Editing Doctor of Musical Arts

{{Short description|Doctoral academic degree in music}}
[[File:Giorgi Latsabidze, University of Southern California, Doctor of Musical Arts.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A graduate student from the [[University of Southern California]] receiving his doctor of musical arts degree in 2011.]]

The '''doctor of musical arts''' ('''DMA''') is a [[doctorate|doctoral]] [[academic degree]] in music. The DMA combines advanced studies in an applied area of specialization (usually [[Performance|music performance]], [[music composition]], or [[conducting]]) with graduate-level academic study in subjects such as [[music history]], [[music theory]], or [[music education]]. The DMA degree usually takes about three to four years of full-time study to complete (in addition to the master's and bachelor's degrees), preparing students to be professional performers, conductors, and composers. As a [[terminal degree]], the DMA qualifies its recipient to work in university, college, and [[Music school|conservatory]] teaching/research positions. Students seeking doctoral training in [[musicology]], teaching, leadership, music administration or music theory typically enter a [[Doctor of Music Education|doctor of music education]] (DME) or [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] program, rather than a DMA program.

==Terminology==
The degree is also abbreviated as '''DMusA''' or '''AMusD'''. For the related degree [[Doctor of Music Education|doctor of music education]], the abbreviation is '''DMusE''' or '''EMusD'''. For the related degree [[Doctor of Arts|doctor of arts]], the abbreviation '''DA''' is used.

==Types==
A large number of US institutions offer the DMA degree.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The PhD and DME are generally considered to be more research oriented, while other doctorates may place more emphasis on practical applications and/or include a performance component. Such distinctions among degree types are not always so clear-cut, however. For instance, most programs include traditional research training and culminate in a written [[dissertation]], regardless of degree designation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The music education degree can be a DME, DMA or PhD, each comprising similar research-oriented programs. Also, music education PhD programs may include performance-oriented tracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida State University – Conducting Degrees|url=http://www.music.fsu.edu/Areas-of-Study/Conducting/Degree-Programs|access-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325122112/http://www.music.fsu.edu/Areas-of-Study/Conducting/Degree-Programs|archive-date=25 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In composition, one may study for either the DMA or the PhD, depending on the institution. The PhD is the standard doctorate in [[music theory]], [[musicology]], [[music therapy]], and [[ethnomusicology]].

===Sacred music===
A related program is the doctor of sacred music (DSM), also ''sacrae musicae doctor'' (SMD), which tends to be awarded by seminaries or university music schools that focus on church music, choral conducting, and organ performance. In the past, some seminaries titled the degree doctor of church music (DCM). Liberty University offers the doctor of worship studies (DWS) and doctor of music education (DME) in church music or sacred music. Only one US institution, [[Claremont Graduate University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Claremont Graduate University – Doctor of Church Music|url=http://www.cgu.edu/pages/8740.asp|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> still offers the DCM degree, in addition to the more typical DME and DMA. The vast majority of US seminaries have closed their music doctorate programs, but some still offer a master of arts or master of sacred music degree. A new program offered at [[Perkins School of Theology]] is the doctor of pastoral music (DPM).<ref>[https://www.smu.edu/Perkins/FacultyAcademics/degrees/dpm/Apply Perkins School of Theology – Doctor of Ministry Program]</ref> While more theology-based and housed within the [[Doctor of Ministry|doctor of ministry]] (DMin) program, admission to the degree requires applicants to hold a master of music (MMus), master of sacred music (MSM), master of church music (MCM), MA in church music or equivalent 48-semester-hour degree recognized by the National Association of Schools of Music.

== History ==
The doctor of musical arts (DMA) and doctor of music education (DME) are widely available in combination of degrees in performance (sometimes with a specialization in instrumental or voice pedagogy and/or music literature), composition, conducting, and music education. Some universities awarding doctoral degrees in these areas use the title [[Doctor of Music|doctor of music]] (DM or DMus) or [[Doctor of Arts|doctor of arts]] (DA)<ref>[http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/music/degree_programs/grad_degrees.html The University of Mississippi – Department of Music]</ref> or Doctor in Musical Studies (PhD) instead of DMA. The DMA degree was pioneered by [[Howard Hanson]] and the [[National Association of Schools of Music]], who approved the first DMA programs in 1952. Northwestern University, the University of Michigan, and the Eastman School of Music became the first to offer the DMA.<ref>Marvin Latimer, "The Nation's First D.M.A. in Choral Music," ''Journal of Historical Research in Music Education'', 32.1 (October 2010)</ref> [[Boston University]] offered its first DMA program in 1955. In 2005, Boston University also expanded into [[online music education]] by launching the first online doctoral degree in music, a DMA program (along with a [[Master of Music]] program) in [[music education]].

In 1952, after six years of deliberation, the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) approved thirty-two schools for graduate degrees for graduate work "in one or more of the fields into which graduate music study has been divided." The NASM was, and still is, the only accrediting agency for music schools recognized by the [[American Council on Education]]. In 1952, 143 music schools had already established standards for undergraduate degrees.<ref>"NTSTC One of 32 Colleges for Graduate Study in Music", ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'', December 31, 1942, Sec I, p. 6</ref> The national launch of DMA by institutions meeting criteria was 1953.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/10/25/archives/a-matter-of-degree-eastman-school-sets-up-doctorate-for-musicians.html|title=A Matter of Degree; Eastman School Sets Up Doctorate for Musicians|last=Taubman|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Taubman|date=1953-10-25|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

* [[Eastman School of Music]] (the DMA degree was approved by the State of New York Board of Regents in 1953)
* [[Boston University]]
* [[University of Southern California]]

The Director of the [[University of Rochester]] [[Eastman School of Music]], Howard Hanson (1896–1981), who had been awarded an honorary doctorate in 1925, was one of several high-profile advocates of creating a performance-oriented doctoral degree. Hanson was the Chair of the NASM and Music Teachers National Association (MTNA) Graduate Commission.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Latimer|first=Marvin E.|date=2010|title=The Nation's First D.M.A. in Choral Music: History, Structure, and Pedagogical Implications|journal=Journal of Historical Research in Music Education|volume=32|issue=1|pages=19–36|issn=1536-6006|jstor=20789877|doi=10.1177/153660061003200103|doi-access=free}}</ref> This commission recommended that the terminal performance doctoral degree be established.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Latimer|first=Marvin E.|date=2010|title=The Nation's First D.M.A. in Choral Music: History, Structure, and Pedagogical Implications|journal=Journal of Historical Research in Music Education|volume=32|issue=1|pages=19–36|issn=1536-6006|jstor=20789877|doi=10.1177/153660061003200103|doi-access=free}}</ref> This recommendation included that schools desiring to offer this degree seek the Graduate Commission's approval.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glidden|first=Robert|date=1982|title=The D.M.A.: An Historical Perspective|journal=Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the National Association of Schools of Music|pages=159}}</ref>

In 1953, he published a proposal for a doctor of musical arts degree, which was roundly criticized by [[Paul Henry Lang]], professor of musicology at [[Columbia University]].<ref>"New Degrees to Musicians – Dissenters Claim Title Not Necessary", ''[[Omaha World-Herald]]'', November 15, 1953, p. 9F</ref>

'''Early doctor of musical arts degrees conferred'''
* 1954: Mathias "Matt" Higgins Doran (born 1921), [[University of Southern California]]
* 1955: [[Will Gay Bottje]] (born 1925), [[Eastman School of Music]]—some sources attribute Bottje as having been the first in the nation to earn the degree<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6AAKBSlQAxMC&pg ''Howard Hanson: In Theory and Practice''], by Allen Laurence Cohen, p. 14, Praeger Publishers (2004) {{OCLC|52559264}} {{ISBN|9780313321351}}</ref>
* August 1955: Edward F. Gilday Jr., [[Boston University]]

'''Non-NASM institutions'''

The alumni of Music conservatories in the United States also seek positions at universities. The conservatories that are not affiliated with the [[National Association of Schools of Music]] began offering DMAs in the late 1960s.

* 1971: Margaret Hee-Leng Tan, [[Juilliard School|Juilliard]]—she is the first woman to earn a DMA from Juilliard; Juilliard added the degree in 1969, the year it moved to [[Lincoln Center]]

==References==
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{{Academic degrees}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Of Musical Arts}}
[[Category:Doctoral degrees|Musical Arts, Doctor]]
[[Category:Vocational education]]
[[Category:Musicology]]
[[Category:Performing arts education]]
[[Category:Humanities education]]
[[Category:Music education]]