Editing Digital Research

{{Distinguish|Digital Equipment Corporation}}
{{Short description|Defunct American software company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Original research|date=August 2024}}
{{POV|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name                = Digital Research, Inc.
| image               = File:Gary kildall801lighthouse.jpg
| image_caption       = Original headquarters of Digital Research on 801 Lighthouse Ave, [[Pacific Grove, California]]. On the sidewalk, to the left, is a commemorative plaque.
| logo                = File:Digital Research Logo.svg
| type                = Private<ref name="Markoff_1991"/>
| industry            = [[Software]]
| fate                = Acquired by [[Novell]]
| defunct             = {{End date and age|1991|df=yes}}
| founded             = {{Start date and age|1974|df=yes}} in [[Pacific Grove, California]], [[United States]]
| founder             = [[Gary Kildall]]
| hq_location_city    = {{unbulleted list|Pacific Grove, California|[[Monterey, California]]}}
| hq_location_country = <!-- United States -->
| key_people          = {{unbulleted list|Gary Kildall (CEO)|[[Dorothy McEwen Kildall]]|[[Gordon Eubanks]]|[[Tom Rolander]]|[[Kathryn Strutynski]]|[[Ed McCracken]]}}
| products            = [[Compiler]]s, [[operating system]]s, [[graphical user interface]]s
| num_employees       = {{unbulleted list|2 (1976)<ref name="DRI_1982_Expansion"/>|9 (November 1978)<ref name="DRI_1982_Expansion"/>|24 (August 1980)<ref name="DRI_1982_Expansion"/>|~82–100 (1981)<ref name="Caruso_1984_Rebounds"/>|~200 (summer 1982)<ref name="DRI_1982_Expansion"/>|~280 (1982)<ref name="Caruso_1984_Rebounds"/>|530 (1983)<ref name="Caruso_1984_Rebounds"/>|~500 (1984)<ref name="Caruso_1984_Rebounds"/><!-- >500 in ca. mid 1984 --><ref name="Burton_1985_Short"/>|~300 (1985)<!-- <300 in July 1985 --><ref name="Burton_1985_Short"/><!-- ca. 200+100 --><ref name="Watt_1986_Reorg"/>|240<!-- 140+100 --> (1986)<ref name="Watt_1986_Reorg"/>|273 (1990)<ref name="BW_1991"/>|290 (1991)<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/>}}
| revenue             = {{unbulleted list|{{currency|amount=45.0|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=yes}}&nbsp;million (1983)<!-- this source speaks of "sales sitting in the bank" --><ref name="caruso19840402"/>|<!--  the following sources speak of "total revenue": -->{{currency|amount=36.2|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}&nbsp;million (1989)<ref name="BW_1991"/>|{{currency|amount=40.9|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}&nbsp;million (1990)<ref name="BW_1991"/>|{{currency|amount=45.5|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}&nbsp;million (1991)<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/>}}
| homepage            = {{URL|www.digitalresearch.biz}}
}}
'''Digital Research, Inc.''' ('''DR''' or '''DRI''') was a privately held American software company created by [[Gary Kildall]] to market and develop his [[CP/M operating system]] and related 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit systems like [[MP/M]], [[Concurrent DOS]], [[FlexOS]], [[Multiuser DOS]], [[DOS Plus]], [[DR&nbsp;DOS]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]]. It was the first large software company in the [[microcomputer]] world.<ref name="InfoWorld May 1981"/> Digital Research was originally based in [[Pacific Grove, California]], later in [[Monterey, California]].

==History==
{{pic|Digital Research logo 1974.svg|The original Digital Research logo, used from 1977 to the early 1980s}}

=== 1974–1979: Founding and incorporation ===
In 1972, [[Gary Kildall]], an instructor at the [[Naval Postgraduate School]] in [[Monterey, California]], began working at [[Intel]] as a [[consultant]] under the business name '''Microcomputer Applications Associates''' (MAA).<ref name="collegial"/> By 1974, he had developed Control Program/Monitor, or [[CP/M]], the first [[disk operating system]] for [[microcomputer]]s. 

In 1974 he incorporated as '''Intergalactic Digital Research''', with his wife handling the business side of the operation.<ref name="collegial"/> The company soon began operating under its shortened name Digital Research.<ref name="collegial"/> The company's operating systems, starting with [[CP/M]] for [[Intel 8080|8080]]/[[Zilog Z80|Z80]]-based microcomputers, were the [[de facto]] standard of their era. Digital Research's product suite included the original 8-bit CP/M and its various offshoots like [[MP/M]] (1979), a multi-tasking multi-user version of CP/M.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== 1980–1990:  CP/M, CP/M-86 ===

After Microsoft presented [[MS-DOS]] that was based on [[CP/M]], Digital Research released [[CP/M-86]], which was the first [[16-bit computing|16-bit system]] (1981, adapted to the IBM PC in early 1982), which was meant as direct competitor to [[MS-DOS]]. There followed the multi-tasking [[MP/M-86]] (1981), and [[Concurrent CP/M]] (1982), a single-user version featuring virtual consoles from which applications could be launched to run concurrently.<ref name="Kildall_1982_8-bit"/> The company's documentation had a poor reputation, with [[Jerry Pournelle]] in 1982 describing it as seemingly "encrypted and translated into Swahili".<ref name="pournelle198205">{{Cite magazine |last=Pournelle |first=Jerry |date=May 1982 |title=Supercalc, Spelling Programs, BASIC Compilers, and Home-Grown Accounting |url=https://archive.org/details/eu_BYTE-1982-05_OCR/page/n227/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2024-12-28 |magazine=BYTE |page=226}}</ref> and ''[[InfoWorld]]'' calling its CP/M manuals incomplete, incomprehensible, and poorly indexed.<ref name = "InfoWorld 1981">{{cite journal | last = Hogan | first = Thom| title = Microsoft's Z80 SoftCard | journal = InfoWorld | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages =20–21 | publisher = Popular Computing| date = March 3, 1981| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jT4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT14 | issn = 0199-6649}}</ref>

In May 1983 Digital Research announced that it would offer PC&nbsp;DOS versions of all of its languages and utilities.<ref name="hughes198307"/> It remained influential, with {{currency|amount=45|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=yes}}&nbsp;million in 1983 sales making Digital Research the fourth-largest microcomputer software company.<ref name="caruso19840402"/> Admitting that it had "lost" the 8088 software market but hoped to succeed with the [[Intel 80286]] and [[Motorola 68000]], by 1984 the company formed a partnership with [[AT&T Corporation]] to develop software for [[Unix System V]] and sell its own and third-party products in retail stores.<ref name="shea19840220"/> Pournelle warned later that year, however, that "Many people of stature seem to have left or are leaving Digital Research. DR had better get its act together."<ref name="byte198503"/>

In a parallel development Digital Research also produced a selection of [[programming language]] [[compiler]]s and [[interpreter (computing)|interpreter]]s for their OS-supported platforms, including [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[COBOL]], [[FORTRAN]], [[PL/I]], [[PL/M]], [[CBASIC]], [[BASIC]], and [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]].

Digital Research developed [[CP/M-86]] as an alternative to MS-DOS and it was made available through IBM in early 1982. The company later created an MS-DOS clone with advanced features called [[DR&nbsp;DOS]], which pressured Microsoft to further improve its own DOS.

At the time the [[IBM Personal Computer]] was being developed, Digital Research's CP/M was the dominant operating system of the day. In 1980, IBM asked Digital Research to supply a version of CP/M written for the [[Intel 8086]] microprocessor as the standard operating system for the PC, which would use the code-compatible [[Intel 8088]] chip. Digital Research, uneasy about the conditions related to making such an agreement with IBM, refused.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

[[Microsoft]] seized this opportunity to supply an OS, in addition to other software (e.g., [[BASIC]]) for the new IBM PC. When the IBM PC arrived in late 1981, it came with [[PC&nbsp;DOS]], an OEM version of [[MS-DOS]], which was developed from [[86-DOS]], which Microsoft had acquired for this purpose. By mid-1982, [[MS-DOS]] was also marketed for use in hardware-compatible non-IBM computers. This one decision resulted in Microsoft becoming the leading name in computer software.

This story is detailed from the point of view of Microsoft and IBM in the [[PBS]] series ''[[Triumph of the Nerds]]'',<ref name="Triumph"/> and from the point of view of Gary Kildall's friends and coworkers in ''[[The Computer Chronicles]]''.<ref name="Chronicles"/>

The competition between MS-DOS and DR&nbsp;DOS is one of the more controversial chapters of microcomputer history. Microsoft offered better licensing terms to any computer manufacturer that committed to selling MS-DOS with every system they shipped, making it uneconomical for them to offer systems with another OS, since the manufacturer would still be required to pay a license fee to Microsoft for that system. This practice led to a US Department of Justice investigation, resulting in a decision in 1994 that barred Microsoft from "per-processor" licensing.<ref name="Corcoran_1994"/>

Successive revisions of Concurrent CP/M incorporated [[PC-MODE|MS-DOS API emulation]] (since 1983), which gradually added more support for DOS applications and the [[FAT file system]]. These versions were named [[Concurrent DOS]] (1984), with [[Concurrent PC&nbsp;DOS]] (1984) being the version adapted to run on IBM compatible PCs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In 1985, soon after the introduction of the [[80286]]-based [[IBM PC/AT]], Digital Research introduced a real-time system, initially called [[Concurrent DOS 286]].

Other single-user operative systems were launched: [[DOS Plus]] (1985) and [[DR&nbsp;DOS]] (1988). The latter system was marketed as a direct MS-DOS/PC DOS replacement with added functionality. In order to achieve this, it gave up built-in support to run CP/M applications and was changed to use DOS-compatible internal structures. It became a successful product line in itself.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Graphics Environment Manager (1985)===

[[File:IBM PC GEM.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) Graphic User Interface (GUI) in 1985]]

In 1985 Digital Research also produced a microcomputer version of the [[Graphical Kernel System|GKS]] graphics standard (related to [[NAPLPS]]) called [[Graphics System Extension|GSX]], and later used this as the basis of their [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]] [[graphical user interface|GUI]]. Less known are their application programs, limited largely to the GSX-based DR DRAW and a small suite of GUI programs for GEM. After the development of GEM, Microsoft introduced [[Windows 1.0]].

Digital Research (and later its successor [[Caldera (company)|Caldera]]) accused Microsoft of announcing [[vaporware]] versions of MS-DOS to suppress sales of DR&nbsp;DOS.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}

===FlexOS, Concurrent DOS XM and Concurrent DOS 386 ===

[[Concurrent PC&nbsp;DOS]] later evolved into the modular [[FlexOS]] (1986). This exploited the greater memory addressing capability of the new [[CPU]] to provide a more flexible multi-tasking environment. There was a small but powerful set of system [[Application programming interface|API]]s, each with a synchronous and an asynchronous variant. [[Named pipe|Pipe]]s were supported, and all named resources could be aliased by setting [[environment variable]]s. This system was to enjoy enduring favour in point-of-sale systems.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Other successors of Concurrent DOS were [[Concurrent DOS XM]] (1986<!-- 1985? -->) and the 32-bit [[Concurrent DOS 386]] (1987).

=== 1990 and 1991: Multiuser DOS ===
{{pic|Digital Research logo 1990.svg|Logo of Digital Research used briefly toward the end of its independent existence, from March 1990<ref>{{cite journal | last=von Simson | first=Charles | date=March 26, 1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAmo4wSwQJ0C&pg=PP37 | title=DRI adds graphics update | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=XXIV | issue=13 | page=37 | via=Google Books}}</ref> to 1991}}
In 1991 DR presented [[Multiuser DOS]].  Digital Research's multi-user family of operating systems was sidelined with the previous single user operative systems.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

In one [[beta release]] of [[Windows 3.1]], Microsoft included hidden code (later called the [[AARD code]]) that detected DR&nbsp;DOS and displayed a cryptic error message.<ref name="Schulman_1993_AARD"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/> 

== 1991–2014: Acquisition by Novell ==
{{See also|FlexOS|Novell|Caldera (company)}} 
'''Digital Research''' was purchased by [[Novell]] for {{currency|amount=80|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}&nbsp;million in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=L. A. Times |date=1996-07-25 |title=Novell Founder Noorda Pushes Antitrust Suit Against Microsoft |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-25-fi-27767-story.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |quote=Novell purchased Digital Research for $80 million in 1991 as part of Noorda's strategy to compete directly with Microsoft across a broad..}}</ref>

primarily for Novell to gain access to the operating system line. [[FlexOS]], this operative system had already been adopted as the basis for the following systems:

* [[Siemens S5-DOS/MT]], 
* [[IBM 4680 OS]] 
* [[IBM 4690 OS|4690 OS]].

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==Caldera==
{{transcluded section|source=Caldera (company)|part=yes}}
{{#section:Caldera (company)|lede}}
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==Notable employees==

Several notable employees worked at Digital Research, some of which later made important contributions to the IT industry, such as:

* [[Gary Kildall]]
* [[Kathryn Strutynski]]
* [[Gordon Eubanks]]
* [[Tom Rolander]] 
* [[Edward R. McCracken]]

== Acquisitions ==
* [[Compiler Systems, Inc.]] (1981) for [[CBASIC]]<ref name="Digital_Research_1981_News"/>
* [[MT MicroSYSTEMS, Inc.]] (1981) for [[Pascal/MT+]]

==See also==
* [[Multiuser DOS Federation]]
* [[Novell Digital Research Systems Group]]
* [[Caldera Digital Research Systems Group]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="collegial">{{cite journal |title=Gary Kildall and Collegial Entrepreneurship |journal=[[Dr. Dobb's Special Report]] |date=Spring 1997 |author-last=Swaine |author-first=Michael |author-link=Michael Swaine (technical author) |url=http://www.digitalresearch.biz/DR/Gary/DDJ-GK02.HTM |access-date=2018-06-09}}</ref>

<ref name="InfoWorld May 1981">{{cite news |author-last=Cole |author-first=Maggie |title=Gary Kildall and the Digital Research Success Story |date=1981-05-25 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] - The Newspaper for the Microcomputing Community |publisher=[[Popular Computing, Inc.]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=3 |issue=10 |location=Palo Alto, California, USA |pages=52–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52 |access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

<ref name="Kildall_1982_8-bit">{{cite journal |title=Running 8-bit software on dual-processor computers |author-first=Gary Arlen |author-last=Kildall |author-link=Gary Arlen Kildall |journal=[[Electronic Design]] |date=1982-09-16 |page=157 |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/12/102762506-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2017-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819183737/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/12/102762506-05-01-acc.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-19}}</ref>

<ref name="hughes198307">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2588uIxmAQC&pg=PA403 |title=The New View From Digital Research |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=July 1983 |access-date=2013-10-21 |author-last=Hughes, Jr. |author-first=George D. |pages=403}}</ref>

<ref name="caruso19840402">{{cite news |title=Company Strategies Boomerang |author-last=Caruso |author-first=Denise |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] - The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users |publisher=[[Popular Computing, Inc.]] |issn=0199-6649 |date=1984-04-02 |volume=6 |issue=14 |pages=80–83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA80 |access-date=2015-02-10}}</ref>

<ref name="shea19840220">{{cite news |title=New developments may decide battle over Unix |series=Software |author-last=Shea |author-first=Tom |date=1984-02-20 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] - The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users |publisher=[[Popular Computing, Inc.]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=43–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hS4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43 |access-date=2016-02-25}}</ref>

<ref name="Caruso_1984_Rebounds">{{cite news |author-last=Caruso |author-first=Denise |title=Digital Research Rebounds - New products are leading the software maker's resurgence |series=The Industry |date=1984-04-23 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] - The Newsweekly for Microcomputer Users |publisher=[[Popular Computing, Inc.]], [[CW Communications Inc.]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=6 |issue=17 |page= |pages=56–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217102517/https://books.google.de/books?id=hy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=%2522Digital+Research%2522+number+of+employees&source=bl&ots=_F-XruJhyQ&sig=ACfU3U3MdFwYYh8VCEGppvgcSGh1uPZaeQ&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXjM7dq9jnAhXF16QKHbqLDPg4ChDoATAFegQIChAB |archive-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>

<ref name="Burton_1985_Short">{{cite news |author-last=Burton |author-first=Kathleen |title=Cash-short Digital Research cuts staff, seeks investors |series=Computer Industry |date=1985-07-29 |newspaper=[[Computerworld]] - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community |publisher=[[CW Communications, Inc.]] |issn=0010-4841 |volume=XIX |number=30 |location=Monterey, California, USA |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Huij24Zmr0C&pg=PA72 |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217102442/https://books.google.de/books?id=2Huij24Zmr0C&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&ots=4yuH63ttiz&focus=viewport&dq=%2522Digital+Research%2522+total+revenue&hl=de |archive-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>

<ref name="Watt_1986_Reorg">{{cite news |author-last=Watt |author-first=Peggy |title=Digital Research tighens belt with layoffs, reorganization - Realign business units, product lines |series=Computer Industry |date=1986-10-27 |newspaper=[[Computerworld]] - The Newsweekly for the Computer Community |publisher=[[CW Communications, Inc.]] |issn=0010-4841 |volume=XX |number=43 |location=Monterey, California, USA |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI091j0HhhwC&pg=PA95 |access-date=2020-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216233625/https://books.google.de/books?id=nI091j0HhhwC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

<ref name="byte198503">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-03-rescan/1985_03_BYTE_10-03_Bargain_Computing#page/n339/mode/2up |title=Program Editing Breakthrough! |journal=[[BYTE]] |date=March 1983 |access-date=2016-03-19 |pages=326 |type=advertisement}}</ref>

<ref name="Markoff_1991">{{cite news |title=PC Software Maker Novell To Buy Digital Research |author-first=John Gregory |author-last=Markoff |author-link=John Gregory Markoff |date=1991-07-17 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |id=Section D |page=8 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/business/pc-software-maker-novell-to-buy-digital-research.html?mcubz=0 |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218124856/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/17/business/pc-software-maker-novell-to-buy-digital-research.html?mcubz=0 |archive-date=2020-02-18 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

<ref name="BW_1991">{{cite news |title=Novell and Digital Research sign definitive merger agreement |date=1991-07-17 |work=[[Business Wire]] |url=http://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |access-date=2017-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818133749/https://tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/1991/0717.html |archive-date=2018-08-18}}</ref>

<ref name="Triumph">[https://www.pbs.org/nerds/ Triumph of the Nerds], PBS</ref>

<ref name="Chronicles">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/GaryKild|title=Gary Kildall Special|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

<ref name="Corcoran_1994">{{cite news |author-first=Elizabeth |author-last=Corcoran |title=Microsoft Settles Case With Justice |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/business/longterm/microsoft/stories/1994/settle071794.htm |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1994-07-17 |access-date=2014-03-14}}</ref>

<ref name="Schulman_1993_AARD">{{cite journal |title=Examining the Windows AARD Detection Code - A serious message--and the code that produced it |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Schulman |date=September 1993 |journal=[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]] |volume=18 |issue=9 |id=#204 |publisher=[[Miller Freeman, Inc.]] |pages=42, 44–48, 89 |url=http://www.ddj.com/documents/s=1030/ddj9309d/9309d.htm |access-date=2013-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210072152/http://www.ddj.com/documents/s%3D1030/ddj9309d/9309d.htm |archive-date=2005-12-10}}</ref>

<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-year=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=0-201-63287-X |pages=[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11 11], [https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/182 182]–[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/183 183] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]}}</ref>

<ref name="Digital_Research_1981_News">{{cite journal |title=Compiler Systems Acquired; Language Division Formed Under Gordon Eubanks, Jr. - Digital Research Acquires Compiler Systems; Will Now Provide the Microcomputer Industry with One-stop Shopping for Total Systems Support |journal=Digital Research News - for Digital Research Users Everywhere |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |location=Pacific Grove, California, USA |date=November 1981 |volume=1 |number=1 |id=Fourth Quarter |pages=1, 7 |url=https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Research%20News/01x01%201981%20Digital%20Research%20News.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110124333/https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Research%20News/01x01%201981%20Digital%20Research%20News.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-10 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>

<ref name="DRI_1982_Expansion">{{cite news |title=Rapid expansion marks DRI history |newspaper=[[Digital Dialogue]] |publisher=Digital Research |date=August 1982 |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=7–8 |url=https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Dialogue/01x01%20198208%20Digital%20Dialogue.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912192812/https://amaus.net/static/S100/software/DRI/Digital%20Dialogue/01x01%20198208%20Digital%20Dialogue.pdf |archive-date=2023-09-12 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2020-02-25}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200225202039/http://www.digitalresearch.biz/images/Reunion.Book.25.Year.pdf]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200225205551/http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/kildall_digital_dialog.txt]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200223212031/http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/d_dri_refs.html]}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |title=Digital Research - The Untold Story |author-first=Marc |author-last=Perkel |author-link=Marc Perkel |date=1996-10-18 |orig-year=1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-21, 1991-07-24, 1991-08-02 |url=http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm |access-date=2019-04-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419190806/http://www.ctyme.com/dri.htm |archive-date=2019-04-19}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191036/http://www.ctyme.com/dri1.htm]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190419191113/http://www.ctyme.com/dri2.htm<!-- 1991-02-16, 1991-02-18, 1991-03-04 -->]}}{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190419144412/http://www.ctyme.com/dri3.htm<!-- 1991-03-20, 1991-05-23, 1991-07-24, 1991-08-02 -->]}} (NB. [[Marc Perkel]] claimed to have inspired [[Novell]] in February 1991 to buy Digital Research and develop something he called "[[NovOS]]".)
* {{cite book |title="Gary Kildall Conference Room" Dedication Ceremony |date=2017-04-21 |publisher=[[Naval Postgraduate School]] (NPS) |url=https://ethw.org/w/images/a/a8/GaryKildallConferenceRoomDedication%2821-April-17%29.pdf |access-date=2020-02-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102232814/https://ethw.org/w/images/a/a8/GaryKildallConferenceRoomDedication%2821-April-17%29.pdf |archive-date=2020-01-02}} (18 pages)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.DigitalResearch.biz Digital Research's history website]
* [http://bitsavers.org/pdf/digitalResearch/<!-- http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/digitalResearch/ --> Various Digital Research manuals]
* [http://www.joewein.de/dri.html Joe Wein's page on Digital Research]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007025338/http://www.intel-vintage.info/apps/videos/videos/show/18129431-intel-ipds-100-cp-m Intel iPDS-100 Using CP/M-Video]}}

{{Digital Research}}
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[[Category:Digital Research| ]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in California]]
[[Category:1991 disestablishments in California]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Companies based in Monterey County, California]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies based in California]]
[[Category:Defunct software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Novell]]
[[Category:Point of sale companies]]
[[Category:Software companies disestablished in 1991]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:1991 mergers and acquisitions]]