Editing Doctor of Arts

{{short description|Doctoral degree}}
[[File:Nigel_Planer.jpg|thumb|right|British actor [[Nigel Planer]] wearing the [[academic dress]] of a Doctor of Arts, awarded as an [[honorary degree]] by [[Edinburgh Napier University]]]]

The '''Doctor of Arts''' ('''D.A.'''; occasionally '''D.Arts''' or '''Art.D.''' from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''artium doctor'') is a [[List of academic disciplines|discipline]]-based [[terminal degree|terminal]] [[doctorate|doctoral]] [[academic degree|degree]] that was originally conceived and designed to be an alternative to the traditional research-based Doctor of Philosophy ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]) and the education-based Doctor of Education ([[Ed.D.]]). Like other doctorates, the D.A. is an [[academic degree]] of the highest level. The D.A. is also frequently conferred as an [[honorary degree]] with the added designation of [[honoris causa]].

The [[Carnegie Corporation of New York|Carnegie Foundation]] was the first to fund ten universities with seed money to initiate the degree.

The D.A. differs from the Ph.D. and Ed.D. degrees in its shift in emphasis from research (though a project or thesis is generally required) to the advanced study of a specific discipline, content area expertise, [[Learning theory (education)|learning theory]], and curriculum design. As such, it is often described as a "teaching doctorate". The D.A. differs from the Ed.D. in its strong disciplinary focus, while still embracing the Ed.D.'s concern for issues in education, and a theoretical as well as practical preparation in [[pedagogy]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Three prominent earned Doctor of Arts degrees offered in the United States are the D.A. in English Pedagogy from [[Murray State University]], the D.A. in the Great Books of the Western World from [[Harrison Middleton University]], and the D.A. in Music from [[Ball State University]].

== National variations ==
=== Australia<!--'Doctor of Creative Arts' redirects here--> ===
In Australia, the '''Doctor of Creative Arts'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> degree is offered at several universities as a terminal degree in the field.

=== Europe ===
In 2016, [[ELIA]] (European League of Institute of the Arts) launched ''The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elia-artschools.org/userfiles/File/customfiles/1-the-florence-principles20161124105336_20161202112511.pdf |title=The 'Florence Principles' On the Doctorate in the Arts |work=ELIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221161920/http://www.elia-artschools.org/userfiles/File/customfiles/1-the-florence-principles20161124105336_20161202112511.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>  The Florence Principles, relating to the Salzburg Principles and the Salzburg Recommendations of the [[European University Association|EUA]] (European University Association), define the differences between a Doctorate in the Arts compared to a scientific doctorate or Ph.D. degree. The Florence Principles have been endorsed by the [[European Association of Conservatoires]], [[CILECT]], the [[Cumulus Association]], and the [[Society for Artistic Research (SAR)|Society for Artistic Research]].

In Italy, a PhD in Artistic Practice can be obtained at the [[Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti]] in Rome.

In the Netherlands, it can be pursued at the [[Royal Academy of Art, The Hague]].

In France, the [[École nationale supérieure d'arts de Paris-Cergy]] offers a practice-led doctorate. In Belgium, [[KU Leuven]] offers a PhD in Research at the School of Arts (LUCA). Additionally, [[Leiden University]] provides a programme in this field.

In Cyprus, [[Frederick University]] offers a PhD in Art and Design Practices. In the Czech Republic, the [[Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague]] provides a PhD in Visual Arts.

==== English-speaking Europe ====

In London, [[Goldsmiths, University of London]], the [[Slade School of Fine Art]], and the [[Royal College of Art]] offer PhD programmes in Artistic Practice.

Outside London, the [[Edinburgh College of Art]], the [[University of Plymouth]], the [[University of Leeds]], the [[University of Manchester]], [[Newcastle University]], the [[University of Wolverhampton]], the [[University of Reading]], and the [[University of Brighton]] offer PhD programmes in Artistic Practice. The DPhil in Fine Art at the [[University of Oxford]] supports research in contemporary art-making (through the practice-led DPhil) as well as contemporary art history and theory.

In Ireland, the [[University of Limerick]] offers a four-year structured PhD programme designed for professional performing artists wishing to engage in academic research. The [[Burren College of Art]] offers a PhD in Studio Art, while the [[National College of Art & Design]] in Dublin provides a practice-based PhD. In Northern Ireland, [[Ulster University]] in Belfast offers practice- and research-based Art and Design programmes.

==== German-speaking Europe ====

In Germany, a PhD in Artistic Practice can be obtained at the [[University of Fine Arts of Hamburg]] and the [[University of the Arts Bremen]]. The [[Bauhaus University, Weimar]] offers a four-year programme culminating in a PhD thesis that consists equally of a scientific and an artistic or design component.

In Austria, a PhD in Practice can be completed at the [[Academy of Fine Arts Vienna]], the [[University of Applied Arts Vienna]], the [[Mozarteum University Salzburg]], and the [[University of Art and Design Linz]].

In Switzerland, the Institute for Contemporary Art Research (IFCAR) at the [[Zurich University of the Arts]] offers a PhD in Fine Arts.

==== Scandinavia ====

In [[Finland]], the Doctor of Arts degree is a research-based qualification awarded by the [[University of Art and Design Helsinki]] upon successful completion of studies and a [[dissertation]] in the fields of art and design.

In Sweden, the [[University of Gothenburg]] offers a doctoral studies programme in artistic practices, including craft, design, design management, fine art, film, photography, literary composition, poetry, and prose. Additionally, the [[Malmö Art Academy]] offers a four-year doctoral programme for professional artists and curators, leading to a PhD in Fine Art. In Stockholm, a PhD in Artistic Practice in Visual, Applied, and Spatial Arts can be obtained at [[Konstfack]].

In Norway, the [[Oslo National Academy of the Arts]] offers a three-year full-time doctoral programme (180 ECTS credits) leading to a PhD in Artistic Research. A PhD in Artistic Research can also be pursued at the [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]] in Trondheim.

===North America===
While the PhD is the most common doctoral degree in the United States,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digest of Education Statistics, 2018 |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d18/tables/dt18_324.10.asp |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=nces.ed.gov |language=EN}}</ref> the [[U.S. Department of Education]] and the [[National Science Foundation]] recognize a number of research-oriented doctoral degrees such as the D.A. as "equivalent",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/doctorate.doc |title=Structure of the U.S. Education System: Research Doctorate Degrees |date=February 2008 |access-date=2017-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127015732/http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/doctorate.doc |archive-date=2012-01-27 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-structure-us.html Research Doctorate Degrees]</ref> and do not discriminate between them.

The idea for a Doctor of Arts degree was originally proposed at the 1932 meeting of the [[Association of American Universities]] by Wallace Atwood, then president of [[Clark University]]. However, it was not until in 1967, with support from the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], that [[Carnegie Mellon University]]  began to offer the D.A. in Mathematics, History, English and Fine Arts,<ref>The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 1968), pp. 261-270 {{doi|10.2307/1979419}}</ref> conferring the first such Doctor of Arts degrees in the United States the following year, in 1968, to Donald H. Taranto in the field of mathematics.  Guiding principles for the Doctor of Arts degree were established in 1970 by the Committee on Graduate Studies of the [[American Association of State Colleges and Universities]] and by the [[Council of Graduate Schools]] in the United States. Additional support was provided by the [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Serve |first1=Kinta |last2=Clements |first2=Nathan |last3=Heinrich |first3=Kaleb K. |last4=Smith |first4=Rosemary J. |date=2013-10-01 |title=The Tale of Two Degrees: The Need and Power of the Doctor of Arts |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2013.795511 |journal=College Teaching |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=113–115 |doi=10.1080/87567555.2013.795511 |s2cid=145763315 |issn=8756-7555|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The National Doctor of Arts Association (NDAA) was founded in 1991 at Idaho State University.

=== South America ===

In [[Argentina]], the Doctorate of Arts is offered by the [[National University of Córdoba]] and the [[National University of Rosario]].

==See also==
*[[Doctor of Fine Arts]] – typically an honorary degree
*[[Doctor of Liberal Arts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Academic degrees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Of Arts}}
[[Category:Doctoral degrees|Arts, Doctor of]]