Editing Dual monarchy

{{Short description|Monarchy over two kingdoms}}
{{About||the polity known as The Dual Monarchy|Austria-Hungary|simultaneous rule by two monarchs at a time|Diarchy}}{{Monarchism|Concepts}}

'''Dual monarchy'''  occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same [[monarch]], follow the same [[foreign policy]], exist in a [[customs union]] with each other, and have a combined military but are otherwise [[self-governing]]. The term is typically used to refer to [[Austria-Hungary]], a dual monarchy that existed from 1867 to 1918 that spanned across parts of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Southern Europe]], but applies to other dual monarchies such as the [[Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz]]. Dual monarchy is an uncommon form of government, and has been practiced few times in history, although many of the world's most powerful countries have been or are dual monarchies. 

In the 1870s, using the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary as a model, [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII)]] and [[William Ewart Gladstone]] proposed that [[Ireland]] and [[Great Britain]] form a dual monarchy.<ref>{{cite ODNB|first1=H. C. G. |last1=Matthew|author-link=Colin Matthew|title=Edward VII (1841–1910)|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32975|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32975|orig-year=first published September 2004|date=May 2006|access-date=2008-11-24|last2=Harrison|first2=B.|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Their efforts were unsuccessful, but the idea was later used in 1904 by [[Arthur Griffith]] in his seminal work, ''[[The Resurrection of Hungary]]''. Griffith noted how in 1867 Hungary went from being part of the [[Austrian Empire]] to a separate co-equal kingdom in Austria-Hungary. Though not a [[monarchist]] himself, Griffith advocated such an approach for the [[Anglo-Irish relationship]]. The idea was not embraced by other Irish political leaders, and Ireland eventually fought a [[Irish War of Independence|war of independence]] (1919&ndash;1921) to secede from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].

The idea had a great appeal in the political circles of Great Britain because of its success in integrating Scotland and England into Great Britain. The Stuart Kings of Scotland, starting with [[James VI and I|James VI]], also were the heads of state of England, holding the English crown. After the 17th century brought three different civil wars, and a great deal of armed conflict, it was decided in 1707 to codify the unification of England and Scotland into the "perpetual" partnership promised by the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]]. A similar series of [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542|historical events]] had earlier incorporated Wales into England.  A century of personal union of the Crowns of Scotland and England also saw the monarchs use the parliaments of each nation against each other, and civil war, but generally benefitted the economic state of both nations.  Indeed, it was the 1707 Acts which gave England and Scotland the name Great Britain.  Despite its historical success, the proposal to merge Ireland into Great Britain with [[Irish Home Rule movement|some form]] of [[Home Rule Crisis|home rule]] was bandied about for [[Government of Ireland Bill 1886|decades]] before finally coming to naught in the Irish War of Independence.

Later historians have used the term to refer to other examples where one king ruled two states, such as [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] and [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], who were effectively [[Dual monarchy of England and France|kings of both England and France]] in the fifteenth century as a result of the formation of a [[puppet state]] in a large area of France during the [[Hundred Years' War]];<ref>{{citation|first=Nigel|last=Saul|author-link=Nigel Saul|title=Henry V and the Dual Monarchy|journal=History Today|date=May 1986|volume=36|issue=5|pages=39–43}}</ref><ref>{{citation|doi=10.2307/750667|title=Henry VI of England and the Dual Monarchy: Aspects of Royal Political Propaganda, 1422–1432|last=McKenna|first=J.W.|journal=Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes|volume=28|year=1965|pages=145–162|jstor=750667|s2cid=158251523 }}</ref> [[Denmark–Norway]], a dual monarchy that existed from 1537 to 1814;<ref>{{citation|last=Slagstad|first=Rune|title=Shifting Knowledge Regimes: the Metamorphoses of Norwegian Reformism|year=2004|journal=Thesis Eleven|volume=77|issue=1|pages=65–83|doi=10.1177/0725513604044236|s2cid=145108242}}<!--|access-date=2008-11-24--></ref> a century of personal union of [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden and Norway (1814–1905)]]; and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (1569–1795).<ref name="FindlayO'Rourke2009">{{cite book|author1=Ronald Findlay|author2=Kevin H. O'Rourke|title=Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1oU3DEpsd8C&pg=PA189|date=10 August 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3188-3|page=189}}</ref>

A dual monarchy is a stronger bond than a [[personal union]], in which two or more kingdoms are ruled by the same person but there are no other shared government structures. States in personal union with each other have separate militaries, separate foreign policies and separate customs duties. In this sense [[Austria-Hungary]] was not a mere personal union, as both states shared a cabinet that governed foreign policy, the Army and common finances.<ref>Columbia encyclopedia {{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/au/AustroHu.html |title=Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07 |access-date=2008-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202111034/http://bartleby.com/65/au/AustroHu.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 }}</ref>

==Examples==
*[[Union of the Crowns]] (1603–1707)
*[[Denmark-Norway]] (1537–1814)
*[[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (1569-1795)
*[[Iberian Union]] (1580-1640)
*[[Sweden-Norway]] (1814–1905)
*[[Austria-Hungary]] (1867–1918)
*[[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]] (1926–1932)

== See also ==
* [[Commonwealth realms]]
* [[Composite monarchy]]
* [[Real union]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}

[[Category:Politics of Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Monarchy]]
[[Category:Political systems]]