Editing Dirk

{{short description|Thrusting dagger}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Dirks|people with the surname Dirks|Dirks (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Scottish dirk, blade by Andrew Boog, Edinburgh, c. 1795 - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09484.JPG|thumb|upright|Scottish dirk, blade by Andrew Boog, Edinburgh, c. 1795, Royal Ontario Museum]]

A '''dirk''' is a long-bladed thrusting [[dagger]].<ref name="CHI">Chisholm, Hugh (ed.); "Dagger", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th ed., Vol. VII, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press (1910), p. 729.</ref>  Historically, it gained its name from the Highland dirk ([[Scottish Gaelic]] {{lang|gd|dearg}}) where it was a personal weapon of officers engaged in naval hand-to-hand combat during the [[Age of Sail]]<ref name="OBP">O'Brian, Patrick; ''Men-of-War: Life in Nelson's Navy'', New York: W. W. Norton & Co., {{ISBN|0-393-03858-0}} (1974), p. 35.</ref> as well as the personal sidearm of Highlanders. It was also the traditional sidearm of the Highland Clansman and later used by the officers, pipers, and drummers of Scottish Highland regiments around 1725 to 1800<ref name="CHI"/> and by Japanese naval officers.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialjapanes00janegoog/page/n278 <!-- pg=276 quote=Japanese naval dirk. --> ''The imperial Japanese navy'', Author Frederick Thomas Jane, Publisher W. Thacker & co., 1904 P.276]</ref>

==Etymology==
The term is associated with [[Scotland in the Early Modern Era]], being attested from about 1600. The term was spelled ''dork'' or ''dirk'' during the 17th century,<ref name="PET">Head, T. F.; ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology'' [[Oxford University Press]] (1996) {{ISBN|0-19-283098-8}}.</ref> presumed related to the Danish, Dutch and Swedish ''dolk'', and the German ''dolch, tolch''; from a West Slavic ''Tillich''. The exact etymology is unclear.<ref name="OET">Hoad, T. F.; ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology'' [[Oxford University Press]] (1996) {{ISBN|0-19-283098-8}}.</ref><ref>Hensleigh, Wedgwood; ''A dictionary of English etymology'', 1859.</ref><ref name="Collins">''Collins English Dictionary 21st Century Edition'' Harper Collins (2001) {{ISBN|0-00-472529-8}}.</ref><ref name=Scots>Robinson, M. (ed.) (1985). ''The Concise Scots Dictionary''. Chambers. {{ISBN|0-08-028491-4}}.</ref> The modern spelling ''dirk'' is probably due to [[Samuel Johnson]]'s 1755 ''Dictionary''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Dictionary of the English Language |url= http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?page_id=7070&i=597 |publisher= W. Strahan |date=1755 |first=Samuel |last=Johnson |author-link=Samuel Johnson |page=597 |edition=1st |volume=1| location=London |quote='''Dirk'''. n. s. [an Earse word.] A kind of dagger used in the Highlands of Scotland. 'In vain thy hungry mountaineers Come forth in all their warlike geers, The shield, the pistol, the dirk, and dagger, In which they daily wont to swagger.' Tickell |no-pp=y}}</ref> The term is also used for "dagger" generically, especially in the context of [[prehistoric daggers]] such as the [[Oxborough dirk]].

==Highland dirk{{anchor|Scottish}}==
{{main article|Highland dress}}
{{further|sgian dubh}}
[[File:George Sanders - George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of [[George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon]] (1770&ndash;1836) in highland dress.]]

The '''Scottish dirk''' (also "Highland dirk", [[Scottish Gaelic]]: {{lang|gd|biodag}}), as a symbolic traditional and ceremonial weapon of the Highland Cathairean (cateran or warrior), is worn by officers, pipers and drummers of Scottish Highland regiments. The development of the Scottish dirk as a weapon is unrelated to that of the naval dirk; it is a modern continuation of the 16th-century [[ballock dagger|ballock]] or [[rondel dagger]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

The traditional Scottish dirk is a probable development from the 16th century but like all medieval societies, the Highlander needed a knife for everyday use. The dirk became symbolic of a Highland man’s honour and oaths were sworn on the steel which was believed to be holy. The following highlights the importance of the dirk in Highland culture:<ref>Seago, Dale (1999). ''The Weapons and Fighting Methods of the Highland Scots: A Study of the Historical Swordsmanship and Warfare Practices of the Scottish Highlanders''.</ref>

<blockquote>The dirk occupies a unique niche in Highland culture and history. Many Highland Scots were too cash-poor to buy a sword, following the Disarming Acts enacted to erode Highland martial insurrections but virtually every male carried a dirk—and carried it everywhere! If in Japan the katana was the soul of the Samurai, in Scotland the dirk was the heart of the Highlander. In many warrior cultures oaths were sworn on one's sword. Among the Gael, however, binding oaths with the force of a geas (involving dire supernatural penalties for breaking such an oath) were sworn on one's dirk. The English, aware of this, used the custom against the Highlanders after Culloden: When Highland dress was prohibited in 1747 those Gael who could not read or sign an oath were required to swear a verbal oath, "in the Irish (Scots Gaelic) tongue and upon the holy iron of their dirks", not to possess any gun, sword, or pistol, or to use tartan: "... and if I do so may I be cursed in my undertakings, family and property, may I be killed in battle as a coward, and lie without burial in a strange land, far from the graves of my forefathers and kindred; may all this come across me if I break my oath."</blockquote>

During the period of proscription, only service in a British regiment permitted Highlanders to bear their traditional arms and dress. The [[78th Fraser Highlanders]], raised in 1757, wore full highland dress uniform;<ref name="BRO">Browne, James; ''A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans'', Vol. IV, Edinburgh, Scotland: A. Fullarton & Co. (1838), p. 250.</ref> their equipment was described by [[James Stuart (East India Company officer)|Major-General James Stewart]] in 1780 as including a "musket and [[Scottish broadsword|broadsword]], to which many soldiers added the dirk at their own expense."<ref name="BRO" /><ref name="GRA">Grant, James; ''British Battles on Land and Sea'', Vol. II, London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin (1873), p. 82.</ref>

When worn, the dirk normally hangs by a leather strap known as a "frog" from a dirk belt, which is a wide leather belt having a large, usually ornate buckle, that is worn around the waist with a kilt.<ref>Van Witsen, Leo; ''Costuming for Opera: Who Wears What and Why'', Vol. 2, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|0-8108-2933-9}} (1994), p. 133.</ref>  Many Scottish dirks carry a smaller knife and fork which fit into compartments on the front of the sheath,<ref>Whitelaw, C. E.; ''Scottish History & Life: Scottish Weapons'', Glasgow: James Maclehose & Sons (1902), p. 238.</ref> and a smaller knife known as a [[sgian dubh]] is also worn tucked into the top of the hose when wearing a kilt.<ref>[[Geddes MacGregor|MacGregor, Geddes]]; ''Scotland: An Intimate Portrait'' (1st ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., {{ISBN|0-395-56236-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-395-56236-9}} (1980), p. 40.</ref>
{{clear|left}}

==Naval dirk==
[[File:Kordzik Oficera Sił Powietrznych Nr 2628 - wymiary z pochwą 74 x 370 mm. Krótka ceremonialna broń biała z roku 1972.jpg|thumb|''Dirk'' ([[Polish language|Polish:]] ''Kordzik''); an element of uniforms, e.g., of officers in the Polish army air force; 74 × 370&nbsp;mm, in [[Muzeum Miniaturowej Sztuki Profesjonalnej Henryk Jan Dominiak in Tychy]].<ref>{{cite web| url =https://muzeumminiaturowejsztukiprofesjonalnejhenrykjandominiak.eu/wp/2015/12/17/dzial-broni-bialej/ |language = pl |title=''Department of White Arm'' | access-date = 17 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://muzeumminiaturowejsztukiprofesjonalnejhenrykjandominiak.eu/wp/bro1-kordzik-wojsk-lotnictwa-polskiego-nr-2628-z-roku-1972/ |language = pl |title=''Dirk'' | access-date = 7 June 2020}}</ref>]]
[[File:Dirk (Japanese naval ww2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Japanese WW2 naval dirk]]

A thrusting weapon, the naval dirk originally functioned as a boarding weapon and as a functional fighting dagger.<ref name="OBP" />  During the days of sail, midshipmen and officers wore dirks; the daggers gradually evolved into ceremonial weapons and badges of office.<ref name="OBP"
/>  In the [[Royal Navy]], the naval dirk is still presented to junior officers; the basic design of the weapon has changed little in the last 500 years.<ref name="OBP" />

In the [[Russian Empire]] naval dirk (Russian: {{lang|ru|кортик}}) became part of the uniform of naval officers and civilian officials in the [[Ministry of the Navy (Russia)|Navy Ministry]]. After the October Revolution of 1917, naval dirks were the weapons of naval officers in the [[Soviet navy]]. Later, they were also allowed as an element of the [[dress uniform]] for army generals and army officers.<ref>Кортик // Большая Советская Энциклопедия / под ред. А. М. Прохорова. 3-е изд. Том 13. М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1973.</ref><ref>Кортик // Советская военная энциклопедия (в 8 тт.) / под ред. Н. В. Огаркова. том 4. М.: Воениздат, 1979. стр.378</ref> 

Later, it became an element of other uniforms as well, e.g. of officers in the Russian and Polish army (Polish: {{lang|pl|kordzik}}) and air force and of the police forces in some{{which|date=November 2021}} countries.{{clarify|date=November 2011}}{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}

In the United States, the dirk was introduced by Scottish immigrants in the 1700s. Dirks were originally a single-edged weapon. By 1745, however, the weapon more commonly had a double-edged blade; this makes the dirk more or less synonymous with the dagger.  Dirks were often made from old sword blades.  In the nineteenth century dirks started to be made with a curved blade, but returned to a straight blade by the end of the century.  Some were long enough to be considered a short sword.<ref>Nicholas J. Johnson, David B. Kopel, George A. Mocsary, E. Gregory Wallace, Donald E. Kilmer. ''Firearms Law and the Second Amendment: Regulation, Rights, and Policy'', Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2021 {{ISBN|1543826814}}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sgian-dubh]]
*[[Kindjal]]
*[[Knife fight]]
*[[List of blade materials]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Dirks}}
*[http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_spot_dirks.html Spotlight: The Scottish Dirk] (myArmoury.com article)

{{Knives}}

[[Category:Edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Early Modern European swords]]
[[Category:European swords]]
[[Category:Daggers]]