Editing Design

{{Short description|Plan for the construction of an object or system}}
{{Redirect2|Designed|Designing|other uses|Design (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=August 2022}}
{{Copy edit|date=March 2024}}
}}
[[File:Braun ABW30 (schwarz).jpg|thumb|[[Braun (company)|Braun]] ABW30 wall clock designed by [[Dieter Rams]] and {{ill|Dietrich Lubs|de}} (early 1980s)]]
[[File:Swiss army knife closed 20050612.jpg|thumb|[[Victorinox]] ''Swiss Army'' knife]]
[[File:Cutlery designed by Zaha Hadid for company WMF, 2007 N.3.jpg|thumb|alt=An image of cutlery designed by Zaha Hadid|[[Cutlery]] designed by architect and designer [[Zaha Hadid]] (2007). The slightly oblique end part of the fork and the spoons, as well as the knife handle, are examples of designing for both aesthetic form and practical function.]]
[[File:Y-blokken som plassvegg.jpg|thumb|Early concept design sketches by the architect Erling Viksjø, exploring the relationships between existing and proposed new buildings]]
[[File:Barényi Béla-biztonsági fejlesztés.jpg|alt=Béla Barényi holding car model|thumb|[[Béla Barényi|Barényi Béla]], considered to be the father of safe driving and safety tests, preparing for safety development, which is a core part of the designing process]]
A '''design''' is the concept or proposal for an object, process, or [[system]]. The word ''design'' refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design. The verb ''to design'' expresses the process of developing a design. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan may also be considered to be a design (such as in arts and crafts). A design is expected to have a purpose within a specific context, typically aiming to satisfy certain [[goal]]s and constraints while taking into account [[aesthetics|aesthetic]], functional and experiential considerations. Traditional examples of designs are [[architectural drawing|architectural]] and [[engineering drawing|engineering]] drawings, [[circuit diagram]]s, [[Pattern (sewing)|sewing patterns]], and less tangible artefacts such as [[business process]] models.<ref name=":1">Dictionary meanings in the [//dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/design Cambridge Dictionary of American English], at [//www.dictionary.com/browse/design Dictionary.com] (esp. meanings 1–5 and 7–8) and at [//en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/design AskOxford] (especially verbs).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The greatest designs of modern times |url=https://fortune.com/longform/100-best-designs/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

==Designing==
People who produce designs are called ''[[designer]]s''. The term 'designer' usually refers to someone who works professionally in one of the various design areas. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice (for example: a [[fashion design]]er, a [[product design]]er, a [[web design]]er, or an [[interior design]]er), but it can also designate other practitioners such as architects and engineers (see below: Types of designing). A designer's sequence of activities to produce a design is called a design process, with some employing designated processes such as [[design thinking]] and [[design methods]]. The process of creating a design can be brief (a quick sketch) or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, [[Conceptual model|modeling]], interactive adjustment, and re-design.

Designing is also a widespread activity outside of the professions of those formally recognized as designers. In his influential book ''The Sciences of the Artificial,'' the interdisciplinary scientist [[Herbert A. Simon]] proposed that, "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Herbert A. |title=The Sciences of the Artificial |date=1969 |edition=first |publisher=M.I.T. Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=54 |url=https://archive.org/details/sciencesofartifi00simo/page/54}}</ref> According to the design researcher [[Nigel Cross]], "Everyone can – and does – design," and "Design ability is something that everyone has, to some extent, because it is embedded in our brains as a natural [[Cognition|cognitive]] function."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cross |first=Nigel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4SUVT1XCCwC |title=Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work |date=2011 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84788-846-4 |pages=3 & 140 |language=en}}</ref>

==History of design==

{{main|Design history}}
The study of design history is complicated by varying interpretations of what constitutes 'designing'. Many design historians, such as [[John Heskett]], look to the [[Industrial Revolution]] and the development of mass production.<ref>Heskett, John (1963) ''Industrial Design''. Thames & Hudson.</ref> Others subscribe to conceptions of design that include pre-industrial objects and artefacts, beginning their narratives of design in prehistoric times.<ref name="Huppatz"/> Originally situated within [[art history]], the historical development of the discipline of design history coalesced in the 1970s, as interested academics worked to recognize design as a separate and legitimate target for historical research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Margolin |first=Victor |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Design in History |journal=Design Issues |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=94–105 |doi=10.1162/desi.2009.25.2.94 |s2cid=57562456 |issn=0747-9360 |eissn=1531-4790|doi-access=free }}</ref> Early influential design historians include German-British art historian [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] and Swiss historian and architecture critic [[Sigfried Giedion]].

==Design education==
In Western Europe, institutions for design education date back to the nineteenth century. The [[Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry]] was founded in 1818, followed by the United Kingdom's [[Royal College of Art|Government School of Design]] (1837), and [[Konstfack]] in Sweden (1844). The [[Rhode Island School of Design]] was founded in the United States in 1877. The German art and design school [[Bauhaus]], founded in 1919, greatly influenced modern design education.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naylor |first=Gillian |title=The Bauhaus Reassessed |date=1985 |publisher=Herbert Press |isbn=0906969301}}</ref>

[[Design education]] covers the teaching of theory, knowledge, and values in the design of products, services, and environments, with a focus on the development of both particular and general skills for designing. Traditionally, its primary orientation has been to prepare students for professional design practice, based on project work and studio, or [[atelier]], teaching methods.

There are also broader forms of higher education in [[design studies]] and [[design thinking]]. Design is also a part of general education, for example within the curriculum topic, [[Design and Technology]]. The development of design in general education in the 1970s created a need to identify fundamental aspects of 'designerly' ways of knowing, thinking, and acting, which resulted in establishing design as a distinct [[Academic discipline|discipline]] of study.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Nigel |title=Design as a Discipline: Designerly Ways of Knowing |journal= Design Studies |date=1982 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1016/0142-694X(82)90040-0 |url= https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-694X%2882%2990040-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Design process==
Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, produce designs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coyne |first=Richard |date=1990 |title=Logic of design actions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-7051(90)90103-o |journal=Knowledge-Based Systems |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=242–257 |doi=10.1016/0950-7051(90)90103-o |issn=0950-7051 |access-date=2020-10-01 |archive-date=2022-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827204830/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/095070519090103O?via%3Dihub |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Design researchers Dorst and Dijkhuis acknowledged that "there are many ways of describing design processes," and compare and contrast two dominant but different views of the design process: as a rational problem-solving process and as a process of reflection-in-action. They suggested that these two [[paradigm]]s "represent two fundamentally different ways of looking at the world{{snd}} [[positivism]] and [[Constructionism (learning theory)|constructionism]]."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0142-694X(94)00012-3 |title=Comparing paradigms for describing design activity |journal=Design Studies |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=261–274 |year=1995 |last1=Dorst |first1=Kees |last2=Dijkhuis |first2=Judith |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-694X%2894%2900012-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The paradigms may reflect differing views of how designing ''should be'' done and how it ''actually is'' done, and both have a variety of names. The problem-solving view has been called "the rational model,"<ref name="Brooks"/> "technical rationality"<ref name="Schön 1983"/> and "the reason-centric perspective."<ref name="Ralph 2010"/> The alternative view has been called "reflection-in-action,"<ref name="Schön 1983"/> "coevolution"<ref name=DC/> and "the action-centric perspective."<ref name="Ralph 2010"/>

===Rational model===
The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,<ref>Newell, A., and Simon, H. (1972) ''Human problem solving'', Prentice-Hall, Inc.</ref><ref name="Simon">Simon, H.A. (1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Sr0nFw7psC The sciences of the artificial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217052045/http://books.google.com/books?id=k5Sr0nFw7psC&printsec=frontcover |date=2013-12-17 }}, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. p. 111. {{ISBN|0-262-69191-4}}.</ref> an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz.<ref>Pahl, G., and Beitz, W. (1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=8fuhesYeJmkC ''Engineering design: A systematic approach''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217052518/http://books.google.com/books?id=8fuhesYeJmkC&printsec=frontcover |date=2013-12-17 }}, Springer-Verlag, London. {{ISBN|3-540-19917-9}}.</ref> It posits that:
# Designers attempt to [[Optimization (mathematics)|optimize]] a design candidate for known [[constraint optimization|constraints]] and [[Goal|objectives]].
# The design process is plan-driven.
# The design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages.

The rational model is based on a [[Rationalism|rationalist philosophy]]<ref name="Brooks" /> and underlies the [[waterfall model]],<ref name=Royce/> [[systems development life cycle]],<ref name=Bourque/> and much of the [[engineering design]] literature.<ref>Pahl, G., Beitz, W., Feldhusen, J., and Grote, K.-H. (2007 ) [https://books.google.com/books?id=qsKNwB2gL5wC Engineering design: A systematic approach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217050322/http://books.google.com/books?id=qsKNwB2gL5wC&printsec=frontcover |date=2013-12-17 }}, (3rd ed.), Springer-Verlag, {{ISBN|1-84628-318-3}}.</ref> According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mielnik |first=Anna |url=https://suw.biblos.pk.edu.pl/downloadResource%26mId%3D2650996 |title=Under the power of reason |publisher=Krakow University of Technology |access-date=2022-08-27 |archive-date=2022-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827204829/https://suw.biblos.pk.edu.pl/downloadResource%26mId%3D2650996 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Typical stages consistent with the rational model include the following:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Condrea |first1=Ionut |url=https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/MNTnI?_s=zo3qVt0Rq8V3x%2FgZKecWt8ICAzY%3D |title=Elaboration of the initial requirements in the design activities |last2=Botezatu |first2=C. |last3=Slătineanu |first3=L. |last4=Oroian |first4=B. |journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering |date=February 2021 |volume=1037 |issue=1 |page=012002 |doi=10.1088/1757-899X/1037/1/012002 |bibcode=2021MS&E.1037a2002S |s2cid=234019940|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Pre-production design
** [[Design brief]]&nbsp;– initial statement of intended outcome.
** [[Analysis]]&nbsp;– analysis of design goals.
** [[Research]]&nbsp;– investigating similar designs in the field or related topics.
** [[Specification]]&nbsp;– specifying requirements of a design for a product ([[product design specification]])<ref>Cross, N., (2006). ''T211 Design and Designing: Block 2'', p. 99. Milton Keynes: The Open University.</ref> or service.
** [[Problem solving]]&nbsp;– [[wikt:conceptualize|conceptualizing]] and [[document]]ing designs.
** [[Presentation]]&nbsp;– presenting designs.
* Design during production.
** [[Product development|Development]]&nbsp;– continuation and improvement of a design.
** [[Product testing]]&nbsp;– ''[[in situ]]'' testing of a design.
* Post-production design feedback for future designs.
** [[Implementation]]&nbsp;– introducing the design into the environment.
** [[Evaluation]] and [[logical consequence|conclusion]]&nbsp;– summary of process and results, including [[constructive criticism]] and suggestions for future improvements.
* Redesign&nbsp;– any or all stages in the design process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, during, or after production.

Each stage has many associated [[best practices]].<ref>Ullman, David G. (2009) ''The Mechanical Design Process'', Mc Graw Hill, 4th edition {{ISBN|0-07-297574-1}}</ref>

====Criticism of the rational model====
The rational model has been widely criticized on two primary grounds:

# Designers do not work this way&nbsp;– extensive empirical evidence has demonstrated that designers do not act as the rational model suggests.<ref name="Schön 1983"/><ref name="Ralph 2010"/><ref name=Cross/>
# Unrealistic assumptions&nbsp;– goals are often unknown when a design project begins, and the requirements and constraints continue to change.<ref name="Brooks"/><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1145/1005937.1005943 |url=http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/association-for-computing-machinery/life-cycle-concept-considered-harmful-WXRCv45NVM |author1=McCracken, D.D. |author2=Jackson, M.A. |title=Life cycle concept considered harmful |journal=ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes |volume=7 |issue=2 |year=1982 |pages=29–32 |s2cid=9323694 |access-date=2012-03-25 |archive-date=2012-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812035944/http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/association-for-computing-machinery/life-cycle-concept-considered-harmful-WXRCv45NVM |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Action-centric model===
The action-centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the rational model.<ref name="Ralph 2010"/> It posits that:

# Designers use [[creativity]] and [[emotion]] to generate design candidates.
# The design process is [[Improvisation|improvised]].
# No universal sequence of stages is apparent&nbsp;– analysis, design, and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked.<ref name="Ralph 2010"/>

The action-centric perspective is based on an [[Empiricism|empiricist philosophy]] and broadly consistent with the [[Agile software development|agile approach]]<ref name=Beck/> and methodical development.<ref name=Truex/> Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers.<ref name=Cross/> Like the rational model, the action-centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Faste |first1=Trygve |last2=Faste |first2=Haakon |date=2012-08-15 |title=Demystifying "design research": design is not research, research is design |url=https://www.idsa.org/sites/default/files/Faste.pdf |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Industrial Designers Society of America |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819163610/https://www.idsa.org/sites/default/files/Faste.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both involve these three basic activities:
* In the [[Reflective practice|reflection-in-action paradigm]], designers alternate between "[[Framing (social sciences)|framing]]", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process may lead to further moves in the design.<ref name="Schön 1983" />
* In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. [[Sensemaking (information science)|Sensemaking]] includes both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the process where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the design object based on its mental picture of the context, and vice versa".<ref name="Ralph 2010" />

The concept of the [[design cycle]] is understood as a circular time structure,<ref>Fischer, Thomas "Design Enigma. A typographical metaphor for enigmatic processes, including designing", in: T. Fischer, K. De Biswas, J.J. Ham, R. Naka, W.X. Huang, ''Beyond Codes and Pixels: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia'', p. 686</ref> which may start with the thinking of an idea, then expressing it by the use of visual or verbal means of communication (design tools), the sharing and perceiving of the expressed idea, and finally starting a new cycle with the critical rethinking of the perceived idea. Anderson points out that this concept emphasizes the importance of the means of expression, which at the same time are means of perception of any design ideas.<ref>Anderson, Jane (2011) ''Architectural Design'', Basics Architecture 03, Lausanne, AVA academia, p. 40. {{ISBN|978-2-940411-26-9}}.</ref>

== Philosophies ==
[[Philosophy of design]] is the study of definitions, assumptions, foundations, and implications of design. There are also many informal 'philosophies' for guiding design such as personal values or preferred approaches.

===Approaches to design===
Some of these values and approaches include:
* [[Critical design]] uses designed artefacts as an embodied critique or commentary on existing values, morals, and practices in a culture. Critical design can make aspects of the future physically present to provoke a reaction.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lab |first=MIT Media |date=16 July 2015 |title=Introducing the Media Lab Award |work=Medium |url=https://medium.com/@medialab/introducing-the-media-lab-award-795ac9e7a8d9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunne |first1=Anthony |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/speculative-everything |title=Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming |last2=Raby |first2=Fiona |date=6 December 2013 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01984-2 |language=en |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Malpass |first=Matt |date=Spring 2015 |title=Criticism and Function in Critical Design Practice |url=http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/7921/1/DESI3102_pp59-pp71_vB.pdf |journal=Design Issues |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=59–71 |doi=10.1162/DESI_a_00322 |s2cid=57571804}}</ref>
* [[Ecological design]] is a design approach that prioritizes the consideration of the environmental impacts of a product or service, over its whole lifecycle.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332789897 |title=The Routledge companion to ecological design thinking : healthful ecotopian visions for architecture and urbanism |date=2023 |first=Mitra |last=Kanaani |isbn=978-1-003-18318-1 |location=New York, NY |oclc=1332789897 |access-date=2022-08-19 |archive-date=2022-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827204829/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1332789897 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=van der Ryn |first1=Sim |title=An Introduction to Ecological Design |last2=Cowan |first2=Stuart |publisher=Island Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-59726-140-1 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Ecodesign research focuses primarily on barriers to implementation, ecodesign tools and methods, and the intersection of ecodesign with other research disciplines.<ref>Schäfer M, Löwer M. Ecodesign—A Review of Reviews. Sustainability. 2021; 13(1):315. doi.org/10.3390/su13010315</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Tania |date=April 2008 |title=Transforming citizens? Green politics and ethical consumption on lifestyle television |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10304310701864394 |journal=Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=227–240 |doi=10.1080/10304310701864394 |s2cid=144299069|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Participatory design]] (originally co-operative design, now often co-design) is the practice of collective creativity to design, attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end-users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is usable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanders |first1=Elizabeth B.-N. |last2=Stappers |first2=Pieter Jan |date=2008 |title=Co-creation and the new landscape of design|journal=CoDesign |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=5–18 |doi=10.1080/15710880701875068 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Recent research suggests that designers create more innovative concepts and ideas when working within a co-design environment with others than they do when creating ideas on their own.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mitchell |first1=Val |last2=Ross |first2=Tracy |last3=Sims |first3=Ruth |last4=Parker |first4=Christopher J. |date=2015 |title=Empirical investigation of the impact of using co-design methods when generating proposals for sustainable travel solutions |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18877 |journal=CoDesign |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1080/15710882.2015.1091894 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="The Value of Codesign">{{Cite journal |last1=Trischler |first1=Jakob |last2=Pervan |first2=Simon J. |last3=Kelly |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Scott |first4=Don R. |year=2018 |title=The Value of Codesign |journal=Journal of Service Research |volume=21 |pages=75–100 |doi=10.1177/1094670517714060 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Scientific design refers to industrialised design based on scientific knowledge.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Nigel |title=Science and design methodology: A review |journal=Research in Engineering Design |date=1 June 1993 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.1007/BF02032575 |s2cid=110223861 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%252FBF02032575 |access-date=16 April 2021 |language=en |issn=1435-6066 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419101156/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02032575 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Science can be used to study the effects and need for a potential or existing product in general and to design products that are based on scientific knowledge. For instance, a scientific design of [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face masks for COVID-19 mitigation]] may be based on investigations of filtration performance, mitigation performance,<ref>{{cite news |title=Face shields, masks with valves ineffective against COVID-19 spread: study |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-shields-masks-valves-ineffective-covid-.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117012058/https://phys.org/news/2020-09-shields-masks-valves-ineffective-covid-.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Siddhartha |last2=Dhanak |first2=Manhar |last3=Frankenfield |first3=John |title=Visualizing droplet dispersal for face shields and masks with exhalation valves |journal=Physics of Fluids |date=1 September 2020 |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=091701 |doi=10.1063/5.0022968 |pmid=32952381 |pmc=7497716 |arxiv=2008.00125 |bibcode=2020PhFl...32i1701V |issn=1070-6631 |doi-access=free}}</ref> thermal comfort, [[biodegradability]] and flow resistance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Face masks slow spread of COVID-19; types of masks, length of use matter |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-11-masks-covid-length.html |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023065428/https://phys.org/news/2020-11-masks-covid-length.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Sanjay |last2=Lee |first2=Heow Pueh (李孝培) |title=The perspective of fluid flow behavior of respiratory droplets and aerosols through the facemasks in context of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Physics of Fluids |date=1 November 2020 |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=111301 |doi=10.1063/5.0029767 |pmid=33281434 |pmc=7713871 |arxiv=2010.06385 |bibcode=2020PhFl...32k1301K |issn=1070-6631}}</ref>
* [[Service design]] is a term that is used for designing or organizing the experience around a product and the service associated with a product's use. The purpose of service design methodologies is to establish the most effective practices for designing services, according to both the needs of users and the competencies and capabilities of service providers.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Segelström |first1=Fabian |last2=Raijmakers |first2=Bas |last3=Holmlid |first3=Stefan |date=January 2009 |title=Thinking and Doing Ethnography in Service Design |url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~steho87/iasdr/SegelstromRaijmakersHolmlid.pdf |access-date=2018-02-27 |publisher=Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Buur |first1=Jacob |last2=Binder |first2=Thomas |last3=Brandt |first3=Eva |date=2000-01-01 |title=Taking Video beyond 'Hard Data' in User Centred Design |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242609565 |journal=Participatory Design Conference}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Holmlid |first=Stefan |date=2007-05-27 |title=Creative Arts |url=https://jorz.art/ |journal=Nordes |series=Nordes 2007: Design Inquiries |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.21606/nordes.2007.031 |isbn=9781912294466 |issn=1604-9705 |s2cid=109110352 |via=nordes.org in proceedings from Nordic Design Research Conference, Design Inquiries |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sophia |first1=Parker |last2=Heapy |first2=Joe |date=2006-07-01 |title=The Journey to the Interface, how public service design can connect users to reform |url=http://socialinnovation.typepad.com/files/journey-to-the-interface.pdf |journal=Demos}}</ref>
* [[Sociotechnical system]] design, a philosophy and tools for participative designing of work arrangements and supporting processes – for organizational purpose, quality, safety, economics, and customer requirements in core work processes, the quality of peoples experience at work, and the needs of society.
* [[Transgenerational design]], the practice of making products and environments compatible with those physical and sensory impairments associated with human aging and which limit major activities of daily living.
* [[User-centered design]], which focuses on the needs, wants, and limitations of the end-user of the designed artefact. One aspect of user-centered design is [[ergonomics]].

== Relationship with the arts ==
[[File:Brionvega RR126, Pier Giacomo Castiglioni - MNAM.jpg|thumb|[[Brionvega]] {{ill|RR 126|it}} [[Radiogram (device)|radiogram]] designed by [[Achille Castiglioni|Achille]] and [[Pier Giacomo Castiglioni]]]]
The boundaries between art and design are blurry, largely due to a range of applications both for the term 'art' and the term 'design'. [[Applied arts]] can include [[industrial design]], [[graphic design]], [[fashion design]], and the [[decorative arts]] which traditionally includes craft objects. In [[graphic art]]s (2D image making that ranges from photography to illustration), the distinction is often made between [[fine art]] and [[commercial art]], based on the context within which the work is produced and how it is traded.

{{Clear}}

== Types of designing ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Applied arts]]
* [[Architecture]]
* [[Automotive design]]
* [[Synthetic biology|Biological design]]
* [[Cartographic design|Cartographic or map design]]
* [[Configuration design]]
* [[Communication design]]
* [[Costume design]]
* [[Design management]]
* [[Engineering design process|Engineering design]]
* [[Experience design]]
* [[Fashion design]]
* [[Floral design]]
* [[Game design]]
* [[Graphic design]]
* [[Information architecture]]
* [[Information design]]
* [[Industrial design]]
* [[Instructional design]]
* [[Interaction design]]
* [[Interior design]]
* [[Landscape architecture]]
* [[Lighting designer|Lighting design]]
* [[Modular design]]
* [[Motion graphic design]]
* [[Organizational architecture|Organization design]]
* [[Process design]]
* [[Product design]]
* [[Production designer|Production design]]
* [[Property designer|Property design]]
* [[Scenic design]]
* [[Service design]]
* [[Social design]]
* [[Software design]]
* [[Sound design]]
* [[Spatial design]]
* [[Strategic design]]
* [[Systems architecture]]
* [[Systems design]]
* [[Systems modeling]]
* [[Type design]]
* [[Urban design]]
* [[User experience design]]
* [[User interface design]]
* [[Vexillography]]
* [[Web design]]
}}

==See also==
{{Columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* [[Design competition]]
* [[Design methods]]
* [[Design museums]]
* [[Design prototyping]]
* [[Design research]]
* [[Design science]]
* [[Design theory]]
* [[Design thinking]]
* [[Design-based learning]]
* [[Evidence-based design]]
* [[Global Design Database]]
* [[List of design awards]]
* [[Outline of design]]
* [[Universal design]]
* [[Visual design elements and principles (disambiguation)|Visual design elements and principles]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Beck">Beck, K., Beedle, M., van Bennekum, A., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., Grenning, J., Highsmith, J., Hunt, A., Jeffries, R., Kern, J., Marick, B., Martin, R.C., Mellor, S., Schwaber, K., Sutherland, J., and Thomas, D. (2001) [http://www.agilemanifesto.org/ Manifesto for agile software development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327170434/http://www.agilemanifesto.org/ |date=2021-03-27 }}.</ref>
<ref name="Bourque">Bourque, P., and Dupuis, R. (eds.) (2004) [http://webyes.com.br/wp-content/uploads/ebooks/book_SWEBOK.pdf Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124015740/http://webyes.com.br/wp-content/uploads/ebooks/book_SWEBOK.pdf |date=2012-01-24 }} (SWEBOK). IEEE Computer Society Press, {{ISBN|0-7695-2330-7}}.</ref>
<ref name="Brooks">{{Cite book |title=The Design of Design: Essays from a Computer Scientist |last=Brooks |first=F. P |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2010 |isbn=9780321702067 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qG4TQi-e-4C}}</ref>
<ref name="Cross">Cross, N., Dorst, K., and Roozenburg, N. (1992) ''Research in design thinking'', Delft University Press, Delft. {{ISBN|90-6275-796-0}}.</ref>
<ref name="DC">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0142-694X(01)00009-6 |title=Creativity in the design process: Co-evolution of problem–solution |journal=Design Studies |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=425–437 |year=2001 |last1=Dorst |first1=Kees |last2=Cross |first2=Nigel |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/3278/1/Creativity_-_coevolution.pdf |access-date=2019-11-02 |archive-date=2019-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029080256/http://oro.open.ac.uk/3278/1/Creativity_-_coevolution.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Huppatz">{{cite journal |last1=Huppatz |first1=D. J. |title=Globalizing Design History and Global Design History |journal=Journal of Design History |date=2015 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=182–202 |doi=10.1093/jdh/epv002 |jstor=43831904 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43831904 |issn=0952-4649|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
<!--<ref name="Margolin">{{cite journal |last1=Margolin |first1=Victor |title=A World History of Design and the History of the World |journal=Journal of Design History |date=2005 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=235–243 |doi=10.1093/jdh/epi043 |jstor=3527284 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3527284 |issn=0952-4649}}</ref>-->
<ref name="Ralph 2010">Ralph, P. (2010) "Comparing two software design process theories". International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2010), Springer, St. Gallen, Switzerland, pp.&nbsp;139–153. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-642-13335-0_10}}.</ref>
<ref name="Royce">Royce, W.W. (1970) [http://www-scf.usc.edu/~csci201/lectures/Lecture11/royce1970.pdf "Managing the development of large software systems: Concepts and techniques,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002080351/http://www-scf.usc.edu/~csci201/lectures/Lecture11/royce1970.pdf |date=2020-10-02 }} Proceedings of Wescon.</ref>
<ref name="Schön 1983">Schön, D.A. (1983) ''The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action'', Basic Books, USA. {{ISBN|978-0465068784}}</ref>
<ref name="Truex">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0959-8022(99)00009-0|author1=Truex, D. |author2=Baskerville, R. |author3=and Travis, J. |title=Amethodical systems development: The deferred meaning of systems development methods|journal=Accounting, Management and Information Technologies |volume=10|issue=1|pages=53–79|year=2000}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Design }}
* Margolin, Victor. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A5EKMQAACAAJ World History of Design]. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. (2 vols) {{isbn|9781472569288}}.
* Raizman, David Seth (12 November 2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fkZJAQAAIAAJ ''The History of Modern Design'']. Pearson. {{isbn|978-0131830400}}.

{{Design}}
{{Branches of the visual arts}}
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