Editing Dnepr (rocket)

{{Short description|Converted Satan ICBM used as a satellite launch vehicle}}
{{Infobox rocket
|name    = Dnepr
|image   = Tdx launch.jpg
|caption =

|function = Orbital [[carrier rocket]]
|manufacturer   = {{plainlist|
* [[KB Pivdenne|Yuzhnoye Design Bureau]] (design)
* [[PA Pivdenmash|Yuzhmash]] (manufacturing)
* [[Khartron]] (control system)
}}
|country-origin = [[Soviet Union]] (original build),<br /> [[Ukraine]] (commercial launches after 1999)
|cpl-year       =
|cpl            = {{US$|29 million [http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609]}}
|height         = {{cvt|34.3|m}}
|diameter       = {{cvt|3|m}}
|mass           = {{cvt|211000|kg}}

|stages         = 3
|capacities = 
{{Infobox Rocket/Payload|mass={{convert|4500|kg}}|location=[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Payload|mass={{convert|3200|kg}}|location=the [[International Space Station|ISS]]}}
{{infobox rocket/Payload|mass={{convert|2300|kg}}|location=[[sun-synchronous orbit|SSO]]}}
{{Infobox Rocket/Payload|mass={{convert|550|kg}} (with ST-1)|location=[[Trans Lunar Injection|TLI]]}}
|status = Retired<ref name=retired>{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/12/30/iridium-satellites-closed-up-for-launch-on-falcon-9-rocket/ |title=Iridium satellites closed up for launch on Falcon 9 rocket |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=30 December 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 |quote= Russian officials have said they plan to discontinue Dnepr launches.}}</ref>
|sites = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109|Site 109/95]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]<br/>[[Dombarovsky Site 13|LC-13]], [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|first= 21 April 1999
|last= 25 March 2015
|launches = 22
|success = 21
|fail = 1
|partial =
|stagedata = 
  {{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type = stage
  |stageno = First
  |engines = 1 [[RD-264]] module<br />(four [[RD-263]] engines)
  |thrust = {{cvt|4520|kN}}
  |SI = {{cvt|318|isp}}
  |burntime = 130 seconds
  |fuel = {{N2O4}} / [[UDMH]]
  }}
  {{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type = stage
  |stageno = Second
  |engines = 1 [[RD-0255]] module<br />(one [[RD-0256]] main engine and one [[RD-0257]] [[Vernier thruster|vernier]])
  |thrust = {{cvt|755|kN}}
  |SI = {{cvt|340|isp}}
  |burntime = 190 seconds
  |fuel = N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> / UDMH
  }}
  {{Infobox rocket/stage
  |type = stage
  |stageno = Third
  |thrust = {{cvt|20.2|kN}}
  |engines = 1 [[RD-864]]
  |SI = {{cvt|309|isp}}
  |burntime = 1,000 seconds
  |fuel = {{N2O4}} / [[UDMH]]
  }}
}}

The '''Dnepr rocket''' ({{langx|ru|Днепр|translit=Dnepr}}; {{langx|uk|Дніпро|translit=Dnipró}}) was a space [[launch vehicle]] named after the [[Dnieper River]]. It was a converted [[ICBM]] used for launching [[artificial satellites]] into orbit, operated by launch service provider [[ISC Kosmotras]].  The first launch, on April 21, 1999, successfully placed [[UoSAT-12]], a 350&nbsp;kg demonstration mini-satellite, into a 650&nbsp;km circular [[Low Earth orbit]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/dnepr.html |title=The Dnepr launcher |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sstl.org/index.php?loc=27&id=151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928130013/http://www.sstl.org/index.php?loc=27&id=151 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-28 |title=UoSAT-12 Integrates with Dnepr for Launch on 21 April |publisher=[[Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd]] }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Dnepr 2013.ogv|thumb|Dnepr launch video]]
The Dnepr was based on the [[R-36 (missile)|R-36MUTTH]] [[Intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM){{spaced ndash}}called the ''SS-18 Satan'' by NATO{{spaced ndash}}designed in the 1970s by the [[Yuzhnoe Design Bureau]] in [[Dnepropetrovsk]], [[Ukrainian SSR]]. among the outstanding authors of the project there are people like [[:ru:Губанов,_Борис_Иванович|Boris Gubanov]], [[Sergey Alekseevich Sopov|Sergey Sopov]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет имени А. Н. Туполева - КАИ |first=Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет имени А. Н. Туполева - КАИ |date=2024-04-02 |title=Первый заместитель генерального конструктора Научно-производственного объединения "Энергия", ведущий конструктор ракетно-космического комплекса "Энергия-Буран" |url=https://kai.ru/web/en/boris-ivanovich-gubanov |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=kai.ru}}</ref>

The Dnepr control system was developed and produced by the [[Khartron|JSC "Khartron"]], [[Kharkiv]]. The Dnepr was a [[multistage rocket|three-stage]] rocket using storable [[hypergolic]] liquid propellants. The launch vehicles used for satellite launches have been withdrawn from ballistic missile service with the [[Russian Strategic Rocket Forces]] and stored for commercial use. A group of a total of 150 ICBMs were allowed under certain geopolitical disarmament protocols to be converted for use, and can be launched through 2020. The Dnepr was launched from the Russian-controlled [[Baikonur]] cosmodrome in [[Kazakhstan]] and the [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Dombarovsky]] launch base, near Yasny, in the Orenburg region of Russia.

In February 2015, following a year of strained relations including the [[Euromaidan]] and the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]], Russia announced that it would sever its "joint program with Ukraine to launch Dnepr rockets and [was] no longer interested in buying Ukrainian [[Zenit (rocket family)|Zenit boosters]], deepening problems for [Ukraine's] space program and its struggling [[Yuzhmash]] factory."<ref name=pa20150206>{{cite news |last1=Messier |first1=Doug |title=Russia Severing Ties With Ukraine on Dnepr, Zenit Launch Programs |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2015/02/06/russia-severing-ties-ukraine-dnepr-zenit-launch-programs/ |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=Parabolic Arc |date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215052356/http://www.parabolicarc.com/2015/02/06/russia-severing-ties-ukraine-dnepr-zenit-launch-programs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However [[ISC Kosmotras]] reported that they would continue to fulfill their obligations for three Dnepr launches in 2015,<ref name=sfn20150206>
{{cite news |last1=Clark|first1=Stephen |title=Customers assured of Dnepr rocket's near-term availability |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/02/06/customers-assured-of-dnepr-rockets-nearterm-availability/ |access-date=8 February 2015 |work=Spaceflight Now |date=6 February 2015 }}</ref> of which only one took place.<ref name="gcat-r36">{{cite web |last1=McDowell |first1=Jonathan |title=General Catalog of Artificial Space Objects - R-36 |url=https://planet4589.org/space/gcat/data/launch/R-36.html |website=planet4589.org |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418115205/https://planet4589.org/space/gcat/data/launch/R-36.html |archive-date=18 April 2022 |date=18 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the end of 2016, no further launch had materialized and the remaining customers had switched to alternative launch providers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/iridium-next.htm |title=Iridium-NEXT |work=Gunter's Space Page |first=Gunter |last=Krebs |access-date=30 December 2016 |quote= Kosmotras has received a contract to provide supplemental launch services on Dnepr launch vehicles. Dnepr can carry two satellites on each launch. One Dnepr launch, carrying the first two satellites, was planned, but it was delayed and finally canceled due to bureaucratic hurdles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/grace-fo.htm |title= GRACE-FO |work=Gunter's Space Page |first=Gunter |last=Krebs |access-date=30 December 2016 |quote= Originally a launch on a Dnepr rocket from Baikonur in 2017 was planned, but with Dnepr becoming unavailable, the launch was switched to a Falcon-9 v1.2 subcontracted from Iridium, flying together with five Iridium-NEXT satellites in December 2017.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/paz.htm |title=Paz |work=Gunter's Space Page |first=Gunter |last=Krebs |access-date=30 December 2016 |quote= Originally Kosmotras was contracted to provide the Dnepr launch vehicle for a launch from Dombarovsky (Yasny) in 2015. After an 18 months delay, Hisdesat canceled the launch contract in July 2016. Launch on a not yet disclosed vehicle is planned for 2017.}}</ref><ref name=retired />

[[ISC Kosmotras]] proposed using a Dnepr rocket to launch a modified version of the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]] with no orbital module and reduced service module, intended as a recoverable microgravity laboratory or an emergency vehicle for cosmonaut rescue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://danielmarin.naukas.com/2010/07/01/una-soyuz-en-un-misil/ |title= Una Soyuz en un misil |access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2025}}

Business magnate [[Elon Musk]] tried to purchase refurbished Dnepr rockets for a low price from Russia but returned empty-handed after failing to find any that were affordable. This led him to the creation of a successful private rocket launch company now known as [[SpaceX]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-23|title=Is SpaceX Changing the Rocket Equation? {{!}} Space {{!}} Air & Space Magazine|url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space/is-spacex-changing-the-rocket-equation-132285884/?no-ist|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223105751/http://www.airspacemag.com/space/is-spacex-changing-the-rocket-equation-132285884/?no-ist|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Elon Musk's Space Dream Almost Killed Tesla |date=14 May 2015 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-elon-musk-spacex/|access-date=2022-01-07|work=Bloomberg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326155146/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-elon-musk-spacex/ | archive-date=2022-03-26 |url-status=live |first1=Ashlee |last1=Vance |author-link=Ashlee Vance }}</ref>

== Performance ==
The Dnepr launch vehicle had only a small number of modifications compared to the R-36M ICBM in service. The main difference was the payload adapter located in the space head module and modified flight-control unit. This baseline version could lift 3,600&nbsp;kg into a 300&nbsp;km [[low Earth orbit]] at an [[inclination]] of 50.6°, or 2,300&nbsp;kg to a 300&nbsp;km [[Sun-synchronous orbit]] at an inclination of 98.0°. On a typical mission the Dnepr deployed a larger main payload and a secondary payload of [[Miniaturized satellite]]s and [[CubeSat]]s.

== Launch history ==
Before the Dnepr entered commercial service it was in service with the [[Strategic Rocket Forces]] which launched the ICBM version over 160 times with a reliability of 97%. The rocket had been used several times for commercial purposes with a single failure.

The Dnepr has at two points held the record for the most satellites orbited in a single launch; the April 2007 launch with 14 payloads held the record until 20 November 2013, when an American [[Minotaur I]] placed 29 satellites and two experiment packages into orbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/11/orbital-minotaur-1-multitude-payloads/|title=Orbital's Minotaur I successfully lofts multitude of payloads|first=William|last=Graham|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|date=20 November 2013|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> The next day a Dnepr re-took the record, placing 32 satellites and an experiment package bolted to the upper stage into low Earth orbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/11/russian-dnepr-record-breaking-32-satellite-haul/|title=Russian Dnepr conducts record-breaking 32 satellite haul|first=William|last=Graham|publisher=NASASpaceflight.com|date=21 November 2013|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> This record was broken by an [[Antares (rocket)|Antares]] launch in January 2014 which carried 34 spacecraft.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:left;" | Flight
! style="text-align:left;" | Date (UTC)
! style="text-align:left;" | Payload
! style="text-align:left;" | Orbit
! style="text-align:left;" | Site
|-
| 1 || April 21, 1999<br />04:59 || [[UoSAT-12]] || [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] 650&nbsp;km / 65˚ || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 2 || {{nobr|September 26, 2000}}<br />10:05 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | MegSat-1 (Italy)
  | UniSat (Italy)
  | [[TiungSat-1]] (Malaysia)
  | SaudiSat-1A/1B (Saudi Arabia)
}} || LEO 650&nbsp;km / 65˚ || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 3 || December 20, 2002<br />17:00 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[LatinSat]] 1/2 (Argentina)
  | SaudiSat-1S (Saudi Arabia)
  | UniSat 2 (Italy)
  | Rubin 2 (Germany)
  | [[TransOrbital|TrailBlazer Test]] (USA)
}} || LEO 650&nbsp;km / 65˚ || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 4 || June 29, 2004<br />06:30 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[Demeter (satellite)|Demeter]] (France)
  | [[Saudicomsat]]-1/2 (Saudi Arabia)
  | SaudiSat 2 (Saudi Arabia)
  | [[LatinSat]] C/D (Argentina)
  | Unisat-3 (Italy)
  | [[AO-51|Amsat Echo]] (USA)
}} || [[Sun-synchronous orbit|SSO]] 700 × 850&nbsp;km / 98˚ || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 5 || August 23, 2005<br />21:10 || {{hlist | [[OICETS]] (Japan) | [[Reimei|INDEX / Reimei]] (Japan)|[[Turkmenistan Memorial Capsule]] (Turkmenistan)}}|| SSO 600 × 550&nbsp;km / 98˚ || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 6 || July 12, 2006<br />14:53 || [[Genesis I]] (USA) || LEO 560&nbsp;km / 65˚ || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 7 || July 26, 2006<br />19:43 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[BelKA]] (Belarus)
  | UniSat-4 (Italy)
  | PiCPoT (Italy)
  | Baumanets (Russia)
  | [[AeroCube-1]]
  | [[PolySat]] CP-1/2
  | ICEcube-1/2
  | ION
  | KUTESat
  | Merope
  | [[Rincon 1]]
  | [http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/mea-huakai.htm Mea Huaka`i (Voyager)] (USA)
  | [[SACRED]] (USA)
  | HAUSAT-1 (South Korea)
  | [[Ncube satellite|Ncube-1]] (Norway)
  | [[SEEDS (satellite)|SEEDS]] (Japan)
}} || failed to reach orbit || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 8 || April 17, 2007<br />06:46 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[EgyptSat 1]]
  | SaudiSat 3
  | [[SaudiComSat]] 3-7
  | [[PolySat]] CP-3/4
  | [[CAPE-1]]
  | [[Libertad 1]] (Colombia)
  | [[AeroCube 2]]
  | CubeSat TestBed 1
  | [[Multi-Application Survivable Tether|MAST]]
}} || {{nobr|SSO 692 × 665 km / 98˚}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalspace.ru/Start1Show.asp?STARTID=623|title=EgyptSat 1/Saudisat-3 launch details|publisher=[[Russian Federal Space Agency|Roskosmos]]|language=ru}}</ref> ||[[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 9 || June 15, 2007<br />02:14 || [[TerraSAR-X]] || LEO 514&nbsp;km / 97˚<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalspace.ru/Start1Show.asp?STARTID=626|title=TerraSAR-X launch details|publisher=[[Russian Federal Space Agency|Roskosmos]]|language=ru|access-date=2007-07-01|archive-date=2007-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708231448/http://www.federalspace.ru/Start1Show.asp?STARTID=626|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 10 || June 28, 2007<br />15:02 || [[Genesis II (space habitat)|Genesis II]] || LEO 560&nbsp;km / 65˚ || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 11 || August 29, 2008<br />07:16 || [[RapidEye]] 1-5 || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0808/29dneprrapideye/ |title=Five RapidEye remote sensing satellites launched |publisher=Spaceflight Now}}</ref> || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 12<ref name="launch time">{{cite web |url=https://spacenews.com/briefs-146/|title=Space briefs - Dnepr Launches Thai Remote Sensing Craft |date=2008-10-10 |publisher=[[Space News]]}}</ref> || October 1, 2008<br />06:37 || [[THEOS (satellite)|THEOS]] || SSO || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 13 || July 29, 2009<br />18:46 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[DubaiSat-1]]
  | [[Deimos-1]]
  | [[UK-DMC 2]]
  | [[Nanosat 1B]]
  | [[AprizeSat]]-3/4
}} || SSO || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 14 || April 8, 2010<br />13:57 || [[Cryosat-2]] || [[Polar orbit|Polar]] || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 15<ref name=june2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/french-swedish-experiments-on-russian-launch-sfn-100615.html |title=French Sun Satellite and Swedish Experiment Blast Off on Russian Rocket |author= Stephen Clark |date=June 15, 2010 |publisher=Spaceflight Now ([[Space.com]])|access-date=November 22, 2013}}</ref> || June 15, 2010<br />14:42 || {{hlist | [[Prisma (satellite project)|Prisma]] | [[PICARD]] | [[BPA-1]] }} || SSO || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 16 || June 21, 2010<br />02:14 || [[TanDEM-X]] || LEO || [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]]
|-
| 17<ref name="rasat">{{cite web|date=August 17, 2011|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=rasat-takes-off-into-space-2011-08-17|title=RASAT takes off into space|publisher=Anatolia News Agency}}</ref> || August 17, 2011<br />07:12 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[Sich-2]]
  | [[NigeriaSat]]-2
  | [[NigeriaSat]]-X
  | [[RASAT]]
  | [[EduSAT]]
  | [[AprizeSat]]-5/6
  | [[BPA-2]]
}} || LEO || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 18<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/08/russian-dnepr-rocket-airang-5/|title=Russian Dnepr rocket launches with Arirang-5 |author= William Graham |publisher= NASASpaceflight.com|date=2013-08-22}}</ref> || August 22, 2013<br />14:39 || [[KOMPSat-5]] || LEO || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 19<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1311/21dnepr/#.Uo5_tcSrzko |title=Silo-launched Dnepr rocket delivers 32 satellites to space
|date=21 November 2013 |author=Stephen Clark |website=Spaceflight Now |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> || November 21, 2013<br />07:10 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[iCube-1]] (Pakistan)
  | [[STSAT-3]]
  | [[DubaiSat-2]]
  | [[SkySat 1]]
  | WNISAT 1
  | [[Lem (BRITE-PL)]]
  | [[AprizeSat]]-7/8
  | UniSat 5
  | [[Delfi-n3Xt]]
  | [[Dove (satellite)|Dove]] 3/4
  | Triton 1
  | CINEMA 2/3
  | [[OPTOS]]
  | CubeBug 2
  | GOMX 1
  | [[NEE-02 Krysaor]]
  | [[FUNcube-1]]
  | HiNCube
  | [[ZACUBE-1]]
  | BPA 3| HumSat-D
  | PUCP-SAT 1
  | First-MOVE
  | UWE 3
  | VELOX-P 2
  | BeakerSat 1
  | [[$50SAT]]
  | QubeScout S1
  | Wren
  | Pocket-PUCP
  |}}|| LEO || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 20<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/06/russian-dnepr-rocket-record-launch-37-satellites/ |title=Russian Dnepr rocket lofts record haul of 37 satellites
|author=Stephen Clark |website=Spaceflight Now |date=19 June 2014
|access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref> || June 19, 2014<br />19:11 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[Deimos-2]]
  | [[KazEOSat 2]]
  | [[UniSat 6]]
  | [[SaudiSat-4]]
  | [[AprizeSat]]-9/10
  | [[Hodoyoshi 3]] / [[Hodoyoshi 4]]
  | [[BRITE]] CA-1/2
  | [[TabletSat-Aurora]]
  | [[BugSat 1]]
  | [[Perseus-M]] 1/2
  | [[QB50]] P1/P2
  | [[NanoSatC-Br 1]]
  | [[DTUSat 2]]
  | [[POPSAT-HIP 1]]
  | [[PolyITAN 1]]
  | [[Platform for Attitude Control Experiments|PACE]]
  | [[Duchifat-1]]
  | [[Flock-1]]c 1-11
  | [[AeroCube 6]]
  | [[Lemur-1]]
  | [[ANTELSAT]]
  | [[Tigrisat]]
}} || LEO || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 21<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/11/06/japanese-satellites-launched-on-sovietera-missile/ |title=Japanese satellites launched on Soviet-era missile
|date=6 November 2014 |author=Stephen Clark |website=Spaceflight Now |access-date=7 November 2014}}</ref> || November 6, 2014<br />07:35 || {{hlist |style=font-size:90%; 
  | [[ASNARO 1]]
  | [[Hodoyoshi 1]]
  | [[ChubuSat 1]]
  | [[TSUBAME (satellite)|TSUBAME]]
  | [[QSAT-EOS]]
}} || LEO || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|-
| 22<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/russias-dnepr-rocket-kompsat-3a-mission/|title=Russia's Dnepr rocket launches Kompsat-3A mission |author= William Graham and Chris Bergin |publisher= NASASpaceflight.com|date=2015-03-25}}</ref> || March 25, 2015<br />22:08 || [[KOMPSat-3A]] || LEO || [[Dombarovsky (air base)|Yasny]]
|}

=== Launch failure ===
The committee investigating the failed launch on July 26, 2006, concluded that the failure was caused by a malfunctioning of the pumping hydraulic drive of combustion chamber #4. The control malfunctioning brought about the disturbances, which led to the roll instability, excessive dispersions of the yaw and pitch angles. Thrust termination occurred at 74 seconds after lift-off. The crash site was located 150&nbsp;km from the launch pad in an unpopulated area of Kazakhstan. Toxic propellants polluted the crash site, forcing Russia to pay US$1.1m in compensation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/03/news/AS_GEN_Kazakhstan_Russia_Space.php|title=Russia to pay Kazakhstan over US$1 million in compensation for damage from rocket crash|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=2006-10-03}}</ref> The rocket used for this launch was more than twenty years old. Procedures for launch have been changed to prevent future malfunctions of this kind.

==See also==
* [[Comparison of orbital launchers families]]
* [[Dnipro (anti-air missile)]]
* [[Minotaur (rocket family)]], US launch vehicles made from converted ICBMs

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kosmotras.ru/|title=Kosmotras launch service provider}}
* {{cite web|url=http://snebulos.mit.edu/projects/reference/launch_vehicles/DNEPR/Dnepr_User_Guide.pdf|title=DNEPR User's guide|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]|date=November 2001}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r36m2.htm|title=Astronautix entry - R-36M2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711163222/http://astronautix.com/lvs/r36m2.htm|archive-date=2006-07-11}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/calendar/|title=Space Calendar (JPL)|publisher=[[NASA]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/thereporters/jonathanamos/2010/03/riding-the-strangest-rocket-in.shtml?postid=93817103|title=Riding the strangest rocket in the world|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=March 2010}}

{{Russian launch vehicles}}
{{Ukrainian launch vehicles}}
{{Orbital launch systems}}

[[Category:Yuzhmash space launch vehicles]]