Editing Dub music

{{Short description|Style of reggae}}
{{About||the process of transferring or copying audio material|Dubbing (music)|the UK garage subgenre|Dubstep}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name              = Dub
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Reggae]]|[[Electronic music|electronic]]|[[ska]]|[[rocksteady]]}}
| cultural_origins  = Late 1960s, [[Jamaica]]
| derivatives       = {{hlist|[[ambient music|Ambient]]|[[big beat]]|[[dancehall]]|[[dembow]]|[[drum and bass]]|[[dubstep]]|[[Grime music|grime]]|[[hip hop music|hip hop]]|[[house music|house]]|[[jungle music|jungle]]|[[post-disco]]|[[post-punk]]|[[post-rock]]|[[techno]]|[[trip hop]]}}
| subgenres         = {{hlist|[[Dub poetry]]|[[hip hop]]}}
| fusiongenres      = * [[Dubtronica]]
* [[dub techno]]
* [[psydub]]
| other_topics      = [[List of dub artists]]
}}
<!---definition and a short description-->

'''Dub''' is a musical style that grew out of [[reggae]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is commonly considered a subgenre of reggae, though it has developed to extend beyond that style.<ref name="Dub p.2">Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae, p.&nbsp;2.</ref> Generally, dub consists of [[remix]]es of existing recordings<ref>Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press, 2006 ({{ISBN|0-7862-8517-6}})</ref> created by significantly manipulating the original, usually through the removal of vocal parts, emphasis of the [[rhythm section]] (the stripped-down drum-and-bass track is sometimes referred to as a [[riddim]]), the application of studio effects such as [[Delay (audio effect)|echo]] and [[reverb effect|reverb]], and the occasional [[dubbing (music)|dubbing]] of vocal or instrumental snippets from the original version or other works.<ref name="veal">Michael Veal (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kYtiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP54 ''Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae'', pages 26–44, "Electronic Music in Jamaica"], [[Wesleyan University Press]].</ref>

<!---pioneers and their innovation, shortly-->
Dub was pioneered by [[Audio engineer|recording engineers]] and producers such as [[King Tubby|Osbourne "King Tubby" Ruddock]], [[Scientist (musician)|Hopeton "Scientist" Brown]], [[Lee "Scratch" Perry]], [[Errol Thompson (audio engineer)|Errol Thompson]] and others<ref name="Dub p.2"/> beginning in the late 1960s. [[Augustus Pablo]], who collaborated with many of these producers, is credited with bringing the distinct-sounding [[melodica]] to dub, and is also among the pioneers and creators of the genre. Similar experiments with recordings at the mixing desk outside the dancehall scene were also done by producers [[Clive Chin]] and [[Herman Chin Loy]].<ref name="Larkin">Larkin, Colin: "The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae", 1998, Virgin Books, {{ISBN|0-7535-0242-9}}</ref> These producers, especially Ruddock and Perry, looked upon the [[mixing console]] as an instrument, manipulating tracks to come up with something new and different. The [[Roland Space Echo]] was widely used by dub producers in the 1970s to produce echo and delay effects.<ref name="Truesdell">{{cite book|last=Truesdell|first=Cliff|title=Mastering Digital Audio Production: The Professional Music Workflow with Mac OS X|date=2007|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=9780470165768|page=310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMOMjt6FGK0C&pg=PA310|language=en}}</ref> <!---the influence of dub on other music-->

Dub has influenced many genres of music, including [[rock music|rock]], most significantly the subgenre of [[post-punk]] and other kinds of [[punk rock|punk]],<ref name="Dub p.3">Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae, p.&nbsp;3.</ref> [[pop music|pop]],<ref>Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae, p.&nbsp;4.</ref> [[hip hop music|hip hop]],<ref name="Dub p.3"/> [[post-disco]], and later [[house music|house]],<ref name="some dub influences">Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae, p.&nbsp;1.</ref> [[techno]],<ref name="some dub influences"/> [[ambient music|ambient]],<ref name="some dub influences"/> [[electronic dance music]],<ref>Roy Shuker (2012), ''Popular Music Culture: The Key Concepts'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=kAHJBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT117 pages 117–118], [[Routledge]].</ref> and [[trip hop]].<ref name="some dub influences"/> Dub was a basis for the genres of [[Oldschool jungle|jungle]] and [[drum and bass]], as well as a major influence on [[dubstep]], with its orientation around bass and utilization of audio effects.<ref>Living through pop, p. 107.</ref><ref>Discographies: dance music, culture and the politics of sound, p.&nbsp;79.</ref><ref>Multi-Ethnic Britain 2000+: New Perspectives in Literature, Film and the Arts, p.&nbsp;263.</ref> Traditional dub has survived, and some of the originators such as [[Mad Professor]] continue to produce new material.

==Name==
The use of the word ''dub'' in a recording context originated in the late 1920s with the advent of "[[Sound film|talking pictures]]" and referred to adding a soundtrack to a film; it is an informal abbreviation of the word ''double''. Over the next 40 years or so the term found its way into audio recording in general, often in the context of making a copy of a recording on another tape or disc.

It was in this sense that the term was first used in the Jamaican recording industry: new recordings were often initially copied onto one-off [[acetate disc]]s, known colloquially as ''soft wax''<ref name="ReferenceA">Steve Barrow, sleeve notes of "Dub Gone Crazy", Blood And Fire Records, BAFCD 002, February 1994.</ref> or ''dub'' and later as [[dubplate]]s, for exclusive use by [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound system]] operators; playing a song as an exclusive recording on a sound system was a good way for a producer to test the potential popularity of a recording before committing to the pressing of hundreds or thousands of copies of [[Single (music)|singles]] for retail sale. Initially, these acetates would simply be the standard recording of a song that was yet to be released on a single; around 1968–69, however, they started to be exclusive mixes with some or all of the vocal mixed out. Producer [[Bunny Lee]] notes:{{cn|date=May 2025}}
<blockquote>
Yeah... it was really VERSION those days{{snd}} it wasn't dub yet beca' it was jus' the riddim. One day an incident: Ruddy's (sound system operator Ruddy Redwood) was ''cutting dub'', an when it start, Smithy (recording engineer Byron Smith) look like 'im start bring on the voice and Ruddy's say: no, mek it run and 'im take the whole backing track off it. 'Im say, alright, run it again, and put in the voice. 'Im didn't do no more like that yet.
</blockquote>

After describing how Redwood then had his deejay first play the vocal version and then the instrumental version at a dance, and how popular this novelty was, Lee continued:
<blockquote>
The next day now, 'im start it and just bring in the riddim. Or... down in the tune, bring a little voice and drop it out again... yes. Ruddy use to handle that part himself, drop in the voice and drop it out. All Smithy do was ''cut the dub...''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
</blockquote>

Jamaican soundsystems had always sought exclusive recordings from their origins in the late 1940s. However, when they played American rhythm & blues records through the 1950s, these were simply records that rival sound system operators didn't have and couldn't identify. This progressed from the late 1950s onwards via having local musicians record a song exclusively for play on a particular sound system to having exclusive mixes of a song on acetate, which became possible with the arrival of [[multi-track recording]] in Jamaica. From the concept of a version with some or all of the vocal mixed out dubbed to acetate, the novelty-hungry sound system scene rapidly drove the evolution of increasingly creative mixes in the first few years of the 1970s. Within a few years the term dub became attached to these regardless of whether they were on an exclusive acetate or "dubplate". As the use of the term widened and evolved, [[Bob Marley and the Wailers]] used the order "''dub'' this one!" in live concerts to mean, "put an emphasis on bass and drums". Drummer [[Sly Dunbar]] similarly points to a usage of the related term ''dubwise'' to mean using only [[drums]] and bass.<ref name="Dub p.62">Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae, p.&nbsp;62.</ref>

It is possible that the existing use of the word dub for other meanings in Jamaica around the time of the music's origin may have helped to cement its use in the musical context. The most frequent meanings referred to either a form of erotic dance or sexual intercourse;<ref>Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae, p.&nbsp;61.</ref> such usage is frequently present in names of reggae songs, for instance, of [[the Silvertones]]' "Dub the Pum Pum" (where ''pum pum'' is Jamaican slang for female genitalia), Big Joe and Fay's "Dub a Dawta" ({{lang|jam|dawta}} is [[Jamaican patois]] for ''[[wiktionary:daughter|daughter]]''). [[I-Roy]]'s "Sister Maggie Breast" features several references on [[sex]]:
<blockquote>
<poem>
I man a-''dub'' it on the side
Say little sister you can run but you can't hide
Slip you got to slide you got to open your crotches wide
Peace and love abide
</poem>
</blockquote>

However, all three of these songs were recorded after the use of ''dub'' for a style of remixing was already prevalent.

==Characteristics==
{{See also|Music of Jamaica}}
According to [[David Toop]], "Dub music is like a long echo delay, looping through time...turning the rational order of musical sequences into an ocean of sensation."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Toop|first1=David|title=Ocean of Sound|date=1995|publisher=Serpent's Tail|isbn=9781852423827|page=[https://archive.org/details/oceanofsoundaeth0000toop/page/115 115]|url=https://archive.org/details/oceanofsoundaeth0000toop/page/115}}</ref>

Dub music is characterized by a "version" or "double"<ref name="Audio Culture">{{cite book | author= Toop, David  | title= Ocean of Sound| year= 2001| publisher= Serpent's Tail| isbn= 1852427434}}</ref> of an existing song, often instrumental, initially almost always pressed on the [[A-side and B-side|B-sides]] of Jamaican [[gramophone record|45 rpm]] records and typically emphasizing the drums and bass for a sound popular in local [[Reggae sound system|sound system]]s. A "version" is an alternative cut of a song made for the DJ to "[[Toasting (Jamaican music)|toast]]" over (a form of Jamaican [[rapping]]), usually with some or all of the original vocal removed. These "versions" were used as the basis of new songs by rerecording them with new elements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brewster|first=Bill|title=Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey|year=1999|publisher=Headline Book Publishing|location=London|page=100}}</ref> The instrumental tracks are typically treated with [[sound effects]] such as [[delay (audio effect)|echo]], [[reverb effect|reverb]], with instruments and vocals dropping in and out of the mix. The partial or total removal of vocals and other instruments tends to emphasise the bass guitar. The music sometimes features other noises, such as birds singing, thunder and lightning, water flowing, and producers shouting instructions at the musicians. It can be further augmented by live DJs. The many-layered sounds with varying echoes and volumes are often said to create soundscapes, or sound sculptures, drawing attention to the shape and depth of the space between sounds as well as to the sounds themselves. There is usually a distinctly organic feel to the music, even though the effects are electronically created.<ref name="Audio Culture"/><ref name="More Brilliant Than the Sun">{{cite book | author= Eshun, Kodwo  | title= More Brilliant Than the Sun| year= 1998| publisher= Quartet Books| isbn= 0704380250}}</ref>

Often these tracks are used for "[[Deejay (Jamaican)|toasters]]" rapping heavily rhymed and [[alliterative]] lyrics. These are called "DJ Versions". In forms of [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound system]]–based reggae, the performer using a microphone is referred to as the "[[disc jockey|DJ]]" or "[[Deejay (Jamaican)|deejay]]" (where in other genres, this performer might be termed the "MC", meaning "[[Master of Ceremonies]]", or alternately, the later developed slang terms: "Microphone Commander" or "Mic Control"), and the person choosing the music and operating the turntables is called the "[[selector (disc jockey)|selector]]" (sometimes referred to as the DJ in other genres).

A major reason for producing multiple versions was economic; a [[record producer]] could use a recording he owned to produce numerous versions from a single studio session. A version was also an opportunity for a producer or remix engineer to experiment and express their more creative side. The version was typically the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] of a single, and used for experimenting and providing something for DJs to talk over, while the [[A-side and B-side|A-side]] was more often dedicated to the original vocal-oriented track. In the 1970s, [[LP album|LPs]] of dub tracks began to be produced; these could be, variously: a collection of new dub mixes of riddims previously used on various singles, usually by a single producer; the dub version of an existing vocal LP with dub mixes of all the tracks; or, least commonly, a selection of previously unissued original riddims mixed in a dub style.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==History==
[[File:Lee Perry live.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lee "Scratch" Perry]] was an early pioneer of the genre]]

Dub music and [[Deejay (Jamaican)|toasting]] introduced a new era of creativity in reggae music. From their beginning, toasting and dub music developed together and influenced each other. The development of sound system culture influenced the development of studio techniques in Jamaica,<ref>Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae.</ref> and the earliest [[DJ]]s, including [[Duke Reid]] and [[Prince Buster]] among others, were toasting over instrumental versions of reggae and developing instrumental reggae music.<ref>Cut 'n' mix: culture, identity, and Caribbean music, p.&nbsp;83.</ref>

==="Versions" and experiments with studio mixing (late 1960s)===
In 1968, Kingston, Jamaica sound system operator [[Rudolph "Ruddy" Redwood]] went to [[Duke Reid]]'s [[Treasure Isle]] studio to cut a one-off [[dub plate]] of The Paragons hit "On The Beach". Engineer Byron Smith left the vocal track out by accident, but Redwood kept the result and played it at his next dance with his deejay Wassy [[Deejay (Jamaican)|toasting]] over the rhythm.<ref name="exclaimmag">{{cite web| author= Dacks, David| title= Dub Voyage| url= http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/multiarticlesub.aspx?csid1=114&csid2=779&fid1=27342| work= Exclaim! Magazine| year= 2007| access-date= 2007-09-18| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013221903/http://exclaim.ca/articles/multiarticlesub.aspx?csid1=114&csid2=779&fid1=27342| archive-date= 2007-10-13| url-status= dead}}</ref> The [[instrumental]] record excited the people at the [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound system]] and they started singing [[lyrics]] of the vocal track over the instrumental. The invention was a success, and Ruddy needed to play the instrumental continuously for half an hour to an hour that day.<ref name="Dub p.52">Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae, p.&nbsp;52.</ref> The next day [[Bunny Lee]] who was a witness to this, told [[King Tubby]] that they needed to make some more instrumental tracks, as "them people love" them, and they dubbed out vocals from "[[Ain't Too Proud To Beg]]" by [[Slim Smith]]. Because of King Tubby's innovative approach, the resulting instrumental track was more than just a track without a voice – King Tubby interchanged the vocals and the instrumental, playing the vocals first, then playing the riddim, then [[mixture (music)|mixing]] them together. From this point on, they started to call such tracks "versions".<ref name="Dub p.52"/> Another source puts 1967 and not 1968 as the initial year of the practice of putting instrumental versions of reggae tracks to the [[B-side]] of records.<ref>Caribbean popular music: an encyclopedia of reggae, mento, ska, rock steady, p.&nbsp;94.</ref>

At [[Studio One (record label)|Studio One]] the initial motivation to experiment with instrumental tracks and studio mixing was correcting the riddim until it had a "feel," so a singer, for instance, could comfortably sing over it.<ref name="Dub p.52"/>

Another reason to experiment with mixing was rivalry among sound systems. Sound systems' sound men wanted the tracks they played at [[Discoteque|dances]] to be slightly different each time, so they would order numerous copies of the same record from a studio, each with a different mix.<ref>Dub: soundscapes and shattered songs in Jamaican reggae, p.&nbsp;53.</ref>

===Evolution of dub as a subgenre (1970s)===
By 1973, through the efforts of several independent and competitive innovators, engineers, and producers, instrumental reggae "versions" from various studios had evolved into "dub" as a subgenre of reggae.

The innovative album ''The Undertaker'' by [[Derrick Harriott]] and the Crystallites, engineered by [[Errol Thompson (audio engineer)|Errol Thompson]] and with "Sound Effects" credited to Derrick Harriott, was one of the first strictly instrumental reggae albums on its release in 1970.

In 1973, at least three producers, Lee "Scratch" Perry and the Aquarius studio engineer/producer team of [[Herman Chin Loy]] and [[Errol Thompson (audio engineer)|Errol Thompson]] simultaneously recognized that there was an active market for this new "dub" sound and consequently they started to release the first albums strictly consisting of dub. In the spring of 1973, Lee "Scratch" Perry released ''[[Upsetters 14 Dub Blackboard Jungle]]'', mixed in collaboration with [[King Tubby]] and more commonly known as "Blackboard Jungle Dub". It is considered a landmark recording of this genre.<ref>David Katz, sleeve notes of Auralux reissue of Upsetters 14 Dub Blackboard Jungle, 2004.</ref>

In 1974, [[Keith Hudson]] released his classic ''[[Pick a Dub]]'', widely considered to have been the first deliberately thematic dub album, with tracks specifically mixed in the dub style for the purpose of appearing together on an LP, and King Tubby released his two debut albums ''At the Grass Roots of Dub'' and ''Surrounded by the Dreads at the National Arena''.

===Dub history (since the early 1980s)===
Dub has continued to evolve, its popularity waxing and waning with changes in musical fashion. Almost all reggae singles still carry an instrumental version on the B-side and these are still used by the sound systems as a blank canvas for live singers and DJs.

In 1986, the Japanese band [[Mute Beat]] would create dub music using live instruments such as trumpets rather than studio equipment, and became a precursor to club music.<ref>{{cite web|author=Greg Prato |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/in-dub-mw0000071172 |title=In Dub – Mute Beat |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=2014-05-20}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[United Kingdom]] became a new centre for dub production with [[Mikey Dread]], [[Mad Professor]] and [[Jah Shaka]] being the most famous. It was also the time when dub made its influence known in the work of harder edged, experimental producers such as Mikey Dread with [[UB40]] and [[The Clash]], [[Adrian Sherwood]] and the roster of artists on his [[On-U Sound Records|On-U Sound]] label. Many bands characterized as [[post-punk]] were heavily influenced by dub. Better-known bands such as [[The Police]], The Clash and UB40 helped popularize Dub, with UB40's [[Present Arms In Dub]] album being the first dub album to hit the UK top 40.

Side by side with reggae at this time (early 1980s) running B side dub mixes, a rising number of American (mostly New York state and New Jersey–based) [[post-disco]] record producers in collaboration with prominent DJs decided to supply 12&nbsp;inch singles with alternate dub mixes, predating the era of "remixes". Reflected in the production of records such as [[The Peech Boys]]' "Don't Make Me Wait", [[Toney Lee]]'s "Reach Up", and artists mostly on New York City labels [[Prelude Records|Prelude]] or [[West End Records|West End]]. In the aforementioned mixes the beat of the record was accentuated, "unnecessary" vocal parts dropped, and other DJ-friendly features making it easy to work with, like picking out key sections to play over other records, heightening the dancefloor effect.

Contemporary instances are also called "dubtronica", "dub-techno", "steppers" or [[electronic music]] influenced by dub music.<ref name="Doherty">Doherty, Greg (2003) "[http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2003-08-14/music/strange-bedfellows/ Strange Bedfellows: Brits like Groove Corporation refile dub under electronica]" ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051557/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2003-08-14/music/strange-bedfellows/ |date=2014-08-08 }}), ''[[Miami New Times]]'', 14 August 2003, retrieved 8 November 2009.</ref>

==Musical impact==
===Influence of dub===
{{original research|section|date=October 2015}}
Yale professor Michael Veal described dub as "the sound of a society tearing itself apart at the seams". His book, "Starship Africa", says that the African diaspora is reflected in dub by the "extensive use of reverberation/delay devices and the fragmentation of the song surface"&nbsp;– he considers dub's use of reverb a "sonic metaphor for the condition of diaspora." Veal wrote that dub creators used echo and reverb to elicit memories of African culture in their listeners.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Veal |first1=Michael |title=Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae |chapter=8: Starship Africa: The Acoustics of Diaspora and of the Postcolony |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0819565723}}</ref> King Tubby, Lee Perry, Erroll Thompson, Mad Professor, Jah Shaka, Denis Bovell and Linton Kwesi Johnson influenced rock musicians.
From the 1980s forward, dub has been influenced by, and has in turn influenced, [[techno music|techno]], [[Dubtronica|dubtronica/dub techno]], [[Oldschool jungle|jungle]], [[drum and bass]], [[dubstep]], [[house music]], [[punk rock|punk]] and [[post-punk]], [[trip hop]], [[ambient music]], and [[hip hop music|hip hop]], with electronic dub sound. Musicians and bands such as [[Culture Club]],<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00gw3v7 BBC Culture Club Dub]. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</ref> [[Bill Laswell]], [[Jah Wobble]], [[New Age Steppers]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19299-creation-rebel-new-age-steppers-threat-to-creation/| title=Creation Rebel / New Age Steppers: Threat to Creation|work=[[Pitchfork Media]]|first=Miles|last=Raymer| accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref> [[Public Image Ltd]], [[The Pop Group]], [[The Police]], [[Massive Attack]], [[The Clash]], [[Adrian Sherwood]], [[Killing Joke]],<ref>[https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/killing-joke-in-dub Louder Killing Joke: In Dub review]. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> [[Bauhaus (band)|Bauhaus]] and others demonstrate clear dub influences in their respective genres, and their innovations have in turn influenced the mainstream of the dub genre.

In 1987, US grunge rock band [[Soundgarden]] released a dub version of the [[Ohio Players]]' song "Fopp" alongside a more traditional rock cover of the song.<ref>{{cite web| title=AllMusic ''Screaming Life/Fopp'' Review |url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r18514|pure_url=yes}}|website=[[AllMusic]]|author=Erlewine, Stephen Thomas| accessdate=20 May 2009}}</ref> DJs appeared towards the end of the 1990s who specialised in playing music by these musicians, such as the UK's Unity Dub. In the UK, Europe, and America, independent record producers continue to produce dub. Before forming The Mars Volta, [[Cedric Bixler-Zavala|Cedric Bixler]], [[Omar Rodriguez-Lopez|Omar Rodriguez]] and other members, recorded a series of dub albums under the name [[De Facto (band)|De Facto]] since 1999.

===Influence of dub on punk and rock music===
Since the inception of dub in the late 1960s, its history has been intertwined with that of the [[punk rock]] scene in the UK. [[The Clash]] worked on collaborations involving Jamaican dub reggae creators like [[Lee "Scratch" Perry]] (whose "[[Police & Thieves]]", co-written with [[Junior Murvin]], was covered by the Clash on their first album) and [[Mikey Dread]] (on the [[Sandinista!]] album). As well, the English group Ruts DC, a post-Malcolm Owen incarnation of the legendary [[reggae]] influenced punk group [[The Ruts]], released ''Rhythm Collision Dub Volume 1'' (Roir session), with the expertise of the [[Mad Professor]]. Many punk rock bands In the U.S. were exposed to dub via the rasta punk band [[Bad Brains]] from [[Washington, D.C.]], which was established and released their most influential material during the 1980s. [[Blind Idiot God]] placed dub music alongside their faster and more intense [[noise rock]] tracks. Dub was adopted by some punk rock groups of the 90s, with bands such as [[Rancid (band)|Rancid]] and [[NOFX]] writing original songs in a dub style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/life-wont-wait-rancid-nearly-made-good-its-clash-i-213706|title=With Life Won't Wait, Rancid nearly made good on its Clash-inspired promise|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Often, bands considered to be [[ska punk]] play dub influenced songs; one of the first such bands to become popular was [[Sublime (band)|Sublime]], whose albums featured both dub originals and remixes. They went on to influence more recent American bands such as [[Rx Bandits]] and The [[Long Beach Dub Allstars]]. In addition, dub influenced some types of [[pop music|pop]], including bands such as [[No Doubt]]. No Doubt's fifth album, ''[[Rock Steady (album)|Rock Steady]]'', features an assortment of popular dub sounds like reverb and echoing. As noted by the band themselves, [[No Doubt]] is heavily influenced by Jamaican musical aesthetics and production techniques, even recording their ''Rock Steady'' album in [[Kingston, Jamaica]], and producing [[B-sides]] featuring dub influences on their ''[[Everything in Time]]'' B-sides album. Some controversy still exists on whether pop-ska bands like No Doubt can regard themselves as a part of dub lineage. Other bands followed in the footsteps of No Doubt, fusing pop-ska and dub influences, such as [[Save Ferris]] and Vincent.

There are also some British punk bands creating dub music. [[Capdown]] released their ''[[Civil Disobedients]]'' album, featuring the track "Dub No. 1", while [[Sonic Boom Six]] and [[The King Blues]] take heavy influences from dub, mixing the genre with original [[punk ideologies|punk]] ethics and attitudes. The [[post-punk]] band [[Public Image Ltd]], fronted by [[John Lydon]], formerly of [[Sex Pistols]], often use dub and reggae influenced bass lines in their music, especially in their earlier music through various bassists who were members of the group, such as [[Jah Wobble]] and [[Jonas Hellborg]]. Their track "[[Rise (Public Image Ltd song)|Rise]]", which reached No. 11 in the UK Chart in 1986 uses a dub/reggae influenced bass line.

The British post-punk band [[Bauhaus (band)|Bauhaus]] were highly influenced by dub music, so far that Bauhaus' bass player, [[David J]] mentioned that their signature song, "[[Bela Lugosi's Dead]]", "was our interpretation of dub".<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/vPrcW2vdLjQ Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190601042400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPrcW2vdLjQ Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |title=40 Years of Bauhaus - An Interview with David J |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPrcW2vdLjQ |website=YouTube |publisher=Post-Punk.com |access-date=12 January 2021 |quote=David J: 'We were very influenced by reggae, especially dub. I mean, basically [[Bela Lugosi's Dead|Bela]] was our interpretation of dub.'}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/14/bauhaus-invent-goth |title=Bauhaus invent goth &#124; Music |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-03-13 |access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref><ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|song|mt0009080553|pure_url=yes}} |title=Review of "Bela Lugosi's Dead" |last=Thompson |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Thompson (author) |website=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Guide]] |location=San Francisco |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126015455/http://www.allmusic.com/song/bela-lugosis-dead-mt0009080553 |archive-date=26 November 2012 |url-status=live |quote=From those basics, 'Bela Lugosi's Dead' crackles in on percussion alone, a tapping, rattling rhythm into which a three-note bass line only gradually intrudes itself before [[Daniel Ash|Ash]]'s treated guitar slides in, echoed and echoing the most atmospheric dub.}}</ref>

[[Shoegaze]] bands such as [[Ride (band)|Ride]] with their song "King Bullshit" and the intro to "Time Machine" have explored and experimented with dub. [[Slowdive]] also penned "Souvlaki Space Station" and their instrumental "Moussaka Chaos" as a testimony of dub influence, while the [[Kitchens of Distinction]] released "Anvil Dub".

[[Steve Hogarth]], singer with British rock band [[Marillion]], acknowledged the influence of dub on their 2001 album ''[[Anoraknophobia]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/1325340.stm | title= Marillion fans to the rescue | work=BBC News | date=2001-05-11}}</ref>

[[Al Cisneros]], founder and bassist of [[Doom Metal]] outfit [[Om (band)|OM]] has gone on record regarding the influence of Reggae and Dub on his bass playing style.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/al-cisneros-sleepom-when-im-stoned-its-readily-apparent-whether-a-rhythm-has-a-shelf-life-or-not | title=Al Cisneros (Sleep/OM): "When I'm stoned it's readily apparent whether a rhythm has a shelf-life or not" | work=musicradar.com |date=2019-09-11}}</ref>

==21st-century dub==
Traditional dub has survived, and some of the originators of dub such as [[Lee "Scratch" Perry]] and [[Mad Professor]] have produced music in the 21st century. New artists continue to preserve the traditional dub sound, some with slight modifications but with a primary focus on reproducing the original characteristics of the sound in a live environment. Some of these artists include [[Dubblestandart]] from Vienna, Austria (who recorded the album ''Return from Planet Dub'' in collaboration with, and performing live with, Lee "Scratch" Perry); [[Liquid Stranger]] from Sweden; New York City artists, including [[Victor Axelrod|Ticklah]] (also known as [[Victor Axelrod]], Earl Maxton, Calbert Walker, and Douglass & Degraw), [[Victor Rice]], [[Easy Star All-Stars]], and Dub Trio—who have recorded and performed live with Mike Patton and are currently touring as the backing band for [[Matisyahu]]); [[Subatomic Sound System]] (who have remixed material by Lee "Scratch" Perry and Ari Up); [[Dub Is a Weapon]]; [[King Django]]; Dr. Israel; [[Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad]] from Rochester, New York; the [[Heavyweight Dub Champion]] from San Francisco and Colorado, [[Gaudi (musician)|Gaudi]]; [[Ott (record producer)|Ott]] from the UK, who has released several influential albums through [[Twisted Records (UK)|Twisted Records]], Boom One Sound System, and Dubsmith from the [[Boom One Records]] label; [[Future Pigeon]] from Los Angeles; German artists like Disrupt and Rootah from the [[Jahtari]] label; [[Twilight Circus Dub Sound System|Twilight Circus]] from the Netherlands; [[Moonlight Dub Experiment]] from Costa Rica; and [[Stand High Patrol]] from France. More eclectic use of dub techniques are apparent in the work of BudNubac, which mixes Cuban [[big band]] with dub techniques. Modern dub producer [[Ryan Moore (Musician)|Ryan Moore]] has received critical acclaim for his [[Twilight Circus]] project.
In 2022 was released Sly & Robbie vs. Roots Radics "The Dub Battle" produced by the Argentine artist and dub engineer Hernan "Don Camel" Sforzini, this work is the first to reunite all the legends of dub in one album dubbing the entire "The Final Battle" album, Grammy nominated in 2019. This album includes the last dubs produced by Lee "Scratch" Perry and Bunny "Striker" Lee, also dub versions produced by King Jammy, Mad Professor, Dennis Bovell, Don Camel and two unreleased dub versions of King Tubby.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://billboard.com.ar/sly-robbie-vs-roots-radics-comparten-the-dub-battle/ | title=Sly & Robbie vs Roots Radics comparten the Dub Battle }}</ref>

==Afrofuturism and Diaspora==

Dub music is in conversation with the cultural aesthetic of [[Afrofuturism]]. Having emerged from [[Jamaica]], this genre is regarded as the product of [[diaspora]] peoples, whose culture reflects the experience of dislocation, alienation and remembrance. Through the creation of space-filling soundscapes, faded echoes, and repetition within musical tracks, Dub artists are able to tap into such Afrofuturist concepts as the nonlinearity of time and the projection of past sounds into an unknown future space. In a 1982 essay,<ref>Ehrlich, Luke. "X-Ray Music: The Volatile History of Dub", in ''Reggae Interventional'', ed. Stephen Davis and Peter Simon. New York: R and B Books, 1982, 104</ref> Luke Ehrlich describes Dub through this particular scope:

{{Blockquote|text=With dub, Jamaican music spaced out completely. If [[reggae]] is Africa in the New World, then dub must be Africa on the moon; it's the psychedelic music I expected to hear in the '60s and didn't. The bass and drums conjure up a dark, vast space, a musical portrait of outer space, with sounds suspended like glowing planets or the fragments of instruments careening by, leaving trails like comets and meteors. Dub is a kaleidoscopic musical montage which takes sounds originally intended as interlocking parts of another arrangement and using them as raw material, converts them into new and different sounds; then, in its own [[rhythm]] and format, it continually reshuffles these new sounds into unusual juxtapositions.}}

At the same time, dub music's role in the Black musical canon marks a theme of the diaspora the music was birthed from. Due to the sonic structure of echoes and reverberations, dub can create a dream-like world symbolizing the generational trauma of African diaspora as a result of slavery.<ref>Gilroy, Paul. 1993. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press.</ref> This understanding of dub gives it the power to take on the darker emotions related to the diaspora, including violence. In [[King Tubby|King Tubby's]] dub mixes, one can hear sonic elements of screeching tires, gun fire, and police sirens.<ref name="Veal, M. 2007">Veal, M., 2007. Dub: songscapes and shattered Songs in Jamaican reggae. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan
University Press.</ref> Artist Arthur Jafa said this about dub music and the diaspora in 1994 during a keynote address at the Organization of Black Designers Conference:<ref name="Veal, M. 2007"/> 
{{Blockquote|text=those group experiences that reconfigure who we [African Americans] are as a community. One of the critical primal sites would be the Middle Passage. If you understand the level of horror directed towards a group of people, then you start getting some sense of the magnitude, impact, and level of trauma that that had on the African American community, and how it was particularly one of the earliest group experiences that reshaped an "African psyche" into the beginning of an African American psyche. . . . Now, for example, you look at Black music and see certain structural things that really are about reclaiming this whole sense of absence, loss, not knowing. One of the things I'm thinking about is dub music . . . it ends up really speaking about common experiences because the structure of the music is about things dropping out and coming back in, really reclaiming this whole sense of loss, rupture, and repair that is very common across the experience of black people in the diaspora.}}

William Gibson frequently mentions dub in the 1984 science fiction novel [[Neuromancer]].
{{Blockquote|text=As they worked, Case gradually became aware of the music that pulsed constantly through the cluster. It was called dub, a sensuous mosaic cooked from vast libraries of digitalized pop; it was worship, Molly said, and a sense of community. Case heaved at one of the yellow sheets; the thing was light but still awkward. Zion smelled of cooked vegetables, humanity, and ganja.}}

{{Blockquote|text="We monitor many frequencies. We listen always. Came a voice, out of the babel of tongues, speaking to us. It played us a mighty dub."}}

==Jamaican Sound System==
The most straightforward explanation of the [[Sound system (Jamaican)|Jamaican sound system]] would be an individual who deals with a mechanical system consisting of musical amplification and diffusion. This would include turntables, speakers, and a PA system. In this system the [[Disc jockey|deejay]] is the person who speaks over the record. This is not to be confused with the American term DJ, which refers to the one in charge of selecting the tracks at an event with music. This role is known as the [[Disc jockey#Types|selector]] in the sound system dub culture, who also plays a vital role in the system, especially in Jamaican dancehalls.

The sound system has had a prevalent spot in music production in Jamaica for well over 60 years. The true importance and relationship between the sound system and dub music can be found in the dubbed out versions of sounds that became the source of Dub music. These dubbed out versions of songs consisted of the original track, without the vocals. Through [[reggae]] soundscape and the Jamaican Sound System, dub artists were able to creatively manipulate these dubbed out versions or remixes of songs. These dub remixes were heavily influenced with effects, vocal [[Sampling (music)|samples]], and were essential to the progression of dub. The remixes, often referred to as versions were the B-sides of a specific record. The dub musician would add in dramatic pauses and breakdowns in the version to make the song have a dub influence and feel. The artists who were using the sound system to create dub tracks would refer to their creation of remixes of certain records versioning. In the setting of a sound system, versions allow for more vocal improvisation and expressions from the [[deejay]]. These remixes or versions would not have been possible without the Jamaican sound system and its progression over the years.

At the time Jamaica gained independence from Britain in 1962, the culture was in flux, and the country was experiencing a form of identity crisis. Throughout the 40's and 50's Jamaican audiences had come to favor American R&B records over locally produced music. Jamaican sound system culture and dub music helped cement Jamaican musical forms into Jamaican national cultural identity in this critical time in the nation's development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/constantinides2004.htm |title=The Sound System |publisher=Debate.uvm.edu |date=1998-02-17 |access-date=2014-05-20}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Music}}  
*[[List of dub artists]] 
*[[List of electronic music genres]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Du Noyer |first=Paul |title=The Billboard Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music |year=2003 |publisher=Billboard Books |location=[[New York City]] |isbn=0-8230-7869-8 |chapter=Dub |pages=356–357 }}
* Veal, Michael E. (2007). ''Dub: Songscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae''. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
* Cox and Warner, eds. ''Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music''. Continuum: 2004.[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0826416152] "Replicant: On Dub" by David Toop; Chapter 51, Pages 355–356.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|dub}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040830165438/http://www.dubechoes.com/ Dub Echoes] A documentary about the influence of dub in today's dance music and hip hop
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071206062700/http://www.dub.ca/index.php?page_id=258 Melting Pot Dub] A short history of dub
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ncimusic.com/tutorial/history.html | title=A History of Dub |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170728151632/http://ncimusic.com/tutorial/history/dub/dub.html |archivedate=2017-07-28}} (footnoted article)
* [http://www.dub.com/ Dub.com] Links to labels, websites and resources
*[https://www.allmusic.com/style/dub-ma0000002559 Allmusic's Essay on Dub]
* [http://www.reggaezon.com/ When Dancehall was Nice - In the 80s Dancehall Reggae Reggae Recall]

{{reggae}}
{{Electronica}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dub music| ]]
[[Category:Reggae genres]]
[[Category:Jamaican styles of music]]
[[Category:Electronic music genres]]
[[Category:Popular music]]
[[Category:1960s in music]]