Editing Destiny

{{short description|Predetermined course of events}}
{{redirect|Fate|other uses|Fate (disambiguation)|and|Destiny (disambiguation)}}
{{original research|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Wiktionary|destiny|fate}}
'''Destiny''', sometimes also called '''fate''' ({{etymology|la|{{Wikt-lang|la|fatum}}|decree, prediction, destiny, fate}}), is a predetermined course of events.<ref name=Raphals>{{cite book|author1=Lisa Raphals|title=Philosophy East and West|date=4 October 2003|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|pages=537–574|edition=Volume 53}}</ref><ref>Compare ''[[determinism]]'', the [[philosophy|philosophical]] [[proposition]] that every event, including human cognition and behavior, is [[causality|causally]] determined by an unbroken [[chain of prior occurrences]].</ref> It may be conceived as a [[predeterminism|predetermined]] future, whether in general or of an individual.

==Fate==
[[File:Alphonse Mucha - Fate.jpg|thumb|''Fate'', by [[Alphonse Mucha]]]]
Although often used interchangeably, the words [[wiktionary:fate|''fate'']] and ''destiny'' have distinct connotations. The earliest known mention of the term or its meaning is found on a document written in cuneiform script that reports on the mythical [[Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)|Tablet of Destinies]]. It probably refers to a political treaty between three groups of Sumerian gods (cf. the [[Atra-Hasis|Epic Athra Hasis]]), whereby only the leader has the power to restore the things he once determined to their original state.

Todays traditional usage defines fate similar: as a power or agency that predetermines (rules) the attributes of a thing or set of events positively or negatively affecting someone or a group. Other possibilities are that of an [[idiom]], to [[Fortune-telling|tell someone's fortune]], or simply the result of chance and events. In [[Hellenistic civilization]], the chaotic and unforeseeable turns of [[chance (philosophy)|chance]] gave increasing prominence to a previously less notable goddess, [[Tyche]] (literally "[[Luck]]"), who embodied the good fortune of a city and all whose lives depended on its security and prosperity, two good qualities of life that appeared to be out of human reach. The Roman image of [[Fortuna]], with the wheel she blindly turned, was retained by Christian writers including [[Boethius]], revived strongly in the Renaissance, and survives in some forms today.<ref>"[[Rota Fortunae|The Wheel of Fortune]]" remains an emblem of the chance element in fate(destiny).
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==Western philosophy==
===Ancient Greek philosophy===
Philosophy on the concepts of destiny and fate has existed since the Hellenistic period with groups such as the [[Stoics]] and the [[Epicureanism|Epicureans]].

The Stoics believed that human decisions and actions ultimately went according to a divine plan devised by a god.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} They claimed that although humans theoretically have [[free will]], their souls and the circumstances under which they live are all part of the universal network of fate.

The Epicureans challenged the Stoic beliefs by denying the existence of this divine fate. They believed that a human's actions were voluntary so long as they were rational.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition">{{cite book|last1=Karamanolis|first1=George E.|title=Vol. 1 of Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition|date=2000|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|location=Chicago, Illinois|pages=610–611}}</ref>

===Modern philosophy===

In common usage, ''destiny'' and ''fate'' are synonymous, but with regard to [[19th-century philosophy]], the words gained inherently different meanings.

For [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], destiny was just a manifestation of the Will to Live, which can be at the same time living fate and choice of overrunning fate, by means of the [[Art]], of the [[Morality]] and of the [[Asceticism|Ascesis]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

For [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], destiny keeps the form of ''[[Amor fati]]'' (Love of Fate) through the important element of Nietzsche's philosophy, the "[[will to power]]" (der ''Wille zur Macht''), the basis of human behavior, influenced by the Will to Live of Schopenhauer. But this concept may have even other senses, although he, in various places, saw the will to power as a strong element for adaptation or survival in a better way.<ref>Beyond Good & Evil 13, Gay Science 349 & Genealogy of Morality II:12</ref> Nietzsche eventually transformed the idea of matter as centers of force into matter as centers of will to power as humanity's destiny to face with ''amor fati''. The expression ''Amor fati'' is used repeatedly by [[Nietzsche]] as acceptation-choice of the ''fate'', but in such way it becomes even another thing, precisely a "choice" destiny.

[[Determinism]] is a philosophical concept often confused with fate. It can be defined as the notion that all intents/actions are ''causally'' determined by the culminations of an agent's existing circumstances; simply put, everything that happens is determined by things that have already happened.<ref name=Nagel>{{cite book|last1=Nagel|first1=Thomas|author-link1=Thomas Nagel|title=What Does it all Mean?|date=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|chapter=Chapter 6}}</ref> Determinism differs from fate in that it is never conceived as being a spiritual, religious, nor astrological notion; fate is typically thought of as being "given" or "decreed" while determinism is "caused". Influential philosophers like [[Robert Kane (philosopher)|Robert Kane]], [[Thomas Nagel]], [[Roderick Chisholm]], and [[A. J. Ayer]] have written about this notion.

==Psychology==

Among the representatives of depth psychology school, the greatest contribution to the study of the notion such as "fate" was made by [[Carl Gustav Jung]], [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Léopold Szondi|Leopold Szondi]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Religion==
The concept of destiny, fate or causation is prominent in most religions{{snd}}but takes different forms:

*The ancient Sumerians spoke of divine predetermination of the individual's destiny<ref>{{citation|last=Wilson|first=Kenneth M.|title=Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology|location=Tuebingen, Germany|publisher=Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co|date=2018|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxhdDwAAQBAJ&q=sumer|isbn=978-3161557538}}</ref>
*In [[Babylonian religion]], the god [[Nabu]], as the god of writing, inscribed the fates<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702144238/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nabu |title=Nabu |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nabu |archive-date=2 July 2016}}</ref> assigned to humans by the gods of the [[Assyro-Babylonian pantheon]] which included the Anunnaki who would decree the fates of humanity<ref>{{citation|last=Leick|first=Gwendolyn|title=A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology|location=New York City, New York|publisher=Routledge|date=1998|page=8|orig-year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEZD-9L5ogC&q=Anunnaki&pg=PA8|isbn=0415198119}}</ref>
*Followers of [[Ancient Greek religion]] regarded not only the [[Moirai]] but also the gods, particularly [[Zeus]], as responsible for deciding and carrying out destiny, respectively. 
*Some [[Christianity|Christians]] believe that humans all have [[free will]], while others believe in [[predestination]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition"/>
*In [[Islam]], fate or ''[[qadar]]'' is the decree of God.
*Within [[Buddhism]], all phenomena (mind or otherwise) are taught as dependently arisen from previous phenomena according to universal law{{snd}}a concept known as ''[[Pratītyasamutpāda|paṭiccasamuppāda]].'' This core teaching is shared across all schools of thought, and directly informs other core concepts such as [[impermanence]] and [[Anattā|non-self]] (also common to all schools of Buddhism).

==Politics==

Metaphorical expressions of a predetermined destiny are commonly used by politicians to describe events not understood. [[Otto Von Bismarck]] said that the best a politician can do is to 'listen for God's footsteps and hang on to His coat tails'.<ref>[[Henry Kissinger]], 'Otto Von Bismarck, master Statesman', New York Times, 31 March 2011</ref>

[[José de San Martín|General José de San Martín]], [[Libertadores|Libertador]] of [[Argentina]], [[Chile]] and [[Peru]], famously said "You will be what you must be, or you will be nothing".<ref>{{Cite web |title=“Serás lo que debas ser y si no, serás nada” |url=https://www.laprensa.com.ar/Seras-lo-que-debas-ser-y-si-no-seras-nada-533591.note.aspx |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.laprensa.com.ar |language=es}}</ref>

In ''[[War and Peace]]'', [[Leo Tolstoy]] wrote of the 'unconscious swarm-life of mankind', while [[Shakespeare]] spoke of a 'tide in the affairs of men' in his play ''Julius Caesar''.

==Literature==
In ancient Greece, many legends and tales teach the futility of trying to outmaneuver an inexorable fate that has been correctly predicted. This portrayal of fate is present in works such as ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' (427 BCE),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sophocles|editor1=Stephen Berg|editor2=Diskin Clay|title=Oedipus the King|date=1978|orig-year=427 BC|publisher=Oxford UP|location=New York}}</ref> the ''[[Iliad]],'' the ''[[Odyssey]]'' (800 BCE), and ''[[Theogony]].'' Many ancient Chinese works have also portrayed the concept of fate, most notably the ''[[Liezi]],'' ''[[Mencius (book)|Mengzi]],'' and the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]].'' Similarly, and in Italy, the Spanish [[Duque de Rivas]]' play that [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] transformed into ''[[La Forza del Destino]]'' ("The Force of Destiny") includes notions of fate.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

In England, fate has played a notable literary role in Shakespeare's ''[[Macbeth]]'' (1606), Thomas Hardy's ''[[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]]'' (1891), Samuel Beckett's ''[[Endgame (play)|Endgame]]'' (1957), and W.W Jacobs' popular short story "[[The Monkey's Paw]]" (1902). In America, [[Thornton Wilder]]'s book ''[[The Bridge of San Luis Rey]]'' (1927) portrays the conception of fate.

In Germany, fate is a recurring theme in the literature of [[Hermann Hesse]] (1877–1962), including ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddharta]]'' (1922) and his magnum opus, ''Das Glasperlenspiel,'' also published as ''[[The Glass Bead Game]]'' (1943). And by Hollywood through such characters as Neo in ''[[The Matrix]]''. The common theme of these works involves a protagonist who cannot escape their  destiny, however hard they try. In [[Neil Gaiman]]'s graphic novel series ''[[The Sandman (Vertigo)|The Sandman]]'', destiny is one of the [[Endless (comics)|Endless]], depicted as a blind man carrying a book that contains all the past and all the future: "Destiny is the oldest of the Endless; in the Beginning was the Word, and it was traced by hand on the first page of his book, before ever it was spoken aloud."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Season of mists|last=Gaiman, Neil|others=Jones, Kelley; Jones, Malcolm, III; Dringenberg, Mike; Wagner, Matt; Russell, P. Craig; Pratt, George|isbn=978-1401285814|edition=30th anniversary|location=Burbank, CA|oclc=1065971941}}</ref>
[[File:Jorge Luis Borges.jpg|thumb|Destiny is a frequent concept in [[Jorge Luis Borges]]' stories and poems.]]
Destiny is a frequent concept in [[Jorge Luis Borges]]' short stories and poems. In ''[[The Garden of Forking Paths]],'' destiny is represented by a [[labyrinth]] of choices, where every possibility exists simultaneously. The protagonist later realizes his actions are predetermined as the story unfolds with an inevitable conclusion. In ''[[The Lottery in Babylon]],'' as a metaphor for fate and chance, a secret lottery determines every aspect of life, making personal choice irrelevant. In ''[https://ciudadseva.com/texto/ajedrez-3/#google_vignette Ajedrez],'' Chess pieces move accordingly to fixed rules, symbolizing how humans follow a predetermined destiny controlled by an unseen hand.

Many stories and poems by Borges also develop the idea of a destined death. In ''[https://www.poesi.as/jlb0506.htm Poema conjetural],'' an important historical figure in the history of [[Argentina]], who had dreamed of having a civilized and prestigious life and death, ends up being violently tracked down by "savages" and killed, but instead of lamenting his death, he dies surprisingly joyfully "finding his south american destiny".

Similarly, in ''[[The South (short story)|The South]]'', a dying man in a hospital hallucinates about having a heroic death, in which he is killed in a [[:es:Esgrima criolla|duel]] against a [[gaucho]].

==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
{{div col |colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ājīvika]]
* [[Causality]]
* [[Divine providence]]
* [[Karma]]
* [[Lazy argument]]
* [[Omniscience]]
* [[Oracle]]
* [[Predestination in Islam]]
* [[Prophecy]]
* [[Russian avos']]
* [[Script Analysis#Psychology of human destiny|Psychology of human destiny]]
* [[Synchronicity]]
* [[Yuanfen]]
* [[Wyrd]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Kees W. Bolle]], ''Encyclopedia of Religion.'' Ed. Lindsay Jones. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Macmillan Reference US, 2005. vol. 5, pp.&nbsp;2998–3006. 
* Tim O'Keefe, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/freedom-ancient/ Ancient Theories of Freedom and Determinism.]" ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''
* [[Michael J. Meade]] ''Fate and Destiny: The Two Agreements of the Soul'', Greenfire Press, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0982939147}}
* Robert C. Solomon, "On Fate and Fatalism." ''Philosophy East and West'' 53.4 (2003): 435–454.
* Cornelius, Geoffrey, C. (1994). "The Moment of Astrology: Origins in Divination", Penguin Group, part of Arkana Contemporary Astrology series.
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