Editing Digital piano

{{Short description|Musical instrument}}
{{Distinguish|electric piano|electronic piano}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2015}}
[[File:Digital-piano-423.jpg|thumb|A digital piano in an [[Piano|upright piano]] form factor]]

A '''digital piano''' is a type of [[electronic keyboard|electronic]] [[keyboard instrument]] designed to serve primarily as an alternative to the traditional [[acoustic piano]], both in how it feels to play and in the sound it produces. Digital pianos use either synthesized emulation or recorded [[sample-based synthesis|samples]] of an acoustic piano, which are played through one or more internal loudspeakers. They also incorporate weighted keys, which recreate the feel of an acoustic piano. Some digital pianos are designed to also look like an [[Upright piano|upright]] or [[Grand piano|grand]] piano. Others may be very simple, without a stand.

While digital pianos may sometimes fall short of acoustic ones in feel and sound, their advantages include being smaller, weighing much less, and costing less than an acoustic piano. In addition, they do not need to be tuned, and their tuning can be modified to match the tuning of another instrument (e.g. a [[pipe organ]]). Like other electronic musical instruments, they can be connected to an [[keyboard amplifier|amplifier]] or a [[PA system]] to produce a sound loud enough for a large venue or, at the other extreme, may be heard through headphones only. Some digital pianos can emulate other sounds besides the piano, the most common ones being [[pipe organ]], [[electric piano]], [[Hammond organ]], and [[harpsichord]]. Digital pianos are often used in [[music school]]s and [[music studio]]s as a replacement for traditional instruments.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFvYzQahgWsC|title=A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians—from Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between|first=Stuart|last=Isacoff|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|year=2012|isbn=9780307279330}}</ref>

== Features ==
Similar to a traditional acoustic piano, the defining feature of a digital piano is a [[musical keyboard]] with 88 keys. The keys are weighted to simulate the [[action (piano)|action of an acoustic piano]] and are velocity-sensitive so that the volume and [[timbre]] of a played note depends on how hard the key is pressed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalpianolab.com/#Digital_Piano_vs_Keyboard_8211_What8217s_the_Difference|title=Digital Piano vs Keyboard – What's the Difference?|website=Digital Piano Lab|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref>

[[File:Digital piano hammer action diagram.svg|upright=1.75|right|thumb|{{image key
|list type=ordered
|Key
|Retaining hook
|Base
|Cam
|Hammer
|Hammer weight
|Sensor(s)
|Pivot (for key)
}}]]
Instruments with fewer keys, and those with keys that are unweighted (similar to [[electric organ]]s and [[synthesizer]]s) or not velocity-sensitive tend to be called electronic or digital keyboards rather than digital pianos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pianoreport.com/|title=PianoReport {{!}} The Authority in Digital Pianos and Keyboards|website=pianoreport.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref>
Instruments that less accurately simulate the feel of an acoustic piano may be described as ''semi-weighted'', while those that are more accurate may be said to possess ''hammer action''. Some digital pianos incorporate actual hammers to better simulate a grand piano's touch.<ref>"Behringer Eurogrand EG8080" ''Canadian Musician'', July/August 2006, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p. 72. [[EBSCOhost]]: ''Academic Search Premier''.  Accessed December 16, 2007.<!-- is this necessary if there's no URL? --></ref>

In a typical digital piano with hammer action, as the key (1) is depressed, a cam (4) underneath the key presses on one end of a hammer (5), lifting the hammer weight (6). A retaining hook (2) with a cushion is provided so the key does not rise above its resting position.

The shape, size, and weight of the hammer affects the touch of the key, as does the placement of the sensor(s) (7), pivots (8), and the design of the mechanical linkage between the key cam and the hammer. To make the keybed more compact, many digital keyboards use a pivot point in the rear and hammers underneath the keys, as illustrated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.casio.com/us/electronic-musical-instruments/privia/px-s1100-px-s3100-px-s5000/Comprehensive-Breakdown/ |title=PX-S1100/PX-S3100/PX-S5000 Comprehensive Breakdown |website=Casio Music |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>

Digital pianos typically use analog sensors for their keyboard action, as opposed to digital sensors of a regular electronic keyboard and synthesizer. These sensors work in a similar way to those in [[analog stick|analog joysticks]] found on [[video game controller]]s, where velocity input is converted from the key movement as well, not just the initial pressure of the key sensor.

Other common features include:
* Volume control; line-out audio connections; headphone output
* Additional instrument sounds
* [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] implementation (most provide [[General MIDI]], which offers 128 instrument sounds and 9 [[drum kit]]s)
* Features to assist in learning (such as illuminated keys) and [[musical composition|composition]] (such as a built-in [[Music sequencer|sequencer]])
* [[transposition (music)|Transposition]]

=== Piano emulation ===
[[File:Minuet-G-minor-BWV-Anh-115.ogv|thumb|[[Minuets in G major and G minor|Minuet in G minor (BWV Anh. 115)]] by Christian Petzold from the ''[[Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach]]'', played on a digital piano.]]
In general, the sounds produced by a digital piano are based on [[Sampling (music)|sampling]], by which acoustic piano sound samples are stored in [[read-only memory|ROM]]. The samples are usually created using high-quality pianos, professional [[microphone]]s, and high-quality [[preamplifier|preamp]]s in a professional [[recording studio]].<ref name='v-piano'/> Usually multiple samples are available for the same keystroke, attempting to reproduce the diversity of sounds heard on an acoustic piano. However, sample-based digital pianos have limitations on the faithfulness with which they simulate acoustic pianos. Because samples are taken for only a limited number of intensity levels, digital pianos usually lack the continuous timbral changes that characterize acoustic pianos. They may also lack the [[harmonic]] tones that result when certain combinations of notes are sounded, and the natural [[reverberation]] that is heard when an acoustic piano is played percussively. They often lack the incidental acoustic noises associated with piano playing, such as the sounds of pedals being depressed and the associated machinery shifting within the piano, which some consider a benefit. These limitations apply to most acoustic instruments and their sampled counterparts, the difference often being described as "visceral".{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Many digital pianos, especially those that resemble acoustic pianos, have built-in pedals that function much as those on acoustic pianos. Commercially available pedal switches, commonly used for regular electronic keyboards, can also be used, especially on portable models. On an acoustic piano the [[sustain pedal]] lifts the dampers for all strings, allowing them to resonate naturally with the notes played. Only high-end professional digital pianos can reproduce this [[sympathetic resonance]] effect.

Earlier digital pianos, such as those produced in the 1990s, often had [[polyphony (instrument)|polyphony]] limited to 32 or 64 notes.<!-- and now? -->

Some digital piano implementations, like Roland V-Piano,<ref name='v-piano'>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may09/articles/rolandvpiano.htm |title=Roland V-Piano |publisher=Soundonsound.com |access-date=2014-05-12}}</ref> Yamaha MODUS, Casio Celviano Grand Hybrid, and the software-based [[Pianoteq]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.roland.co.uk/blog/digital-pianos-faqs/|title=Digital pianos FAQ - Digital Pianos {{!}} Roland|last=UK|first=Roland|website=www.roland.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref> use mathematical models based on acoustic pianos to generate sound, which brings the ability to generate sounds that vary more freely depending on how the keys have been struck, in addition to allow a more realistic implementation of the distinctive resonances and acoustical noises of acoustic pianos.

=== Other instruments ===

Most digital pianos can produce a variety of different piano [[timbre]]s. For example, a digital piano may have settings for a [[grand piano]], an upright piano, a [[tack piano]], a [[harpsichord]] and various [[electric piano]] models such as the [[Rhodes piano|Fender Rhodes]], the [[Electric grand piano|Yamaha CP70]], the [[Wurlitzer electric piano|Wurlitzer]], and the [[Yamaha DX7]]. It may also emulate other keyboard instruments, including [[Organ (music)|organ]], [[harmonium]], and [[clavichord]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pianobuyer.com/spring12/128.html |title=Beyond the Acoustic Piano |date=Spring 2012 |work=Digital Piano Basics, Part 2 |publisher=Acoustic & Digital Piano Buyer |page=128 |access-date=25 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103160729/http://www.pianobuyer.com/spring12/128.html |archive-date=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Some digital pianos also incorporate other basic "[[synthesizer]]" sounds such as [[guitar]]s, [[string ensemble]], [[brass instrument]]s, [[woodwind]]s and [[drum kit]]s.

Some high-end digital pianos that offer a wide range of instrument sounds similar to [[electronic keyboard]]s are known as ensemble digital pianos, or just ensemble pianos.

=== MIDI features ===

Digital pianos usually offer a [[MIDI]] connection, allowing them to control or be controlled by other electronic instruments and [[music sequencer|sequencers]]. They may also have an external storage slot to save and load MIDI data, which the piano can play automatically, allowing it to function as a [[player piano]]. Some have a built-in sequencer to aid in composition.

Most digital pianos can be connected to a computer. With appropriate software such as [[scorewriter]]s, [[digital audio workstation]]s and [[music sequencer|sequencer]]s, the computer can handle sound generation, mixing of tracks, music notation, musical instruction, and other music composition tasks.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://techland.time.com/2014/01/23/the-definitive-guide-to-digital-pianos/ | title=The Definitive Guide to Digital Pianos | publisher=Time | date=23 Jan 2014 | access-date=2 April 2015 | author=Taylor, Ben}}</ref>

==Form factors==
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px widths=200px>
File:Roland FP-90X at Roland Taiwan Enterprise booth 20221224.jpg|"Modern" traditional ([[Roland Corporation|Roland]] FP-90X)
File:Piano Victoria Quarter 8 November 2018 2.jpg|Digital grand (Yamaha)
File:Nord Piano 3 case.jpg|[[Stage piano]], in case ([[Nord Piano]] 3)
Image:Yamaha P-140S top view.jpg|Portable ([[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]] P-140S)
File:Yamaha, IFA 2018, Berlin (P1070119).jpg|Hybrid (Yamaha U1 SH2)
File:Waldorf Zarenbourg piano module (front) - 2017 NAMM Show (2017-01-21 21.15.34 by Pete Brown @ Flickr 32320951462).jpg|Piano module ([[Waldorf Music|Waldorf]] Zarenbourg)
</gallery>
The physical form of a digital piano can vary considerably.

=== Traditional type ===
'''Traditional''' digital pianos are designed to resemble the console of an [[electronic organ]] or a [[spinet|spinet harpsichord]] but usually having a stand rather than fully enclosed lower section. Some models are based on the casework of traditional upright pianos with a fully enclosed bottom part and metallic weighted sustain and soft pedals that resemble traditional piano pedals. An opposite and 2000s-era trend is to produce an instrument which has a unique and distinctive appearance, unobtainable with a conventional wooden-cabinet instrument. These instruments have a modern appearance, with a sleek plastic cabinet that makes no attempt to emulate traditional instruments. [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]], [[Kawai Musical Instruments|Kawai]] and [[Casio]] make models which are designed to stand against a wall and are far shallower from keyboard to back than any possible acoustic upright design, as well as a shorter height.

Traditional digital pianos, due to their form, offer less portability than the other types, and are mainly designed for use in a single place (e.g. home, classrooms or studios), and are not intended for mobility such as on stage or for live performance.

=== Upright type ===
These are a sub-type of traditional digital pianos that offer a more classical design which closely resemble an acoustic upright piano. The most expensive models may appear similar in their outer appearance and height to a full-size upright piano. Upright digital pianos are mainly intended for home use and are usually more expensive than the other types, due to the expensive wooden case. Some models, especially the higher-end, more expensive ones, often use wooden keyboards, as opposed to regular plastic keyboards.

=== Grand type ===
An uncommon form of digital piano that resembles a grand piano, usually with a more precision keyboard action and high-quality sound system built into the unit's cabinet in a similar manner as the strings on a grand piano. These pianos are mostly high-end novelty models offered by only small number of manufacturers, and often have higher prices than an average acoustic piano.

=== Stage piano ===
Another common form is the '''[[stage piano]]''', designed for use with live performances, professional audio, or in a [[recording studio]]. This type of digital piano normally makes no attempt to imitate the physical appearance of an acoustic piano, rather resembling a generic [[synthesizer]] or [[music workstation]]. A distinguishing feature of most stage pianos is a lack of internal loudspeakers and amplification - it is normally assumed that a powerful keyboard amplifier or [[Public address system|PA system]] will be used. However, some stage pianos are equipped with powered speakers.

=== Portable type ===
{{uncited section|date=December 2023}}
Yet another form is the '''portable''' digital piano which often combines the capabilities of stage pianos, but with additional features similar to a conventional [[electronic keyboard|home keyboard]]. These digital pianos are mostly designed for various purposes such as home, studio, classroom, stage or personal use. It is similar in form to a stage piano, but much lighter in weight, and having a more compact size. Unlike stage pianos, portable digital pianos were commonly equipped with built-in amplification and loudspeakers, usually has lower cost than other types, and its sound quality was often comparable or similar to that of a conventional keyboards due to a simpler sound synthesis system, though some models, often utilize a similar sound generation system as the more advanced model lineups of the same manufacturer. Many of them also contain a wide assortment of sounds, like one would expect from an electronic keyboard, including sound effects and [[drum kit]]s. Also like conventional keyboards, these digital pianos often feature an automated "[[rhythm section]]" function which is controlled by playing chords with the left hand.

Most portable digital pianos could be freely fitted in a regular keyboard stand like a stage piano, while some types also come equipped with a dedicated matching stand which, when assembled, will have a slight resemblance to a console digital piano.

Portable digital pianos, for the sake of lower production cost, were often equipped with a less complex system for the weighted keys. As a result, the feel of the keys is usually much less realistic than other digital pianos. However, it still retain the emulated weight mechanism (lower keys are heavier than higher ones), though not as precise as more expensive pianos, but far more true to life than a keyboard. Furthermore, certain models include synthetic ivory-like keys as opposed to standard plastic keys.

===Hybrid type===
Hybrids are a type of high-performance digital piano that incorporate actual [[Action (piano)|piano action]] and high-quality modeled samples of an acoustic piano. This type of digital piano was first popularized by [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] in the 1980s, with their flagship stage piano at the time, RD-1000.

=== Piano module ===
There are also digital piano modules, which are simply keyboardless [[sound module]]s chiefly containing piano samples. To use these modules, they are typically connected to a [[MIDI controller]] keyboard, and the output signal from the module is plugged into a [[keyboard amplifier]] or [[PA system]]. One early example of a digital piano module is [[Roland Corporation|Roland]]'s 1986 [[Roland MKS-20|MKS-20]] digital piano module.

''[[Pianoteq]]'' is a [[software synthesizer]] which shares some characteristics with piano modules.

== Manufacturers ==
Well-known manufacturers of digital pianos include [[Dynatone]],<ref>[https://www.dynatone.com.my Dynatone website]</ref> [[Casio]], [[Clavia]](''nord''), [[Dexibell]],<ref>[https://www.dexibell.com Dexibell website]</ref> [[Kawai Musical Instruments|Kawai]], [[Korg]], [[Kurzweil Music Systems|Kurzweil]], {{ill|Orla (company)|lt=Orla|it|Orla (azienda)}}, [[Roland Corporation|Roland]], [[Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation|Suzuki]], and [[Yamaha Corporation|Yamaha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Keyboard Workstation|url=https://fireinsidemusic.com/best-keyboard-workstation/|website=Fire inside Music}} Saturday, April 25, 2020</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Electronic keyboard]]
*[[Electric piano]]
*[[Electronic piano]]
*[[Scorewriter]]
*[[Synthesia (video game)|Synthesia]]
*[[Synthesizer]]
*[[Virtual piano]]
*[[Walking Piano]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.kawaius.com/main_links/articles/Why_digital.html |title=Why a digital piano? |publisher=Kawai |access-date=2 April 2015 |author=Love, Tom |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215120934/http://www.kawaius.com/main_links/articles/Why_digital.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}
*{{cite web | url=https://mrdigitalpiano.com/digital-piano-vs-keyboard | title=Digital Piano vs Keyboard | publisher=Music Boy | date=16 July 2020 | access-date=16 July 2020 | author=Music HUB}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Digital pianos}}
* [http://www.bosendorferimperial.com/ BosendorferImperial.com] - includes history of the 290SE (first reproducing computer controlled pianos developed in 1978), their modern CEUS system, with complete audio files of songs & images.

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[[Category:Electronic musical instruments]]
[[Category:Piano]]
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