Editing Destiny (ISS module)

{{Short description|Primary US ISS module}}
{{See also|Scientific research on the ISS}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox space station module
 | module                 = ''Destiny''
 | module_image           = ISS Destiny Lab.jpg
 | module_image_size      = 300px
 | module_image_caption   = The ''Destiny'' Laboratory Module (NASA) being installed on the [[International Space Station]].
 | launch                 = 7 February 2001
 | launch_vehicle         = {{ov|104}} ([[STS-98]])
 | berthed                 = 10 February 2001
 | undocked               =
 | reentry                = 
 | mass                   = {{cvt|14515|kg}}
 | length                 = {{cvt|8.5|m}}
 | width                  = 
 | height                 = 
 | diameter               = {{cvt|4.3|m}}
 | volume                 = {{convert|3700|cuft|m3|order=flip|sigfig=5|abbr=on}}
 | stats_ref              = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html#.UugMQnmCo1F|title=Destiny Laboratory &#124; NASA|date=20 September 2018|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=9 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html#.UugMQnmCo1F|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 | configuration_image    = 
 | configuration_size     = 
 | configuration_caption  = 
|COSPAR_ID={{COSPAR|2001-006B}}|spelling=us}}

The '''''Destiny''''' module, also known as the '''U.S. Lab''', is the primary operating facility for [[United States|U.S.]] research payloads aboard the [[International Space Station]] (ISS).<ref name="boeing">{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/spacestation/components/us_laboratory.html|title=Destiny Laboratory Module|access-date=October 7, 2008|publisher=[[Boeing]]|year=2008|author=Boeing}}</ref><ref name="lab">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html|title=U.S. Destiny Laboratory|access-date=October 7, 2008|publisher=NASA|year=2003|author=NASA|archive-date=July 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was berthed to the forward port of the ''[[Unity (ISS module)|Unity]]'' module and activated over a period of five days in February, 2001.<ref name="sts-98">{{Cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-98/mission-sts-98.html|title=STS-98|access-date=October 7, 2008|publisher=NASA|year=2001|author=NASA|archive-date=August 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830041616/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-98/mission-sts-98.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Destiny'' is [[NASA]]'s first permanent operating orbital research station since [[Skylab]] was vacated in February 1974.

The [[Boeing Company]] began construction of the {{Convert|14515|kg|adj=on}} research laboratory in 1995 at the [[Michoud Assembly Facility]] and then the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], Alabama.<ref name="boeing"/> ''Destiny'' was shipped to the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in [[Florida]] in 1998, and was turned over to NASA for pre-launch preparations in August 2000. It launched on February 7, 2001 aboard the {{OV|104}} on [[STS-98]].<ref name="sts-98"/>

Astronauts work inside the pressurized facility to conduct research in numerous scientific fields. Scientists throughout the world would use the results to enhance their studies in medicine, engineering, biotechnology, physics, materials science, and Earth science.<ref name="lab"/>

==Launch and installation==
[[File:Sts-98-patch.svg|thumb|Mission patch for STS-98]]
Destiny was launched to ISS aboard the [[Space Shuttle]] mission [[STS-98]].<ref name="sts-98"/> It launched into Earth orbit on February 7, 2001 aboard the {{OV|104}}.<ref name="sts-98"/> On February 10, 2001 at 9:50 am CST, the installation of Destiny began.<ref name="nasa.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/destiny-laboratory-attached-to-international-space-station|title=Destiny Laboratory Attached to International Space Station|date=16 April 2015}}</ref> First, the Shuttle SRMSS ([[Canadarm]]) was used to remove [[Pressurized Mating Adapter|Pressurized Mating Adapter 2]] (PMA 2) from Unity node's forward port to make room for the new module. PMA-2 was temporarily stowed on the forward berthing ring of the [[Z1 truss]]. ''Destiny'' was "grabbed" by the robotic arm at 11:23, lifted out of ''Atlantis''{{'}} cargo bay, and berthed to the forward port of ''Unity''. Two days later, PMA-2 was moved to its semi-permanent location on the forward port of ''Destiny''.<ref name="STS-98">{{cite web
  | last = STS-98
  | first = Mission Control Center
  | title = Status Report # 07
  | publisher = NASA
  | date = February 10, 2001
  | url = http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-98/news/sts-98-mcc-07.txt
  | access-date = 2007-01-18
  | archive-date = 2012-04-06
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406104047/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-98/news/sts-98-mcc-07.txt
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref> Several years later, on November 14, 2007, the [[Harmony (ISS module)|''Harmony'']] module was attached to the forward port of the ''Destiny'' laboratory, and PMA 2 was again relocated to the forward port of ''Harmony''.<ref name="pma3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition15/pma3move.html|title=PMA-3 Relocation|access-date=September 28, 2007|publisher=[[NASA]]|year=2007|author=NASA|archive-date=October 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012235655/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition15/pma3move.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The addition of ''Destiny'' increased the habitable volume by 3,800 cubic feet, an increase of 41 percent.<ref name="nasa.gov"/> 
<gallery>
File:STS-98 Atlantis on the crawler.jpg|Atlantis with ''Destiny'' in its cargo bay heads to the launch pad 
File:AstroVan.JPG|The Shuttle crew heading out for the launch
File:Liftoff of Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-98 (KSC-01PP-0277).jpg|Liftoff
File:Curbeam works on the Destiny module.jpg|Astronaut on EVA with ''Destiny''
File:Sts098-312-0020.jpg|The newly expanded ISS with ''Destiny'' Laboratory, February 2001
</gallery>

== Laboratory structure ==
<!--[[Image:Helms.window.jpg|thumb|Astronaut [[Susan J. Helms]], [[Expedition 2|Expedition Two]] flight engineer, views the Earth from the ''Destiny'' module window.]]-->
[[Image:Destiny_as_just_installed.jpg|thumb|The ''Destiny'' laboratory as it looked following installation in 2001.]]
[[File:ISS-40 Space Station while the crew is asleep.jpg|thumb|Interior view of the US lab with the lights turned off, i.e. while the crew sleeps]]
The U.S. laboratory module is {{convert|28|ft|m}} long and {{convert|14|ft|m}} wide.<ref name="boeing"/><ref name="lab"/> It is made from aluminum and stainless steel, and comprises three cylindrical sections and two endcones that contain the hatch openings through which astronauts enter and exit the module.<ref name="boeing"/> The aft port of ''Destiny'' is connected to the forward port of [[Unity (ISS module)|Unity]], and the forward port of ''Destiny'' is connected to the aft port of ''[[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]]''. The ends are colored blue and white respectively for the crew to navigate easily.<ref name="pma3"/><ref name="cbm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/osf/iss_reports/reports2007/11-14-2007.htm |title=ISS On-Orbit Status 11/14/07 |access-date=October 7, 2008 |publisher=NASA |year=2007 |author=NASA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307232009/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/osf/iss_reports/reports2007/11-14-2007.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2008 }}</ref> A {{convert|20|in|mm|adj=on}}-diameter window is located on one side of the center module segment.<ref name="lab"/>

Each of the two berthing ports on ''Destiny'' contains a hatch.<ref name="lab"/> Both hatches are normally open, and remain open unless a situation arises requiring a module to be isolated. Each hatch has a window. The hatches can be opened or closed from either side. The hatches have a pressure interlock feature, which prevents the hatch from being opened if there is a negative pressure across the hatch (higher pressure on the outside of the hatch). The hatch openings are a square-like six sided shape - which is associated to that module.

''Destiny'' has a {{convert|20|in|mm|adj=on}} optically pure, telescope-quality glass window located in an open rack bay used primarily for Earth science observations.<ref name="boeing"/><ref name="lab"/><ref name="spaceandtech"/> Station crewmembers use very high quality video and still cameras at the window to record Earth's changing landscapes. A window shutter protects the window from potential micrometeoroid and orbital debris strikes during the life of the ISS. The crew manually opens the shutter to use the window.

Imagery captured from ''Destiny''{{'}}s window has given geologists and meteorologists the chance to study floods, avalanches, fires and ocean events such as plankton blooms in a way never seen before, as well as given international scientists the opportunity to study features such as glaciers, coral reefs, urban growth and wild fires.<ref name="lab"/>

===Specifications===
[[Image:Astronauts Joan Higginbotham (STS-116) and Sunita Williams (Expedition 14) on the International Space Station.jpg|thumb|[[Joan E. Higginbotham]] and [[Sunita L. Williams]] work the controls of the [[Space Station Remote Manipulator System]] in the ''Destiny'' laboratory.]]

*Length: {{convert|8.53|m}}
*Diameter: {{convert|4.27|m}}
*Mass: {{convert|14520|kg}}
*Pressurized Volume: {{convert|106|m3}}

==Equipment==
[[File:S122e007776 orig.jpg|thumb|left|[[Leland D. Melvin]] and [[STS-122]] mission specialists working on robotic equipment in the US lab]]

As with the European and Japanese laboratories of the station, payloads inside ''Destiny'' are configured around [[International Standard Payload Rack]]s (ISPRs), that can be removed or reconfigured for various experiments and equipment.<ref name="spaceandtech">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/platforms/iss-destiny_sum.shtml|title=ISS Destiny (U.S. Laboratory Module)|access-date=October 7, 2008|publisher=Andrews Space & Technology|year=2001|author=Andrews Space & Technology|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906125708/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/platforms/iss-destiny_sum.shtml|archive-date=September 6, 2008}}</ref> Made out of a graphite composite shell, each rack weighs about {{convert|1200|lb}}, and is about {{convert|73|in}} high, and {{convert|42|in|mm}} wide.<ref name="spaceandtech"/> The eight rack bays are equipped with curtains that provide around {{convert|290|cuft|m3}} of temporary stowage space when not occupied by experiments.<ref name="spaceandtech"/>

''Destiny'' arrived at the station pre-configured with five racks housing electrical and [[life support system]]s that provide electrical power, cooling water, air revitalization, and temperature and humidity control. Seven additional racks were flown to ''Destiny'' in the [[Leonardo MPLM|''Leonardo'' Multi-Purpose Logistics Module]] by [[STS-102]], and ten more were delivered on subsequent missions. ''Destiny'' can hold up to 13 payload racks with experiments in human life science, materials research, Earth observations and commercial applications.<ref name="lab"/> The laboratory has a total of 24 racks inside the laboratory, six on each side.<ref name="boeing"/>

Internal to the laboratory are racks, rack stand-offs, and vestibule jumpers.<ref name="standoffs">{{Cite web|url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/hardware/html/97_17425.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000304105332/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/hardware/html/97_17425.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2000|title=International Space Station Imagery - Standoffs|access-date=October 7, 2008|publisher=NASA|year=1997|author=NASA}}</ref> The lab racks house the system hardware in removable modular units. The stand-offs provide space for electrical connections, data management systems cabling for computers, air conditioning ducts, thermal control tubes and more, all of which support the space station's equipment racks.<ref name="standoffs"/> The racks interface to the piping and wiring in the standoff via outlets and ports located in the standoffs at the base end of each rack location.

Jumpers in the vestibule, the area between ''Unity'' and ''Destiny'', connect the piping and wiring between the two. Grounding straps between ''Unity'' and ''Destiny'' will be installed. One side of the grounding strap will be connected to the Active [[Common Berthing Mechanism]] (ACBM) on ''Unity'', while the other end will be connected to the Passive [[Common Berthing Mechanism]] (PCBM) on ''Destiny''.

Some of the mechanisms on ''Destiny'' are the CBMs (passive and active), hatches, and the laboratory window shutter. The ACBM is in the forward port of the laboratory. It is attached to the ''Harmony'' node.<ref name="cbm"/> The PCBM on ''Destiny'' is located in the laboratory's aft port. The ACBM in ''Unity's'' forward port is latched to the laboratory's PCBM to berth ''Destiny'' to ''Unity''.

===Science equipment===
[[File:ISS-56 Alexander Gerst works in the Destiny module (1).jpg|thumb|[[Alexander Gerst]] works in the ''Destiny'' module]]
''Destiny'' also contains the [[Minus Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS]] (MELFI), transported to the Space Station on [[STS-121]].<ref name="melfi2">{{Cite web|url=http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=228|title=STS-121|access-date=October 7, 2008|publisher=NASA|year=2008|author=NASA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009071320/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=228|archive-date=October 9, 2008}}</ref> The freezer is used both to store samples and reagents on the station, and to transport them to and from the space station in a temperature controlled environment.<ref name="melfi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/MELFI.html|title=Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS (MELFI)|access-date=October 7, 2008|publisher=NASA|year=2008|author=NASA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210259/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/MELFI.html|archive-date=November 1, 2008}}</ref>

Currently installed at the main observation window of ''Destiny'' is the [[AgCam|Agricultural Camera]] (AgCam). It is a multi-spectral imaging system built and primarily operated by students and faculty at the [[University of North Dakota]]. Its purpose is to take frequent images, in visible and infrared light, of vegetated areas on the Earth and promises to deliver a greater effectiveness for in-season agriculture applications research and operational decision support than current satellite systems such as [[Landsat]].<ref name="agcam">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/AgCam.html|title=Agricultural Camera (AgCam) factsheet|date=2009-02-27|access-date=2009-03-21|publisher=NASA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404103423/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/AgCam.html|archive-date=2009-04-04}}</ref>

==''Veggie''==

In 2016 the ISS crew operated Veg-03 experiment.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/1294.html|title = Experiment Details}}</ref> In November they harvested a crop of edible romaine lettuce which contributed to the crew's meal.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url = https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/wklysumm_week_of_28nov16.html|title = Weekly Recap (11/28/16) from the Expedition Lead Scientist|date = 7 December 2016|access-date = 1 January 2017|archive-date = 8 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141012/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/wklysumm_week_of_28nov16.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Also samples of cabbage are returned to Earth for testing as part of the experiment.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> This uses the ''Veggie'' experiment module in ''Destiny'', which can provide light and nutrients for plant growth experiments.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

==''Destiny'' nadir window==

The nadir window is formally known as the ''U.S. Laboratory Science Window'', has the "...highest quality optics ever flown on a human occupied spacecraft...", according to NASA, and can support taking Earth observations/images.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/358.html|title=Experiment Details}}</ref> In 2010 a research facility was brought to the station, called WORF, and the first photo with it was taken in January 2011.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/358.html|title=NASA - Window Observational Research Facility|website=www.nasa.gov|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref> WORF was delivered by ISS Flight 19A (which was [[STS-131]]) .<ref name="ReferenceD"/>

<gallery>
File:Andre Kuipers ISS.jpg|Dutch ESA astronaut [[André Kuipers]] looks out of the ''Destiny'' nadir window at Earth
File:Helms.window.jpg|Astronaut Susan Helms looks out the nadir window, 2001
File:Sts100-Destiny.jpg|''Destiny'' nadir view with astronauts [[Susan J. Helms]] and [[James S. Voss]] looking out
</gallery>

===WORF===
{{main|Window Observational Research Facility}}
[[File:STS-131 Naoko Yamazaki installs WORF.jpg|thumb|Naoko Yamazaki installing Window Observational Research Facility]]
In 2010 the WORF was brought to ISS aboard STS-131 and installed.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> This is a facility that uses the ''Destiny'' nadir window to support various types of photography and observation.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> WORF, which stands for Window Observational Research Facility is constructed based on International Standard Payload Rack (ISPR) and EXPRESS Rack program technology.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The first photo taken by WORF was on January 21, 2011 with Ag Cam.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

The name WORF is an allusion to [[Worf]], the fictional character of the same name who appeared in the [[science fiction]] television and film franchise ''[[Star Trek]]''. A special mission patch for WORF was issued that featured text written in the [[Klingon language]].<ref name="trektoday.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trektoday.com/content/2010/04/worf-and-the-international-space-station/|title = Worf and the International Space Station – TrekToday}}</ref> Another cross-over of the ''Star Trek'' franchise and space exploration was the naming of [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'']].

A similar window is Nauka module's porthole window.

==In media==
* The module ''Destiny'' is featured in the 2013 film ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]''.
* The module, identified as "the 2001 module ''Destiny''", was originally intended to be the small section of Alpha (the future name of the ISS) used as a throne at the end of the 2017 film ''[[Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets]]'' and covers this role in the novelization, but, in the final shooting of the film, it was replaced by the [[Apollo command and service module]] ''Destiny 2005'', modified with [[artificial gravity]] and a [[speakerphone]]-like radio system.

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
After its installation, habitation and use of ''Destiny'' is similar to ISS history as an integrated part of that Space station:
*[[List of ISS Expeditions]]
*[[List of International Space Station crew]]
*[[List of International Space Station visitors]]
*[[List of human spaceflights to the ISS]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Destiny (ISS module)}}
*[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html NASA - ''Destiny''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709153924/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/destiny.html |date=2007-07-09 }}

{{ISS modules}}
{{Orbital launches in 2001}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Destiny (Iss Module)}}
[[Category:Destiny (ISS module)| ]]
[[Category:Components of the International Space Station]]
[[Category:Laboratories]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2001]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle]]