Editing Diaspora language

{{distinguish|dialect}}
[[File:Yiddish WWI poster2.jpg|thumb|American [[World War I]]-era poster in [[Yiddish]]. Translated caption: "Food will win the war – [[History of immigration to the United States#New immigration|You came here seeking freedom]], now you must help to preserve it – We must supply the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] with wheat – Let nothing go to waste". Colour lithograph, 1917. Digitally restored.]]

The term '''[[diaspora]] language''', coined in the 1980s,<ref>Joseph Foley, ''New Englishes: the case of Singapore'', 1988, p. 1.</ref> is a [[sociolinguistic]] idea referring to a variety of [[language]]s spoken by peoples with common roots who have dispersed, under various pressures and often globally. The emergence and evolution of a diaspora language is usually part of a larger attempt to retain cultural identity.

==Examples==

===Molisanne (Molise Slavic)===
Though possessing certain elements of [[Slavic languages]], [[Molise Slavic language|Molise Slavic]] is also influenced by [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Tihomir |last=Telišman |date=1987 |title=Neke odrednice etničkog identiteta Moliških Hrvata u južnoj Italiji |trans-title=Some determinants of ethnic identity of Molise Croats in Southern Italy |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=189770&lang=en |journal=Migration and Ethnic Themes |language=Croatian |publisher=Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=190}}</ref> Considered an [[endangered language]], Molise Slavic is spoken by approximately 3,500 people in the villages of [[Montemitro]], [[San Felice del Molise]], and [[Acquaviva Collecroce]] in southern Molise, as well as elsewhere in southern [[Italy]].  The language developed as a result of refugees arriving in Italy from the eastern [[Adriatic]] coast during the 15th and 16th centuries.

===Istro-Romanian===
Another diaspora language is [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], spoken by the [[Istro-Romanians]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Language |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanian-language |access-date=2018-11-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Like Molise Slavic, it is considered endangered, with only 500 to 1000 speakers remaining.  Istro-Romanian developed when the ancestors of these individuals migrated to Istria from [[Transylvania]] (some say [[Serbia]]) during the 12th century.

===Griko===
[[Griko language]] ([[endonym]]: {{Transliteration|el|Griko}}/{{lang|el-IT|Γκρίκο}}), sometimes spelled Grico, is one of the two dialects of [[Italiot Greek]] (the other being [[Calabrian Greek]] or {{lang|it|Grecanico}}), spoken by [[Griko people]] in [[Salento]], [[province of Lecce]], Italy.<ref>F. Violi, ''Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico'', Apodiafàzzi, [[Reggio Calabria]], 1997.</ref><ref>Paolo Martino, ''L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici'', 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977</ref><ref>Filippo Violi, ''Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica'', C.S.E. [[Bova (Italia)|Bova]] ([[Provincia di Reggio Calabria|RC]]), 1992</ref><ref>Filippo Condemi, ''Grammatica Grecanica'', Coop. Contezza, [[Reggio Calabria]], 1987;</ref><ref>[http://www.treccani.it/lingua_italiana/speciali/minoranze/Romano.html In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca | Treccani, il portale del sapere<!-- Titolo generato automaticamente -->]</ref> Some Greek linguists consider it to be a [[Modern Greek]] dialect and often call it {{Transliteration|el|Katoitaliótika}} ({{langx|el|Κατωιταλιώτικα||Southern Italian}}) or {{Transliteration|el|Grekanika}} ({{lang|el|Γραικάνικα}}). Griko and [[Standard Modern Greek]] are partially [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]].<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Harald Hammarström|last=Hammarström|first=Harald|year=2015|title=[[Ethnologue]] 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices}}</ref> The Griko language is the last living trace of the Greek elements that once formed Magna Graecia.<ref name="itinerarieluoghi">{{cite web|url=
https://www.itinerarieluoghi.it/una-lingua-unidentita-alla-scoperta-del-griko-salentino/|title=Una lingua, un'identità: alla scoperta del griko salentino|date=25 May 2020 |access-date=15 July 2023|language=it}}</ref>

===Gallo-Italic languages in Southern Italy===
[[File:Siciliano gallo italico.svg|thumb|Distribution of [[Gallo-Italic of Sicily]]]]
Varieties of [[Gallo-Italic languages]] are also found in [[Sicily]],<ref name=toso>Fiorenzo Toso, ''Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia'', Il Mulino, Bologna 2008, p. 137.</ref> corresponding with the central-eastern parts of the island that received large numbers of immigrants from Northern Italy, called [[Lombards of Sicily|Lombards]], during the decades following the [[Normans|Norman]] conquest of Sicily (around 1080 to 1120). Given the time that has lapsed and the influence from the [[Sicilian language]] itself, these dialects are best generically described as [[Gallo-Italic of Sicily|Southern Gallo-Italic]]. The major centres where these dialects can still be heard today include [[Piazza Armerina]], [[Aidone]], [[Sperlinga]], [[San Fratello]], [[Nicosia (EN)|Nicosia]], and [[Novara di Sicilia]]. Northern Italian dialects did not survive in some towns in the [[province of Catania]] that developed large [[Lombardy (historical region)|Lombard]] communities during this period, namely [[Randazzo]], [[Paternò]] and [[Bronte, Catania|Bronte]]. However, the Northern Italian influence in the local varieties of Sicilian are marked. In the case of San Fratello, some linguists suggested that the nowadays dialect has [[Provençal language|Provençal]] as its basis, having been a fort manned by Provençal mercenaries in the early decades of the Norman conquest (bearing in mind that it took the Normans 30 years to conquer the whole of the island).

Other dialects, attested from 13th and 14th century, are also found in [[Basilicata]],<ref name=toso/> more precisely in the province of [[Potenza]] ([[Tito, Basilicata|Tito]], [[Picerno]], [[Pignola]] and [[Vaglio Basilicata]]), [[Trecchina]], [[Rivello]], [[Nemoli]] and [[San Costantino Albanese|San Costantino]].<ref>Michele Loporcaro, "Phonological Processes", in Maiden et al., 2011, ''The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 1, Structures''</ref>

===Arbëresh===
[[File:Albanian dialects.svg|thumb|Distribution of [[Albanian dialects|Albanian language dialects]]]]

[[Arbëresh language]] ({{Lang|aae|gluha/gjuha/gjufa Arbëreshe}}; also known as Arbërisht) are the [[Albanian language|Albanian]] [[variety (linguistics)|linguistic varieties]] spoken by the [[Arbëreshë people]] of [[Italy]], brought there by several migratory waves of [[Albanians]] from [[Albania]] and [[Greece]] since the [[Late Middle Ages]]. Arbëresh varieties are derived from the old [[Tosk Albanian]] varieties spoken in the south-western [[Balkans]], and throughout the centuries they have developed in Italy in contact with the neighboring [[Italo-Romance]] speaking communities.<ref name=Matranga&Milano>{{harvnb|Matranga|Milano|2019|p=228|ps=: "1. Arbëresh is the name used to indicate the linguistic varieties spoken by descendants of groups of Albanian immigrants in southern Italy from the middle of the fifteenth century. The Albanian varieties are divided into Gheghe varieties, spoken (by the Shqiptarë) in the northern part of the albanophone territory, in Kosovo and in Macedonia, and Tosche varieties, spoken in the southern part of Albania (by the Shqiptarë), in some areas of Greece (by the Arvaniti) and in Southern Italy (by the Arbëreshë)."}}</ref>{{sfn|Matranga|2018|p=14|ps=: È ormai ampiamente condivisa l’opinione che le varietà italo-albanesi appartengano al ceppo dialettale tosco, ossia a quelle varietà diffuse nell’Albania meridionale e nella Grecia (quest’ultime note col nome di arvanit), mentre in quella settentrionale e nel Kosovo sono presenti parlate del ceppo ghego. p. 73: "Più opportunamente, esse proverrebbero da diverse contrade balcaniche dell’Impero bizantino, in parte già sotto dominio turco-ottomano, corrispondenti a regioni della attuale Albania e della Grecia, sia insulare che peninsulare."}} Other Tosk Albanian varieties from the Late Middle Ages referred to as [[Arvanitika]] (endonym: ''arbërisht'') are spoken in [[Greece]] by the [[Arvanites]]. ''E Mbësuame e Krështerë'' (1592) by [[Luca Matranga]] from [[Piana degli Albanesi]] is the earliest known [[Old Albanian|Old Tosk]] text, a translation of a [[catechism]] book from [[Latin]].

The Arbëreshë people are bilingual, also speaking Italian.<ref name="mgr"/> Arbëresh is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''. While Italian law protects the language and culture of the Albanian people in Italy,<ref name="Legge482">{{cite web |title=Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482, Art. 2, comma 1 |url=http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512051856/http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015 |publisher=Camera.it}}</ref> the language taught at school and university is Standard Albanian, constituting an issue for the Arbëresh communities' preservation of their native idiom, which has remained separated from the main Albanian-speaking compact area for around 500 years. Alongside the fact that Arbëresh is rarely written, another issue for the [[language attrition]] is the differentiation between the Albanian varieties used in Italy: the Arbëresh local idioms in some areas are so different from each other that Arbëresh people of those areas use Italian or Standard Albanian as [[lingua franca]] to communicate with each other.<ref name="mgr">{{cite web|title=Albanians in Italy|website=[[Minority Rights Group International]]|url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/albanians-2/#:~:text=Article%206%20of%20the%201947,some%20official%20recognition%20to%20Albanian.}}</ref><ref name="frost">Jenny Frost, ''[https://www.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com/europe/the-arbereshe-italys-albanian-diaspora  The Arbëreshë: Italy’s Albanian Diaspora]'', [https://www.thecambridgelanguagecollective.com/about The Cambridge Language Collective]: "Arbëresh (or Arbërisht) is the language spoken by the Arbëreshë community in Italy, descending from a medieval Tosk variety and containing influences from Italian. However, the language is now considered endangered; there are estimated to be fewer than 80,000 remaining native speakers worldwide. This can be put down to multiple factors: while some schools and universities in Rome and Southern Italy do teach the Albanian language, the version taught is standard Albanian rather than Arbëresh. Additionally, young people are often reluctant to use Arbëresh, preferring to use Standard Italian or Italo-Romance dialects, and because forms of Arbëresh can differ between communities, standard Albanian can sometimes be used as a lingua franca."</ref><ref name="derhemi">{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1369183032000171348 | doi=10.1080/1369183032000171348 | title=New Albanian immigrants in the old Albanian diaspora: Piana degli Albanesi | date=2003 | last1=Derhemi | first1=Eda | journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies | volume=29 | issue=6 | pages=1015–1032 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===AAVE in the African American Diaspora===
{{listen|filename=Mayor Eric Adams at Q and A on Mental Health and Police Officers in NYC.flac|type=speech|title=Speech example|description=An example of a man from New York City with an [[African-American Vernacular English]] accent ([[Eric Adams]]).}}

A study of African American enclaves in Nova Scotia, Canada, and Samaná, Dominican Republic, shows a high similarity in the [[African American Vernacular English]] (AAVE) spoken there and the early versions of AAVE that originated in the south during the 19th century. AAVE in the United States on the other hand has changed substantially due in part to the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] that happened in the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Poplack, Tagliamonte|first=Shana, Sali|title=African American English in the Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|isbn=0-631-21265-5}}</ref> Unusually, while most examples have a diaspora causing differences in language due to influence from another culture and languages, these enclaves maintained a form of language closer to the historical source, or branching point.

===Hindlish or Hinglish===
The great number of [[Hindi]] speakers in the [[United Kingdom]] has produced a strain of the language unlike that spoken on the Indian subcontinent where it began.  This has given rise to [[Hindlish]], also known as [[Hinglish]], an informal term for the mixture of Hindi and English that includes such phrases as ''city kotwali'' or "city police station."  Hinglish is not considered a full-blown diaspora language but it appears to be developing into one.

===Yiddish and the Jewish Diaspora===
[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] is a major linguistic creation of the [[Jewish Diaspora]], originating in what is now Germany.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Neil G. |title=Yiddish: a Linguistic Introduction |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-77215-X |pages=2}}</ref> It is one of many languages that emerged as a result of the migration of the Jewish people throughout Europe, alongside [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] (Judeo-Spanish), [[Judeo-Italian languages|Italkian]] (Judeo-Italian), [[Knaanic language|Knaanic]] (Judeo-Slavic), [[Yevanic language|Yevanic]] (Judeo-Greek), and [[Zarphatic language|Zarphatic]] (Judeo-French).<ref>Katz, David. "Yiddish as a Diaspora Language and its Future". ''Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture'', Volume 1, 2009, p. 193.</ref> Of these languages, Yiddish produced the most significant literature and served as an icon of Jewish identity throughout Central and Eastern Europe.<ref>King, Robert D. "The Paradox of Creativity in Diaspora: The Yiddish Language and Jewish Identity". ''Studies in the Linguistic Sciences'' 31:1, Spring 2001, p. 213.</ref>

===Yoruba or Lucumi===
[[File:Church of the Visitation 12.jpg|thumb|[[Yoruba language]] hymn, [[Church of the Visitation]], Jerusalem]]
The [[Yoruba language]] can be found across the globe, on every continent, however enforced migration under colonial slavery resulted in a particular density in the Americas and pressure on Yoruba speakers to adapt or assimilate. In the [[Caribbean]], in particular, [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] culture, religion, and language have co-evolved with the needs of the enslaved populations, generating extensive hybridization and surviving into the current era.  The [[Santeria]] religion draws its roots from Catholic, [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] and Native American spiritual traditions, and its liturgical language is [[Lucumi language|Lucumi]], a dialect of the original predominantly Nigerian [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]].<ref>Yelvington, Kevin A. "The Anthropology of Afro-Latin America and the Caribbean: Diasporic Dimensions", ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', Vol. 30, (2001), pp. 227–260.</ref><ref>Malomo, Toluwanimi. ''Hold Your Tongue: Yoruba in the Diaspora''. Think Africa Press, 16 March 2012.</ref>

===Canadian Gaelic===
In the aftermath of the [[Highland Clearances|Highland]] and [[Lowland Clearances]], a great number of Scots emigrated to Canada, proportionately more than the other Anglo New World countries of the United States, Australia, and even New Zealand.  They brought with them their language, and while many spoke [[Scots language|Scots]] or [[English language|English]], a great number spoke [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]].  It was even debated in the early days of Canadian Confederation whether to make Gaelic (inclusive of both the Scottish and Irish varieties) the third official language of Canada, and, if Irish and Scottish are counted together, Gaelic was the most common native tongue amongst the [[Fathers of Confederation]] of Canada, more common than French or English, and the first Canadian Prime Minister, [[John A. Macdonald]], spoke it as his mother tongue.  [[Canadian Gaelic]] is considered to be similar to the western dialects of Gaidhlig in Scotland.

===Cocoliche===
[[Cocoliche]] is an [[Italian language|Italian]]–[[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[Macaronic language|contact language or pidgin]] that was spoken by [[Italian settlement in Argentina|Italian immigrants]] between 1870 and 1970 in [[Argentina]] (especially in [[Gran Buenos Aires|Greater Buenos Aires]]) and from there spread to other urban areas nearby, such as [[La Plata]], [[Rosario]] and [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]. In recent decades it has become more respected and even recorded in music and film. Traces of it may be found in Argentina, Brazil, Albania, Panama, Quebec, Uruguay, Venezuela, San Marcos, Cabo Verde and many other places.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Conde|first=Oscar|date=April 3, 2009|title=El Lunfardo y el Cocoliche|url=http://www.elortiba.org/old/pdf/Oscar-Conde_Lunfardo-y-cocoliche-2009.pdf|url-status=live|website=El Ortiba|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829005705/http://elortiba.org/old/pdf/Oscar-Conde_Lunfardo-y-cocoliche-2009.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-29 }}</ref>

===Talian===
[[File:Talian.svg|right|thumb|Municipalities where [[Talian dialect|Talian]] is co-official in [[Rio Grande do Sul]], Brazil]]
[[Talian dialect|Talian]] ({{IPA|vec|taˈljaŋ|lang}}, {{IPA|pt|tɐliˈɐ̃|lang}}), or Brazilian Venetian, or Vêneto<ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web |title=Lingua portoghese e cultura brasiliana |url=http://guide.supereva.it/portoghese/interventi/2008/11/talian-il-dialetto-veneto-brasiliano |website=guide.supereva.it |language=it |trans-title=Portuguese language and Brazilian culture}}</ref> is a [[Venetian language|Venetian]] dialect spoken primarily in the [[Serra Gaúcha]] region in the northeast of the state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]] in [[Brazil]]. It is also spoken in other parts of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as in parts of [[Espírito Santo]]<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|title=Talian Brasil – Intervista con casal Benjamim Falqueto – Venda Nova del Imigrante – ES|url=http://www.camaravni.es.gov.br/video_exibe.asp?id_video=49|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201205414/http://www.camaravni.es.gov.br/video_exibe.asp?id_video=49|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-12-01}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|title=I dessendenti taliani che parla el talian Venda Nova do Imigrante – Espírito Santo – Brasil|url=http://talian.net.br/vidio/taliani-che-parla-talian-venda-nova-do-imigrante-es|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129125051/http://talian.net.br/vidio/taliani-che-parla-talian-venda-nova-do-imigrante-es|archive-date=2014-11-29}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web|title=Chico Zandonadi, Radialista del talian – Ràdio FMZ, Venda Nova do Imigrante – ES|url=http://www.talianbrasil.com.br/chico-zandonadi-venda-nova-do-imigrante-es/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022910/http://www.talianbrasil.com.br/chico-zandonadi-venda-nova-do-imigrante-es/|archive-date=2014-11-29}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated9>{{cite web|title=Dialeto falado por imigrantes italianos é reconhecido como patrimônio nacional|url=http://globotv.globo.com/rede-globo/jornal-hoje/v/dialeto-falado-por-imigrantes-italianos-e-reconhecido-como-patrimonio-nacional/3778482/}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated10>{{cite web|title=Brasil Talian documentado em filme|url=http://www.serragaucha.com/pt/noticias/brasil-talian-documentado-em-filme/}}</ref> and of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Andreola |first=Alice |title=Being Italian in Brazil – cultural maintenance after the 1880–1920 immigration wave |date=2015 |degree=Master's |publisher=Universität Bielefeld |url=https://www.uni-bielefeld.de/ias/pdf/andreola.pdf |pages=18}}</ref> Talian is mainly a Venetian dialect mixed with Italian dialects  from the [[Veneto]] region as well as [[Lombardy]] and other Italian regions, influenced by local [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guzzo |first=Natália Brambatti |date=2023 |title=Brazilian Veneto (Talian) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/abs/brazilian-veneto-talian/F795853778C87C6BCAC25E9705BB9790 |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=1167–1181 |doi=10.1017/S002510032200010X |issn=0025-1003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guzzo |first1=Natália Brambatti |last2=Garcia |first2=Guilherme Duarte |date=2023 |title=A corpus-based approach to map target vowel asymmetry in Brazilian Veneto metaphony |url=http://doi.org/10.26346/1120-2726-205 |journal=Italian Journal of Linguistics |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=115–138|doi=10.26346/1120-2726-205 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guzzo |first1=Natália Brambatti |last2=Garcia |first2=Guilherme Duarte |date=2020 |title=Phonological Variation and Prosodic Representation: Clitics in Portuguese-Veneto Contact |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jlc/13/2/article-p389_389.xml |journal=Journal of Language Contact |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=389–427 |doi=10.1163/19552629-bja10021 |issn=1955-2629|hdl=20.500.11794/107943 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Lunfardo===
[[File:Buenos Aires - Manifestación contra el Corralito - 20020213-14.JPG|thumb|right|The word ''chorros'' ([[Lunfardo]] term meaning "thieves") [[graffiti]]ed on the wall of a [[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro|BNL]] bank in [[Buenos Aires]], during protests against [[Corralito]], 2002.]]

[[Lunfardo]] ({{IPA|es|luɱˈfaɾðo}}; from the Italian ''lombardo''<ref>{{cite book | last=Davie | first=J. | title=Slang across Societies: Motivations and Construction | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-351-36463-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wlrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49 | access-date=2020-06-22 | page=49}}</ref> or inhabitant of [[Lombardy]], ''lumbard'' in [[Lombard language|Lombard]]) is an [[argot]] originated and developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the lower classes in the [[Río de la Plata]] region (encompassing the port cities of [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Montevideo]]) and from there spread to other urban areas nearby, such as the [[Greater Buenos Aires]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]] and [[Rosario]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.agenciaelvigia.com.ar/historia_del_lunfardo.htm |title=Lunfardo history, with historical accounts in newspapers of the nineteenth century. |access-date=2011-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034115/http://www.agenciaelvigia.com.ar/historia_del_lunfardo.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=lunfardo Definition of the word "Lunfardo"according to the RAE.]</ref>

Lunfardo originated from the mixture of languages and dialects produced due to the massive [[European immigration to the Americas|European immigration]], mainly Italian and Spanish, which arrived in the ports of the region since the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lunfardo: conocé de dónde vienen muchas de las palabras que usamos a diario |url=https://www.cultura.gob.ar/en-el-dia-del-lunfardo-conoce-de-donde-vienen-muchas-de-las-palabras-que-usamos-a-diario_4604/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.cultura.gob.ar |language=es}}</ref> It was originally a slang used by criminals and soon by other people of the lower and lower-middle classes. Later, many of its words and phrases were introduced in the vernacular and disseminated in the [[Rioplatense Spanish|Spanish]] of [[Argentina]], and [[Uruguay]]. Nevertheless, since the early 20th century, Lunfardo has spread among all social strata and classes by habitual use or because it was common in the lyrics of [[tango music|tango]].

Today, the meaning of the term ''lunfardo'' has been extended to designate any [[slang]] or [[jargon]] used in Buenos Aires.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/cultura/2018/09/05/dia-del-lunfardo-por-que-la-voz-de-la-calle-esta-mas-viva-que-nunca/|language=es|title=Día del lunfardo: por qué la "voz de la calle" está más viva que nunca|publisher=[[Infobae]]|last=Amuchástegui|first=Irene|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=April 11, 2019}}</ref>

===Canadian Ukrainian===
In the time of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], the province of [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] was considered the poorest in all of Europe, and was considerably over-populated.  While the western part, containing [[Warsaw]], was more densely populated and better maintained, the eastern part, overwhelmingly [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], was considered the most backward part of the Empire and good for little more than as a source of troops for the army.  This led to a mass exodus of citizens, along with Ukrainians from the neighbouring region of [[Bukovina]], to Canada, settling primarily in the Western provinces of [[The Prairies]].  They brought with them not just their religion – western Ukrainians are predominately [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholic]] whereas the rest of Ukraine is largely [[Eastern Orthodox]] – but also their language.  To this day, [[Canadian Ukrainian]] is clearly reminiscent of the Western dialects, and has minimal influence from Russian (given that it had never been part of the Russian Empire and was only conquered by the Soviet Union after WWII, long after the [[Ukrainian Canadians|Canadian Ukrainian]] community had been established), but proportionately greater influence from Polish and German, such as loanwords.  The Canadian dialect frequently uses English words for technologies or concepts developed since the start of the 20th century, so while vocabulary like "coal" and "shoe" remain the same as their counterparts in Ukraine, newer concepts frequently use English loanwords for items such as "truck" and "cash register."

==See also==
* [[Immigrant language]]
* [[Heritage language]]
* [[Canadian Gaelic]]
* [[Creole language]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last1=Matranga|first1=Vito|last2=Milano|first2=Emma|editor1=Francesc Feliu|editor2=Olga Fullana|title=The Intricacy of Languages|chapter=Strategies for conservation of a minority language – Between convergence and hybridization|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2019|volume=20|series=IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literatur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88q4DwAAQBAJ|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88q4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227|pages=227–241|isbn=978-90-272-6194-6 }}
*{{cite book|last=Matranga|first=Vito|year=2018|chapter=Arbëreshë|editor1=Thomas Krefeld|editor2=Roland Bauer|title=Lo spazio comunicativo dell'Italia e delle varietà italiane. Korpus im Text|volume=7|url=https://www.kit.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/?band=ltaliano-nello-spazio-comunicativo&v=90|chapter-url=http://www.kit.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/?p=12805&v=2|isbn=978-3-95896-019-0}}

{{Diasporas}}

[[Category:Sociolinguistics]]
[[Category:Diaspora languages| ]]
[[Category:Diaspora studies]]