Editing Dryas monkey

{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Dryas monkey<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=156|id=12100462}}</ref>
| image = Chlorocebus dryas still-frame.png
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn | last=IUCN | url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4216/17947691/ | title=Dryas Monkey Cercopithecus dryas | date=21 January 2019 | access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>
| genus = Chlorocebus
| species = dryas
| authority = ([[Ernst Schwarz (zoologist)|Schwarz]], 1932)
| synonyms = *''Cercopithecus salongo'' <small>Thys van den Audenaerde, 1977</small>
*''Cercopithecus dryas''
| range_map = Cercopithecus dryas distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Geographic range of first-known population (a second population is to the southeast, near the edge of the square)<ref name=Hart2016>{{cite web | first=T. | last=Hart | url=http://www.bonoboincongo.com/2016/09/11/monkeys-of-the-lomami-national-park/ | title=Monkeys of the Lomami National Park | date=11 September 2016 | publisher=bonoboincongo.com | access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>
}}

The '''Dryas monkey''' ('''''Chlorocebus dryas'''''), also known as '''Salonga monkey''', '''''ekele''''', or '''''inoko''''', is a little-known species of [[Old World monkey]] found only in the [[Congo Basin]], restricted to the left bank of the [[Congo River]]. It is now established that the animals that had been classified as ''Cercopithecus salongo'' (the common name being '''Zaire Diana monkey''') were in fact Dryas monkeys.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Colyn|first=M. |author2=Gautier-Hion, A. |author3=Vanden Audenaerde, D. T.|year=1991|title=''Cercopithecus dryas'' Schwarz 1932 and ''C. salongo'' Vanden Audenaerde, Thys 1977 are the same species with an age-related coat pattern|journal=Folia Primatologica|issue=3|pages=167–170|doi=10.1159/000156543|volume=56|pmid=1885114 }}</ref> Some older sources treat the Dryas monkey as a subspecies of the [[Diana monkey]] and classify it as ''C. diana dryas'', but it is geographically isolated from any known Diana monkey population.

While the Dryas monkey had been considered [[data deficient]], evidence suggests it is very rare and its total population possibly numbers fewer than 200 individuals. Consequently, its status was changed to [[critically endangered]] in the 2008 [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn | author = Hart, J. | author2 = Butynski, T.M. | author3 = Hurley, M. | name-list-style=amp| title = ''Cercopithecus dryas'' | volume = 2008 | page = e.T4216A10645463 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T4216A10645463.en }} Database entry includes justification for why this species was listed as critically endangered</ref> Along with being listed by the IUCN, this species is also listed on Appendix II of [[CITES]].<ref name=iucn/> However, in January 2019 the IUCN status was changed to [[endangered]] following the discovery of this species at eight locations in [[Lomami National Park]].<ref>{{cite web | first=Terese | last=Hart| url=http://www.bonoboincongo.com/2019/04/14/critically-endangered-not-anymore/ | title=Dryas monkey: Critically Endangered? Not anymore. | date=14 April 2019 | publisher=TL2 Project | access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
While previously considered a member of the genus ''[[Guenon|Cercopithecus]]'', recent genetic studies indicates that it is instead a basal member of the ''[[Chlorocebus]]'' [[clade]]. However, it may potentially warrant its own genus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=van der Valk|first1=Tom|last2=Gonda|first2=Catalina M|last3=Silegowa|first3=Henri|last4=Almanza|first4=Sandra|last5=Sifuentes-Romero|first5=Itzel|last6=Hart|first6=Terese B|last7=Hart|first7=John A|last8=Detwiler|first8=Kate M|last9=Guschanski|first9=Katerina|date=2020-01-01|editor-last=Yoder|editor-first=Anne|title=The Genome of the Endangered Dryas Monkey Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of the Vervets|url=|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=183–194|doi=10.1093/molbev/msz213|issn=0737-4038|pmc=6984364|pmid=31529046}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alempijevic|first1=Daniel|last2=Boliabo|first2=Ephrem M.|last3=Coates|first3=Kathryn F.|last4=Hart|first4=Terese B.|last5=Hart|first5=John A.|last6=Detwiler|first6=Kate M.|year=2021|title=A natural history of Chlorocebus dryas from camera traps in Lomami National Park and its buffer zone, Democratic Republic of the Congo, with notes on the species status of Cercopithecus salongo|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajp.23261|journal=American Journal of Primatology|language=en|volume=83|issue=6|pages=e23261|doi=10.1002/ajp.23261|issn=1098-2345|pmid=33956342|s2cid=233867586|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== Physical description ==
An adult male Dryas monkey is characterized by its black muzzle, white whiskers, and short, white facial beard. The dorsal surface of its body, along with the coronal crown, is a grayish chestnut color. This species also has white on the ventral side of its body, tail, the bottom portion of the limbs, and the buttocks. The upper portion of the limbs resembles a similar color to the rest of its body, being a dark-grey/black-brown color.<ref name="Reiko">Reiko Goodwin © ''All the World's Primates''(alltheworldsprimates.org) Downloaded 12/8/2011.</ref>

Adult females and offspring have smaller portions of their bodies that are white in color; the white color is not present around their shoulder areas or their buttocks. Another difference in coloration is present in the upper portion of the arms, which are lighter in color as compared to the males.<ref name="Reiko" /> Body size varies from 40 to 55&nbsp;cm, with a tail an additional 50–75&nbsp;cm.  Adults weigh between 4 and 7&nbsp;kg, with marked [[sexual dimorphism]].<ref>Burton,F. 1995. ''the Multimedia Guide to the Non-human Primates''. Prentice-Hall Canada Inc.</ref>

== Ecology ==
This species prefers secondary forest locations. Although [[secondary forests]] are said to be preferred, these monkeys may also inhabit lowlands, rivers, or swampy areas of the Congo.<ref name="Reiko" />

The diet of the Dryas is said to be made up of mostly plant foods, including fruits, young leaves, and flowers. Due to most of these  foods being seasonal, this species also consumes small [[invertebrate]]s, such as insects, as a supplement.<ref name="Reiko" />

== Behaviour ==
This species is very social, and lives in groups that are either made up of their own species exclusively or within groups of mixed species. Visual and oral communication is very important, whether communicating to other Dryas monkeys or to other species. When living exclusively amongst each other, troops are made up of up to 30 individuals. Troops include many young offspring and females, but only contain one male. When females reproduce, they have only one young, and the [[gestation period]] lasts five months. Offspring are fully mature and ready to reproduce themselves after three years of life. The expected lifespan in the wild is 10–15 years, and because currently no Dryas monkeys are in captivity, that lifespan is unknown.<ref name=iucn/>  
Their movement occurs with a gait pattern involving all four limbs (quadrupedal).
 
As communication is very important to this species,  they have a unique way of communicating with one another. An example is staring, which is a display used as a threat. The eyes stay fixed as the eyebrows rise and the scalp is retracted. The facial skin becomes stretched and the ears move back. These movements expose the eyelids, which are a different color and heavily contrasts with their facial color. Staring with open mouth is another threat expression that often goes along with head-bobbing. Head-bobbing, another threat display, is thought to be more aggressive. Presenting behavior is used by females during the mating season, showing males they are ready to mate.<ref>Estes, R.D. 1991. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=g977LsZHpcsC The Behavior Guide to African Mammals]''. University of California Press.</ref>

== Conservation ==
The [[IUCN]] estimates only 200 individuals are left, although because the species is rarely spotted, an actual number is not known, leading this species to be listed as critically endangered. Few speculations are given as to why this species has declined so rapidly and is not showing much progress towards making a comeback. Some reasons include: [[poaching]] of the species for meat, habitat loss due to logging and other human activity, and the lack of information and knowledge of this species makes them more susceptible to dangers.<ref name=iucn/>

The community-managed [[Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve|Kokolopori Reserve]] in the north-eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] was initially considered a key to its survival and the only [[Conservation biology|conservation]] efforts for the species.<ref name=iucn/> A second population, about {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the first and partially protected by the [[Lomami National Park]], was discovered in 2014.<ref name=Hart2016/><ref>{{cite web | first=S. | last=Dasgupta | url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/02/new-population-of-rare-monkey-videotaped-for-the-first-time/ | title=New population of rare Dryas monkey videotaped for the first time | date=3 February 2017 | publisher=Mongabay | access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-23|title=Secretive and colorful dryas monkey isn't as rare as once thought|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/07/secretive-and-colorful-dryas-monkey-isnt-as-rare-as-once-thought/|access-date=2021-02-14|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Cercopithecus dryas|Dryas monkey}}
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040310080755/http://www.gisbau.uniroma1.it/amd/amd305.html African Mammals Databank entry for the Dryas Monkey]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110818155354/http://ips.conference-services.net/resources/354/1080/pdf/IPSoc2008_0828.pdf FIRST FIELD STUDY OF THE SALONGO MONKEY]
*[https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02382406 new monkey species - Cercopithecus salongo]

{{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1075064}}

[[Category:Chlorocebus|Dryas monkey]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1932|Dryas monkey]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ernst Schwarz]]
 <!-- Chlorocebus dryas -->