅田本店|article in Japanese]])</small>
| Osaka
| Japan
| 54,000<ref name="umeda-all" />
| {{cvt|54000|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
|
| open
|-style="vertical-align:top;background-color:lavenderblush;"
| Isetan
| JR West [[Ōsaka Station]]<br /><small>(see [[:ja:ジェイアール西日本伊勢丹|article in Japanese]])</small>
| [[Osaka]]
| Japan
| {{convert|50000|sqm|sqm|disp=number}}
| {{convert|50000|sqm|sqft|0|disp=number}}
| {{dts|2011|5|4|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}
| {{dts|2014|7|28|abbr=on|nowrap=off}}<ref name="osaka">{{cite news |last1=Nakamura |first1=Naofumi |title=Isetan Mitsukoshi retreats from Osaka's department store wars |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Isetan-Mitsukoshi-retreats-from-Osakas-department-store-wars |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=Nikkei Asia |date=23 January 2014}}</ref><!--<sup>&#91;[[:ja: |ja]]&#93;</sup>-->
|- class="expand-child" style="background-color:lavenderblush;"
| colspan="8" style="line-height:1em;"| 
*<small>Store name: '''JR Osaka Mitsukoshi Isetan'''.<sup>[[:ja:Lukua 1100|ja]]</sup> Was operated by a joint venture between [[Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings]] and [[West Japan Railway Company]]. 28 July 2014 all floors except grocery and restaurant areas closed. </small>
|}
<!--
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|-style="vertical-align:top;background:lavenderblush;"
| 
| 
| 
| 
| {{convert| |sqft|sqm|disp=number}}
| {{convert| |sqft|sqft|disp=number}}
| {{dts| abbr=on|nowrap=off}}
| {{dts| abbr=on|nowrap=off}}
|- class="expand-child" style="background:honeydew;"
| colspan="8" | 
* -->

&ast;store has no branches
&ast;&ast;opened at this location (may have expanded significantly in the years after initial opening)

==See also==
* [[Department stores around the world]]
* [[List of department stores by country]]
* [[Distribution (business)|Distribution]], Retail, Marketing
* [[Retail#Retailing in the modern era|History of retailing in the modern era]]
* [[Retail#Types of retail outlets|Types of retail outlets]]
*[[International Association of Department Stores]]
*[[Retail apocalypse]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite book|title=The Department Store: Its Origins, Evolution and Economics|last=Pasdermadjian|first=H.|location=London|publisher=Newman Books|year=1954|url=https://archive.org/details/departmentstore0000unse}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of the Department Store|first=John William|last=Ferry|year=1960|publisher=The Macmillian Company|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdepartm00ferr}}
* Abelson, Elaine S. ''When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
* {{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Samuel Hopkins |author-link=Samuel Hopkins Adams |date=January 1897 |title=The Department Store |journal=Scribner's Magazine |volume=XXI |issue=1 |pages=4–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2IAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4 |access-date=23 August 2009 }}
* Adburgham, Alison. ''Shopping in Style: London from the Restoration to Edwardian Elegance'' (1979).
* Barth, Gunther. "The Department Store," in ''City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America.'' (Oxford University Press, 1980) pp 110–47, compares major countries in the 19th century.
* Benson, Susan Porter. ''Counter Culture: Saleswomen, Managers and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890–1940.'' (University of Illinois Press, 1988) {{ISBN|0-252-06013-X}}.
* Elias, Stephen N. ''Alexander T. Stewart: The Forgotten Merchant Prince'' (1992) [https://www.questia.com/library/3022638/alexander-t-stewart-the-forgotten-merchant-prince online]
* Ershkowicz, Herbert. ''John Wanamaker, Philadelphia Merchant.'' New York: DaCapo Press, 1999.
* Gibbons, Herbert Adams. ''John Wanamaker.'' New York: Harper & Row, 1926.
* Harris, Leon. ''Merchant Princes: An Intimate History of Jewish Families Who Built Great Department Stores'' (Harper and Row, 1979)
* Hendrickson, Robert. ''The Grand Emporiums: The Illustrated History of America's Great Department Stores.'' (Stein and Day, 1979).
* Kozak, Nadine I. "‘Enlightenment on all subjects under the sun’: department store information bureaux in Britain and the United States in the first half of the twentieth century." ''Library & Information History'' 38.3 (2022): 210-231.
* Laermans, Rudi. "Learning to consume: early department stores and the shaping of the modern consumer culture (1860-1914)." ''Theory, Culture & Society'' 10.4 (1993): 79-102.
* Leach, William.  ''Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture.'' (Pantheon, 1993). {{ISBN|0-679-75411-3}}).
* Parker, K. . "Sign Consumption in the 19th-Century Department Store: An Examination of Visual Merchandising in the Grand Emporiums (1846–1900)." ''Journal of Sociology'' (2003) 39 (4): 353–371.
* Parker, Traci. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QNGGDwAAQBAJ&dq=selective+patronage+sears&pg=PA310 Department Stores and the Black Freedom Movement: Workers, Consumers, and Civil Rights from the 1930s to the 1980s.]'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
* Perkins, John, and Craig Freedman. "Organisational form and retailing development: the department and the chain store, 1860-1940." ''Service Industries Journal'' 19.4 (1999): 123-146.
* Remus, Emily. ''A shoppers’ paradise: how the ladies of Chicago claimed power and pleasure in the new downtown'' (Harvard University Press, 2019).
* Samson, Peter. "The department store, its past and its future, a review article" ''Business History Review'' (1981), 55#1, pp.&nbsp;26–34. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-history-review/article/abs/department-store-its-past-and-its-future-merchant-princes-an-intimate-history-of-jewish-families-who-built-great-department-stores-by-leon-harris-new-york-harper-and-row-1979-pp-xx-411-1295-the-grand-emporiums-the-illustrated-history-of-americas-great-department-stores-by-robert-hendrickson-new-york-stein-and-day-1979-pp-viii-488-1495-sears-roebuck-usa-the-great-american-catalog-store-and-how-it-grew-by-gordon-l-weil-new-york-stein-and-day-1977-pp-xiv-277-1095-shopping-in-style-london-from-the-restoration-to-edwardian-elegance-by-alison-adburgham-london-thames-and-hudson-1979-pp-192-1495/1F8EEB5CE540CE43E92D4275A582ADD0 online]
* Savitt, Ronald. "The greatest store west of Chicago: Meier & Frank, 1857-1932." ''Journal of Historical Research in Marketing'' 9.1 (2017): 17-33. in Portland, Oregon. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ronald-Savitt/publication/314110640_The_greatest_store_west_of_Chicago_Meier_Frank_1857-1932/links/5a5e4d68458515c03ee0af66/The-greatest-store-west-of-Chicago-Meier-Frank-1857-1932.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail online]
* Schlereth, Thomas J. ''Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876–1915''. (HarperCollins, 1991).
* Siry, Joseph. ''Carson Pirie Scott: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Department Store'' (University of Chicago Press, 1988) [https://books.google.com/books?id=zLKapSs3sksC&dq=Marshall+Field&pg=PP13 online].
* [[Robert Sobel|Sobel, Robert]]. "John Wanamaker: The Triumph of Content Over Form," in ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright & Talley, 1974. {{ISBN|0-679-40064-8}}).
* Spang, Rebecca L. ''The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture.'' (Harvard UP, 2000). 325 p.
* Stobart, Jon, and Vicki Howard, eds. ''The Routledge companion to the history of retailing'' (Routledge, 2018)  [https://books.google.com/books?id=7ax7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Marshall+Field&pg=PT20 online].
* Tiersten, Lisa. ''Marianne in the Market: Envisioning Consumer Society in Fin-de-Siècle France'' (2001) [https://www.questia.com/library/106252217/marianne-in-the-market-envisioning-consumer-society online]
* Weil, Gordon Lee. ''Sears, Roebuck, USA: The great American catalog store and how it grew'' (1977).
* Whitaker, Jan ''Service and Style: How the American Department Store Fashioned the Middle Class.'' (St. Martin's Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-312-32635-1}}.)
* Whitaker, Jan. ''The World of Department Stores'' (The Vedome Press, 2011).
* Young, William H. "Department Store" in ''Encyclopedia of American Studies,'' ed. Simon J. Bronner (Johns Hopkins UP, 2015), [http://eas-ref.press.jhu.edu/view?aid=149 online]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Department stores}}
* [https://www.historicaleye.com/ma-work/cathedrals-of-consumption.html Cathedrals of Consumption: The rise of the department store in Britain] - Historical Eye
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080222052814/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/about/history/did_you_know/did_you_know_that_62478.aspx About Lower Manhattan: History: Did you know: A.T. Stewart's Department Store (archived)] from LowerManhattan.info
* {{cite report | last=Tamilia | first=Robert D. | title=The Wonderful World of the Department Store in Historical Perspective: A Comprehensive International Bibliography Partially Annotated | year=2011 |publisher=Department of Marketing, École des sciences de la gestion, University of Quebec at Montreal | url=http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/Docs/Department%20Store%20Bibliography.pdf | access-date=1 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019144610/http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/charm/Docs/Department%20Store%20Bibliography.pdf | archive-date=19 October 2013 | url-status=dead }} <small>(292 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])</small>
* [http://www.iads.org International Association of Department Stores]
* [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/09/22/030922fa_fact ''Under One Roof: The death and life of the New York department store''] by Adam Gopnik, ''New Yorker'', Sept. 14, 2003
{{Template:Retail}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Department Store}}
[[Category:Department stores| ]]
[[Category:Retail formats]]