Editing Doublespeak

{{short description|Language that deliberately disguises, distorts, or reverses the meaning of words}}
{{for|the song by American metalcore band Myka Relocate|Lies to Light the Way}}
{{distinguish|Doublethink|Double-talk}}
'''Doublespeak''' is language that deliberately [[obfuscation|obscures]], disguises, distorts, or reverses the [[Meaning (linguistics)|meaning]] of words. Doublespeak may take the form of [[euphemism]]s (e.g., "downsizing" for [[layoff]]s and "servicing the target" for [[bombing]]),<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=Pentagon Is Given an Award, but It's No Prize|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 24, 1991}}</ref> in which case it is primarily meant to make the truth sound more palatable. It may also refer to intentional [[ambiguity]] in language or to actual inversions of meaning. In such cases, doublespeak disguises the nature of the truth.

Doublespeak is most closely associated with political language used by large entities such as corporations and governments.<ref name="Orwell 2008">{{cite book| last = Orwell| first = George| title = 1984| year = 2008| publisher = Penguin Books Ltd| isbn = 978-0-14-103614-4 }}</ref><ref>Herman, 1992.</ref>

== Origins and concepts ==
The term ''doublespeak'' derives from two concepts in [[George Orwell]]'s novel, ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', "[[doublethink]]" and "[[Newspeak]]", despite the term itself not being used in the novel.<ref name="A1">{{cite book |last1=Wasserman |first1=Paul |title=Weasel Words: The Dictionary of American Doublespeak |last2=Hausrath |first2=Don |date=30 October 2005 |publisher=Capital Ideas Book |isbn=978-1933102078 |page=11 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Another version of the term, ''doubletalk'', also referring to intentionally ambiguous speech, did exist at the time Orwell wrote his book, but the usage of ''doublespeak'', as well as of "doubletalk", in the sense of emphasizing ambiguity, clearly predates the publication of the novel.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | year = 2012 | title = double, adj. 1 and adv. | encyclopedia = OED | edition = online | publisher = Oxford University Press | url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57004?rskey=mWZwYd&result=1 | access-date = February 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | year = 2012 | title = double-talk, n.| encyclopedia = OED | edition= online | publisher = Oxford University Press | url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/57061 | access-date = February 6, 2013}}</ref> Parallels have also been drawn between doublespeak and Orwell's classic essay, ''[[Politics and the English Language]]'', which discusses linguistic distortion for purposes related to politics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 =Kehl |first1 =D. G. | last2 = Livingston | first2 = Howard |title= Doublespeak Detection for the English Classroom |journal=The English Journal |date= July 1999 |volume=88 |issue= 6 |page= 78 |doi =10.2307/822191 |jstor=822191}}</ref> In the essay, he observes that political language often serves to distort and obscure reality. Orwell's description of political speech is extremely similar to the popular definition of the term, doublespeak:<ref>{{cite book |title= 1984 |last= Orwell |first= George | place = New York | publisher = Signet Books |year=1949 |page=163}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible… Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness… the great enemy of clear language is insincerity. Where there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms…}}

The writer [[Edward S. Herman]] cited what he saw as examples of doublespeak and doublethink in modern society.<ref>Herman 1992, p. 25.</ref>  Herman describes in his book, ''Beyond Hypocrisy,'' the principal characteristics of doublespeak:
{{blockquote |What is really important in the world of doublespeak is the ability to lie, whether knowingly or unconsciously, and to get away with it; and the ability to use lies and choose and shape facts selectively, blocking out those that don’t fit an agenda or program.<ref>Herman 1992. p. 3.</ref>}}

== Examples ==

=== In politics ===
[[Edward S. Herman]] and [[Noam Chomsky]] comment in their book ''[[Manufacturing Consent|Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media]]'' that Orwellian doublespeak is an important component of the manipulation of the English language in American media, through a process called ''dichotomization,'' a component of media propaganda involving "deeply embedded double standards in the reporting of news." For example, the use of state funds by the poor and financially needy is commonly referred to as "[[social welfare]]" or "[[handout]]s," which the "coddled" poor "take advantage of". These terms, however, are not as often applied to other beneficiaries of government spending such as military spending.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Goodwin|first=Jeff|date=March 1994|title=What's Right (And Wrong) about Left Media Criticism? Herman and Chomsky's Propaganda Model|journal=Sociological Forum|volume=9|issue=1|pages=102–103|doi=10.1007/bf01507710|jstor=684944|s2cid=143939984}}</ref> The bellicose language used interchangeably with calls for peace towards [[Armenia]] by [[Azerbaijan]]i president [[Ilham Aliyev|Aliyev]] after the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]] were described as doublespeak in media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/06/16/the-forty-day-war-and-the-russian-peace-in-nagorno-karabakh/|title=The Forty-Day War and the "Russian Peace" in Nagorno-Karabakh|date=June 16, 2021}}</ref>

=== In advertising ===
Advertisers can use doublespeak to mask their commercial intent from users, as users' defenses against advertising become more entrenched.<ref name="Walker Gibson">{{cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Walker|date=February 1975|title=Public Doublespeak: Doublespeak in Advertising|journal=The English Journal|volume=64|issue=2|pages=14–15|doi=10.2307/815510|jstor=815510}}</ref> Some are attempting to counter this technique with a number of systems offering diverse views and information to highlight the manipulative and dishonest methods that advertisers employ.<ref name="Sidney J. Hormell">{{cite journal|last=Hormell|first=Sidney J.|date=May 1975|title=Public Doublespeak: Cable TV, Media Systems, and Doublespeak (Or) Something Funny Happened to the Message on the Way to the Audience.|journal=The English Journal|volume=64|issue=5|pages=18–19|doi=10.2307/814854|jstor=814854}}</ref>

According to [[Jacques Ellul]], "the aim is not to even modify people’s ideas on a given subject, rather, it is to achieve conformity in the way that people act." He demonstrates this view by offering an example from drug advertising. Use of doublespeak in advertisements resulted in aspirin production rates rising by almost 50 percent from over 23 million pounds in 1960 to over 35 million pounds in 1970.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dieterich|first=Daniel J.|date=December 1974|title=Public Doublespeak: Teaching about Language in the Marketplace|journal=College English|volume=36|issue=4|pages=477–81|doi=10.2307/374874|jstor=374874}}</ref>

===In comedy===

Doublespeak, particularly when exaggerated, can be used as a device in satirical comedy and social commentary to [[Irony|ironically]] parody political or bureaucratic establishments' intent on obfuscation or prevarication. The television series ''[[Yes Minister]]'' is notable for its use of this device.{{sfn|Herron|2007|p=144}} [[Oscar Wilde]] was an early proponent of this device{{sfn|Killeen|2013|p=12}}{{sfn|Bennett|2015}}{{sfn|Raby|1997}} and a significant influence on Orwell.{{sfn|Bennett|2015}}

===Intensify/downplay pattern===
This pattern was formulated by Hugh Rank and is a simple tool designed to teach some basic patterns of persuasion used in political propaganda and commercial advertising.  The function of the intensify/downplay pattern is not to dictate what should be discussed but to encourage coherent thought and systematic organization. The pattern works in two ways: intensifying and downplaying. All people intensify, and this is done via repetition, association and composition. Downplaying is commonly done via omission, diversion and confusion as they communicate in words, gestures, numbers, et cetera. Individuals can better cope with organized persuasion by recognizing the common ways whereby communication is intensified or downplayed, so as to counter doublespeak.<ref name="Hasselriis 1991 28–35">{{cite journal|last=Hasselriis|first=Peter|date=February 1991|title=From Pearl Harbor to Watergate to Kuwait: "Language in Thought and Action"|journal=The English Journal|volume=80|issue=2|pages=28–35|doi=10.2307/818749|jstor=818749}}</ref>

===In social media===

In 2022 and 2023, it was widely reported that [[social media]] users were using a form of doublespeak – sometimes called "[[algospeak]]" – to subvert [[content moderation]] on platforms such as [[TikTok]].<ref name=NYTAlgospeak>{{Cite news |last=Delkic |first=Melina |date=2022-11-19 |title=Leg Booty? Panoramic? Seggs? How TikTok Is Changing Language |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/style/tiktok-avoid-moderators-words.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=WPAlgospeak>{{Cite news |last=Lorenz |first=Taylor |date=2022-04-11 |title=Internet 'algospeak' is changing our language in real time, from 'nip nops' to 'le dollar bean' |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/08/algospeak-tiktok-le-dollar-bean/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kreuz |first=Roger J. |date=2023-04-13 |title=What is 'algospeak'? Inside the newest version of linguistic subterfuge |url=http://theconversation.com/what-is-algospeak-inside-the-newest-version-of-linguistic-subterfuge-203460 |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Examples include using the word "unalive" instead of "dead" or "kill", or using "leg booty" instead of [[LGBT]], which users believed would prevent moderation algorithms from banning or [[shadow banning]] their accounts.<ref name=NYTAlgospeak/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Online, 'unalive' means death or suicide. Experts say it might help kids discuss those things |url=https://apnews.com/article/unalive-suicide-tiktok-language-death-e605d4da81c02335a3b60d27c40562bc |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

== Doublespeak Award ==
{{Main|Doublespeak Award}}

Doublespeak is often used by politicians to advance their agenda. The [[Doublespeak Award]] is an "ironic tribute to public speakers who have perpetuated language that is grossly deceptive, evasive, euphemistic, confusing, or self-centered." It has been issued by the [[United States|US]] [[National Council of Teachers of English]] (NCTE) since 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/doublespeakaward|title=NCTE: The Doublespeak Award|access-date=2009-10-07|archive-date=2018-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131208/http://www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/doublespeakaward|url-status=dead}}</ref> The recipients of the Doublespeak Award are usually politicians, national administration or departments. An example of this is the United States Department of Defense, which won the award three times, in 1991, 1993, and 2001. For the 1991 award, the United States Department of Defense "swept the first six places in the Doublespeak top ten"<ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Tom|date=December 21, 1991|title=Rape trial deserved award for doublespeak|newspaper=The Gazette (Montreal, Quebec)}}</ref> for using euphemisms like "servicing the target" (bombing) and "force packages" (warplanes). Among the other phrases in contention were "difficult exercise in labor relations", meaning a strike, and "meaningful downturn in aggregate output", an attempt to avoid saying the word "recession".<ref name="ReferenceA" />

== NCTE Committee on Public Doublespeak ==
{{Main|National Council of Teachers of English}}

The US '''National Council of Teachers of English''' (NCTE) Committee on Public Doublespeak was formed in 1971, in the midst of the Watergate scandal. It was at a point when there was widespread skepticism about the degree of truth which characterized relationships between the public and the worlds of politics, the military, and business.

NCTE passed two resolutions. One called for the council to find means to study dishonest and inhumane uses of language and literature by advertisers, to bring offenses to public attention, and to propose classroom techniques for preparing children to cope with commercial propaganda. The other called for the council to find means to study the relationships between language and public policy and to track, publicize, and combat semantic distortion by public officials, candidates for office, political commentators, and all others whose language is transmitted through the mass media.

The two resolutions were accomplished by forming NCTE's Committee on Public Doublespeak, a body which has made significant contributions in describing the need for reform where clarity in communication has been deliberately distorted.<ref name="Robert S.Zais">{{cite journal|last=Zais|first=Robert S.|title=Labels, Bandwagons, & Linguistic Pollution in the Field of Education|journal=The English Journal|date=September 1978|volume=67|issue=6|pages=51–53|doi=10.2307/815871|jstor=815871}}</ref>

===Hugh Rank===
Hugh Rank helped form the Doublespeak committee in 1971 and was its first chairman. Under his editorship, the committee produced a book called ''Language and Public Policy'' (1974), with the aim of informing readers of the extensive scope of doublespeak being used to deliberately mislead and deceive the audience. He highlighted the deliberate public misuses of language and provided strategies for countering doublespeak by focusing on educating people in the English language so as to help them identify when doublespeak is being put into play. He was also the founder of the Intensify/Downplay pattern that has been widely used to identify instances of doublespeak being used.<ref name="Robert S.Zais" />

===Daniel Dieterich===

Daniel Dieterich, former chair of the [[National Council of Teachers of English]], served as the second chairman of the Doublespeak committee after Hugh Rank in 1975. He served as editor of its second publication, ''Teaching about Doublespeak'' (1976), which carried forward the committee's charge to inform teachers of ways of teaching students how to recognize and combat language designed to mislead and misinform.<ref name="Robert S.Zais" />{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?10449-1/doublespeak ''Booknotes'' interview with William Lutz on ''Doublespeak: The Use of Language to Deceive You''], December 31, 1989, [[C-SPAN]]}}

=== William D. Lutz ===
[[William D. Lutz]], professor emeritus at [[Rutgers University-Camden]] has served as the third chairman of the Doublespeak Committee since 1975. In 1989, both his own book ''Doublespeak'' and, under his editorship, the committee's third book, ''Beyond Nineteen Eighty-Four'', were published. ''Beyond Nineteen Eighty-Four'' consists of 220 pages and eighteen articles contributed by long-time Committee members and others whose bodies of work have contributed to public understanding about language, as well as a bibliography of 103 sources on doublespeak.<ref name="Hasselriis 1991 28–35"/> Lutz was also the former editor of the now defunct ''Quarterly Review of Doublespeak'', which examined the use of vocabulary by public officials to obscure the underlying meaning of what they tell the public. Lutz is one of the main contributors to the committee as well as promoting the term "doublespeak" to a mass audience to inform them of its deceptive qualities. He mentions:<ref name="William Lutz2">{{cite news|title=A new look at 'doublespeak'|date=November 6, 1989|newspaper=Advertising Age}}</ref>{{blockquote|There is more to being an effective consumer of language than just expressing dismay at dangling modifiers, faulty subject and verb agreement, or questionable usage. All who use language should be concerned whether statements and facts agree, whether language is, in Orwell's words, "largely the defense of the indefensible" and whether language "is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind".|sign=|source=}}

== Education against doublespeak ==
Charles Weingartner, one of the founding members of the NCTE committee on Public Doublespeak mentioned: "people do not know enough about the subject (the reality) to recognize that the language being used conceals, distorts, misleads. Teachers of English should teach our students that words are not things, but verbal tokens or signs of things that should finally be carried back to the things that they stand for to be verified."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kehl|first=D.G|author2=Howard Livingston|date=July 1999|title=Doublespeak Detection for the English Classroom|journal=The English Journal|volume=88|issue=6|page=77|doi=10.2307/822191|jstor=822191}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Aesopian language]]
* [[Business speak]]
* [[Cant (language)]]
* [[Catachresis]]
* [[Code word (figure of speech)]]
* [[Cognitive dissonance]]
* [[Corporate lingo]]
* [[Dog-whistle politics]]
* [[Double bind]]
* [[Double entendre]]
* [[Double-talk]]
* [[Doublespeak Award]]
* [[Euphemism]]
* [[Obfuscation]]
* [[Obscurantism]]
* [[Polite fiction]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book| last = Baar| first = James| title = Spinspeak II: The Dictionary Of Language Pollution| year = 2004| publisher = AuthorHouse| isbn = 978-1-4184-2742-9 }}
*{{cite book| last1=Bennett| first1=Michael| title=Oscar Wilde's Society Plays |date=2015|publisher=Springer| isbn=9781137410931|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w41MCgAAQBAJ&q=doublespeak+oscar+wilde&pg=PT17| access-date = 3 November 2016}}
* {{cite book|last=Herman|first=Edward S.|author-link=Edward S. Herman| title = Beyond Hypocrisy: Decoding the News in an Age of Propaganda : Including A Doublespeak Dictionary for the 1990s| year = 1992| publisher = Black Rose Books Ltd.| isbn = 978-1-895431-48-3 }}
*{{cite book| last1=Herron| first1=Fred| title=Combing the Tradition: Catholic Schools in the Era of Baptismal Consciousness |date=2007|publisher=University Press of America| isbn=9780761837985|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9zvRVmSlcVkC&q=yes+minister+double+speak&pg=PA144| access-date = 3 November 2016}}
*{{cite book| last1=Killeen| first1=Jarlath| title=The Fairy Tales of Oscar Wilde |date=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd| isbn=9781409489832|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QvChAgAAQBAJ&q=doublespeak+oscar+wilde&pg=PA12| access-date = 3 November 2016}}
* [[William D. Lutz|Lutz, William]]. (1987). ''Doublespeak: From "Revenue Enhancement" to "Terminal Living": How Government, Business, Advertisers, and Others Use Language to Deceive You''. New York: Harper & Row
* {{cite book| last = Lutz| first = William| title = Beyond 1984: Doublespeak in a Post-Orwellian Age| year = 1989| publisher = National Council of Teachers of English| isbn = 978-0-8141-0285-5| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/beyondnineteenei0000unse}}
*{{cite book| last1=Raby| first1=Peter| title=The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=9781107493803| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tEV0AgAAQBAJ&q=doublespeak+oscar+wilde&pg=PT122| access-date = 3 November 2016}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050830154127/http://www.dt.org/html/Doublespeak.html Business Doublespeak] A short essay by William Lutz
* [http://www.damronplanet.com/doublespeak/ DoubleSpeak Homepage] by Michele Damron (1998)
* [http://www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/doublespeakaward National Council of Teachers of English Doublespeak Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131208/http://www.ncte.org/volunteer/groups/publiclangcom/doublespeakaward |date=2018-01-17 }} established in 1974
{{Disinformation}}

{{Media manipulation}}
{{Propaganda}}{{Nineteen Eighty-Four}}
[[Category:Euphemisms]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques using words]]
[[Category:Cognitive dissonance]]
[[Category:Nineteen Eighty-Four]]
[[Category:1940s neologisms]]