Editing Doublet–triplet splitting problem

In [[particle physics]], the '''doublet–triplet''' ('''splitting''') '''problem''' is a problem of some [[Grand unification theory|Grand Unified Theories]], such as  [[Georgi–Glashow model|SU(5)]], [[SO(10) (physics)|SO(10)]], and <math>E_6</math>. Grand unified theories predict [[Higgs boson]]s (doublets of <math>SU(2)</math>) arise from [[Group representation|representations]] of the unified group that contain other states, in particular, states that are triplets of color. The primary problem with these color triplet Higgs is that they can mediate [[proton decay]] in [[Supersymmetry|supersymmetric]] theories that are only suppressed by two powers of GUT scale (i.e. they are dimension 5 supersymmetric operators). In addition to mediating proton decay, they alter [[gauge coupling unification]]. The doublet–triplet problem is the question 'what keeps the doublets light while the triplets are heavy?'

==Doublet–triplet splitting and the μ-problem==
In 'minimal' SU(5), the way one accomplishes doublet–triplet splitting is through a combination of interactions

<math> \int d^2\theta \; \lambda  H_{\bar{5}} \Sigma  H_{5} + \mu H_{\bar{5}} H_{5}</math>

where <math>\Sigma</math> is an adjoint of SU(5) and is [[traceless]].  When <math>\Sigma</math> acquires a vacuum expectation value

<math>\langle \Sigma\rangle = \rm{diag}(2, 2, 2, -3, -3) f</math>

that breaks SU(5) to the Standard Model gauge symmetry the Higgs doublets and triplets acquire a mass

<math> \int d^2\theta \;  (2 \lambda f + \mu) H_{\bar{3}}H_3 + (-3\lambda f +\mu) H_{\bar{2}}H_2</math>

Since  <math> f</math> is at the GUT scale (<math> 10^{16}</math> GeV) and the Higgs doublets need to have a weak scale mass (100 GeV), this requires

<math>\mu \sim 3 \lambda f \pm 100 \mbox{GeV}</math>.

So to solve this doublet–triplet splitting problem requires a tuning of the two terms to within one part in <math>10^{14}</math>.
This is also why the [[mu problem]] of the [[Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model|MSSM]] (i.e. why are the Higgs doublets so light) and doublet–triplet splitting are so closely intertwined.

==Solutions to the doublet-triplet splitting==

===The missing partner mechanism===
One solution to the doublet–triplet splitting (DTS) in the context of supersymmetric [[Georgi–Glashow model|<math>SU(5)</math>]] proposed in <ref>{{cite journal |last1=A. Masiero |last2=D. V. Nanopoulos |last3=K. Tamvakis|last4= T. Yanagida| title=Naturally Massless Higgs Doublets in Supersymmetric SU(5) |journal=[[Physics Letters B]] |volume=115  |year=1982 |issue=5 |pages=380–384 |doi=10.1016/0370-2693(82)90522-6|bibcode=1982PhLB..115..380M |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/138184/files/198207187.pdf }}</ref> and <ref>{{cite journal |last1=B. Grinstein | title=A Supersymmetric SU(5) Gauge Theory with No Gauge Hierarchy Problem |journal=[[Nuclear Physics B]] |volume=206  |year=1982 | issue=3 |pages=387–396 |doi=10.1016/0550-3213(82)90275-9| bibcode=1982NuPhB.206..387G }}</ref> is called the missing partner mechanism (MPM). The main idea is that in addition to the usual fields there are two additional chiral super-fields <math>Z_{50}</math> and <math>Z_{\overline{50}}</math>. Note that <math>{\mathbf{50}}</math> decomposes as follows under the SM gauge group:
:<math>
\mathbf{50}\rightarrow(\mathbf{1},\mathbf{1},-2)+(\mathbf{3},\mathbf{1},-\frac 13)+(\overline{\mathbf{3}},\mathbf{2},-\frac 76)+(\mathbf{6},\mathbf{1},\frac 43)+(\overline{\mathbf{6}},\mathbf{3},-\frac 13)+(\mathbf{8},\mathbf{2},\frac 12)</math>
which contains no field that could couple to the <math>SU(2)</math> doublets of <math>H_{\overline{5}}</math> or <math>H_{{5}}</math>. Due to group theoretical reasons <math>SU(5)</math> has to be broken by a <math>\mathbf{75}</math> instead of the usual <math>\mathbf{24}</math>, at least at the renormalizable level. The superpotential then reads
:<math>
W_{MPM}=y_1 H_{\overline{5}}H_{75}Z_{50}+y_2 Z_{\overline{50}}H_{75}H_{5}+m_{50}Z_{{50}}Z_{\overline{50}}.</math>
After breaking to the SM the colour triplet can get super heavy, suppressing [[proton decay]], while the SM Higgs does not. Note that nevertheless the SM Higgs will have to pick up a mass in order to reproduce the [[Electroweak interaction|electroweak theory]] correctly.

Note that although solving the DTS problem the MPM tends to render models [[non-perturbative]] just above the GUT scale. This problem is addressed by the ''Double missing partner mechanism''.

===Dimopoulos–Wilczek mechanism===
In an SO(10) theory, there is a potential solution to the doublet–triplet splitting problem known as the 'Dimopoulos–Wilczek' mechanism. In SO(10), the adjoint field, <math>\Sigma</math> acquires a vacuum expectation value of the form

<math>\langle \Sigma \rangle = \mbox{diag}( i \sigma_2 f_3, i\sigma_2 f_3, i\sigma_2 f_3, i\sigma_2 f_2, i \sigma_2 f_2)</math>.

<math>f_2</math> and <math>f_3</math> give masses to the Higgs doublet and triplet, respectively, and are independent of each other, because <math>\Sigma</math> is [[traceless]] for any values they may have. If <math>f_2=0</math>, then the Higgs doublet remains massless. This is very similar to the way that doublet–triplet splitting is done in either higher-dimensional grand unified theories or string theory.

To arrange for the VEV to align along this direction (and still not mess up the other details of the model) often requires very contrived models, however.

==Higgs representations in Grand Unified Theories==
In SU(5):

:<math>5\rightarrow (1,2)_{1\over 2}\oplus (3,1)_{-{1\over 3}}</math>
:<math>\bar{5}\rightarrow (1,2)_{-{1\over 2}}\oplus (\bar{3},1)_{1\over 3}</math>

In SO(10):

:<math>10\rightarrow (1,2)_{1\over 2}\oplus (1,2)_{-{1\over 2}}\oplus (3,1)_{-{1\over 3}}\oplus (\bar{3},1)_{1\over 3}</math>

==Proton decay==
[[Image:proton decay4.svg|left|frame|Dimension 6 proton decay mediated by the triplet Higgs <math>T (3,1)_{-\frac{1}{3}}</math> and the anti-triplet Higgs <math>\bar{T} (\bar{3},1)_{\frac{1}{3}}</math> in <math>SU(5)</math> GUT]]

Non-[[supersymmetric]] theories suffer from quartic [[radiative correction]]s to the mass squared of the electroweak Higgs boson (see [[hierarchy problem]]). In the presence of [[supersymmetry]], the triplet [[Higgsino]] needs to be more massive than the GUT scale to prevent proton decay because it generates dimension 5 operators in [[Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model|MSSM]]; there it is not enough simply to require the triplet to have a [[GUT scale]] mass.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* 'Supersymmetry at Ordinary Energies. 1. Masses AND Conservation Laws.' [[Steven Weinberg]]. Published in Phys. Rev. D 26:287,1982. {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevD.26.287}}
* 'Proton Decay in Supersymmetric Models.' [[Savas Dimopoulos]], [[Stuart Raby|Stuart A. Raby]], [[Frank Wilczek]]. Published in Phys. Lett. B 112:133,1982. {{doi|10.1016/0370-2693(82)90313-6}}
* [https://inspirehep.net/record/10995 'Incomplete Multiplets in Supersymmetric Unified Models.'] Savas Dimopoulos, Frank Wilczek.

==External links==
*{{cite web|title=Where in the World are SUSY & WIMPS? - Nima Arkani-Hamed|date=20 July 2017|website=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKVXxcbJ4YY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/dKVXxcbJ4YY| archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}} (In this video from 12:00 to 18:00, [[Nima Arkani Hamed|Arkani-Hamed]] gives a brief discussion of the relation between the doublet–triplet splitting problem and the [[hierarchy problem]].)

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[[Category:Grand Unified Theory]]