Editing Dutch Defence

{{About|a chess opening|the defense of the Netherlands in WWII|Netherlands in World War II}}
{{Infobox chess opening
|openingname = Dutch Defence
|image = {{Chess diagram
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|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |pd|  |  
|  |  |  |pl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
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}}
|moves = 1.d4 f5
|ECO = A80–A99
|birth =
|nameorigin = [[Elias Stein (chess player)|Elias Stein]], ''Nouvel essai sur le jeu des échecs, avec des réflexions militaires relatives à ce jeu'', 1789
|parentopening = [[Queen's Pawn Game]]
|AKA = 
|chessgid = 10704&move=2&moves=d4.f5&nodes=10703.10704
}}

The '''Dutch Defence''' is a [[chess opening]] characterised by the moves:
: 1. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4|d4]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. d4/1...f5|f5]]

Black's 1...f5 stakes a claim to the e4-square and envisions an attack in the [[chess middlegame|middlegame]] on White's {{chessgloss|kingside}}; however, it also weakens Black's kingside to some extent, especially on the e8–h5 diagonal.<ref>See [[Fool's mate#Teed vs. Delmar|this trap]] for a dramatic example.</ref> Like its 1.e4 counterpart, the [[Sicilian Defence]], the Dutch is an aggressive and unbalancing opening, resulting in the lowest percentage of draws among the most common replies to 1.d4.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/explorer?node=10703&move=1.5&moves=d4&nodes=10703|title=Chess Opening Explorer|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> Historically, White has tried many methods to exploit the kingside weaknesses, such as the [[Staunton Gambit]] (2.e4) and Korchnoi Attack (2.h3 and 3.g4).

The Dutch has never been a main line against 1.d4 and is rarely seen today in high-level competition, although a number of top players, including [[Alexander Alekhine]], [[Bent Larsen]], [[Paul Morphy]], [[Miguel Najdorf]], [[Simon Williams (chess player)|Simon Williams]], and [[Hikaru Nakamura]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?page=2&pid=10084&playercomp=black&eco=A81+A84-A99&title=Hikaru+Nakamura+playing+the+Dutch+Defense+as+Black|title=Hikaru Nakamura playing the Dutch Defense as Black|website=www.chessgames.com}}</ref> have used it with success. Its most notable use may have been in 1951, when both [[world chess champion|World Champion]] [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] and his challenger, [[David Bronstein]], played it in their [[World Chess Championship 1951|1951 World Championship match]].
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}

==History==
[[Elias Stein (chess player)|Elias Stein]] (1748&ndash;1812), an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] who settled in [[The Hague]], recommended the defence as the best reply to 1.d4 in his 1789 book ''Nouvel essai sur le Jeu des échecs, avec des réflexions militaires relatives à ce jeu''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Elias |title=Nouvel Essai sur le Jeu des Échecs: avec des Reflexions Militaires Relatives à ce Jeu |trans-title=New Essay on the Game of Chess, with Military Reflections Regarding This Game |date=1789 |publisher=(Self-published) |location=La Haye, France |pages=114–115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8QCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA114 |language=fr}} The Dutch Defence is presented on p. 114:  ''"Dix-huitieme Partie.  Celui qui n'a pas la ''Trait'' ne veut pas recevoir le ''Gambit'' de la ''Dame''. 1. B. Le P. de la D. 2 pas.  N. Le P. du F. du R. 2 pas (a).  2. B. Le P. du F. de la D. 2 pas.  N. Le C. du R. à la 3me case de son F."''  (18th Game.  He who does not have the ''Treatise'' does not want to get the ''Queen's Gambit''.  1. White:  the Queen's pawn advances 2 squares; Black:  the King's bishop pawn advances 2 squares (a)  2. White:  the Queen's bishop pawn advances 2 squares; Black:  The King's knight advances to the third square, in front of his [i.e., the King's] bishop.)  From p. 115:  ''"(a)  On a déja vu que, quand on ne veut pas recevoir le ''Gambit'' du ''Roi'', on doit pousser, au second coup, le ''pion'' de la ''Dame'' deux pas.  De même vous devez observer que, lorsque votre adversaire commence par débuter au premier coup en poussant son ''pion'' de la ''Dame'', deux pas, vous ne pouvez mieux faire que de pousser le ''pion'' du ''Fou'' du ''Roi'' deux pas."''  ( (a)  One has already seen that when one does not want to get the ''King's Gambit'', one should push, on the second move, the ''Queen's pawn'' two squares.  Likewise, you should note that when your opponent begins on the first move by pushing his ''Queen's pawn'' two squares, you cannot do better than to push your ''King's bishop pawn'' two squares.)</ref>

[[Siegbert Tarrasch]] rejected the opening as {{chessgloss|unsound}} in his 1931 work ''[[The Game of Chess]]'', arguing that White should reply with the [[Staunton Gambit]], with White being better after 2.e4 fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 c6 5.f3{{chesspunc|!}} exf3.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Game of Chess |last=Tarrasch |first=Siegbert |author-link=Siegbert Tarrasch |year= 1987|orig-year= 1934 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn= 978-0-486-25447-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gamechess00tarr_550/page/n350 348] |url=https://archive.org/details/gamechess00tarr_550|url-access=limited }}</ref>

==Practitioners==
The Stonewall Dutch enjoyed a resurgence of interest in the 1980s and 1990s, when leading [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]] (GMs) [[Artur Yusupov (chess player)|Artur Yusupov]], [[Sergey Dolmatov]], [[Nigel Short]], and [[Simen Agdestein]] helped develop the system where Black plays an earlier ...d5 and places his dark-squared bishop on d6.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Johnsen, Sverre  |author2=Bern, Ivar | title=Win with the Stonewall Dutch |url=https://archive.org/details/winwithstonewall00john  |url-access=limited  | publisher=Gambit | year=2010 | isbn= 978-1-906454-07-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/winwithstonewall00john/page/n5 6]}}</ref> This setup, termed the Modern Stonewall, has remained more popular than the traditional early ...Be7.

[[Magnus Carlsen]] has used the Stonewall to score wins against [[Viswanathan Anand]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Anand Hits The Wall |url=http://chess-news.ru/en/node/18078|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref> and [[Fabiano Caruana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shamkir R3: Carlsen shows who's boss|url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/shamkir-r3-carlsen-shows-who-s-boss|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref>

[[Simon Williams (chess player)|Simon Williams]] is one of the leading practitioners of the classical Dutch and wrote more than one book on the opening.<ref>
*{{cite book
 | author=Williams, Simon
 | title=Play The Classical Dutch
 | year=2003
 | publisher=Gambit Publications
 | isbn=978-1-901983-88-3}}
*{{cite book
 |author1=[[Richard Palliser|Palliser, Richard]] |author2=Williams, Simon |author3=Vigus, James | title=Dangerous Weapons: The Dutch
 | year=2010
 | publisher=Everyman Chess
 | isbn=978-1-85744-624-1}}
*{{cite book
 | author=Williams, Simon
 | title=Killer Dutch - The Book
 | year=2013
 | publisher=GingerGM and EPlus Books
 | isbn=978-1-927179-15-4}}
*{{cite book
 | author=Williams, Simon
 | title= The Killer Dutch 
 | year=2015
 | publisher=Everyman Chess
 | isbn= 9781781942420}}</ref>

==Theory==
White most often [[fianchetto]]es the king's bishop with g3 and Bg2. Black also sometimes fianchettoes the king's bishop with ...g6 and ...Bg7 (the Leningrad Dutch), but may instead {{chessgloss|develop}} the bishop to e7, d6 (after ...d5), or b4 (the latter is most often seen if White plays c4 before [[castling]]). Play often runs 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 e6 4.Nf3 (4.Nh3{{chesspunc|!?}} is also possible, intending Nf4–d3 to control the e5-square) 4...Be7 5.0-0 0-0 6.c4 and now Black chooses between 6...d5 (the characteristic move of the Stonewall), 6...d6, the Ilyin–Zhenevsky Variation (less popular today), or Alekhine's move 6...Ne4!? retaining the option of moving the d-pawn either one or two squares.

The opening's attacking potential is shown in the [[Polish Immortal]], in which [[Miguel Najdorf]], using the Stonewall Variation, [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrificed]] all of his {{chessgloss|minor pieces}} to win by [[checkmate]].

==Main variations==
There are many variations and lines, but the following three are considered part of the main theory of the Dutch Defence.

===Leningrad Variation===
In the Leningrad Variation of the Dutch Defence, Black fianchettos the dark-squared bishop. From g7, this bishop will not only be a good defender of the king, but also an active piece on the {{chessgloss|long diagonal}}.

The game may proceed 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nc3 0-0 6.Nf3 d6 7.0-0 Qe8. The g2-bishop helps protect White's king against Black's possible kingside aggression, and this bishop would possibly be blunted by the f5-pawn if it were instead to develop to d3.

The opening code for the Leningrad Variation in the Dutch Defence is A87 to A89 in the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]'' (''ECO'') classification system:
* A87: Leningrad System
* A88: Leningrad System with ...d6 and ...c6
* A89: Leningrad System with ...d6 and ...Nc6

===Stonewall Variation===
In the Stonewall Dutch, Black plays ...d5 in the opening and secures a tight grip of the e4-square. A possible example is 1.d4 f5 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 e6 4.Nf3 d5 5.c4 c6.

The ''ECO'' codes for the Stonewall Variation of the Dutch Defence are A90 to A92:
* A90: Stonewall Variation
* A91: Stonewall Variation with Nc3
* A92: Stonewall Variation with c4 and Nc3

===Staunton Gambit===
{{Main|Staunton Gambit}}
An aggressive attempt by White to sacrifice a pawn with 2.e4{{chesspunc|!?}} in exchange for rapid development and attacking chances against Black's Dutch setup. Named after [[Howard Staunton]], who introduced it in his match against [[Bernhard Horwitz]].<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1001250
 |title=Howard Staunton vs. Bernard Horwitz, 3rd match game, London 1846
 |website=[[Chessgames.com]]
 |access-date=2008-07-01
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 |title=The Oxford Companion to Chess
 |last1=Hooper 
 |first1=David  
 |authorlink1=David Vincent Hooper
 |last2=Whyld 
 |first2=Kenneth 
 |authorlink2=Kenneth Whyld
 |year=1996
 |edition=2nd
 |origyear=First pub. 1992
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop/page/393 393]
 |isbn=0-19-866164-9
 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop/page/393
 }}</ref> The Staunton Gambit was once a feared attacking line,<ref>In 1939, Fine wrote that, "The Staunton Gambit ... offers White considerable attacking chances." {{cite book
 | title=Modern Chess Openings, 6th edition
 | author=Fine, R. |author2=[[Richard Griffith (chess player)|Griffith, R.C.]] |author3=[[John Herbert White|White, J.H.]]
 | year=1939
 | publisher=David McKay
 | page=176
 | author-link=Reuben Fine
}} In 1964, Horowitz wrote that the Staunton Gambit gives White "sharp attacking chances for his Pawn" and places the opponent at a psychological disadvantage by requiring Black to renounce his aggressive intentions and "resign himself to an accurate and stubborn defense".{{cite book
 | title=Chess Openings: Theory and Practice
 | url=https://archive.org/details/chessopeningsthe0000horo
 | url-access=registration
 | author=Horowitz, I.A.
 | year=1964
 | publisher=Simon and Schuster
 | page=[https://archive.org/details/chessopeningsthe0000horo/page/611 611]
 | author-link=I.A. Horowitz
}} More recent writers have observed that fear of the Staunton Gambit has discouraged many players from using the Dutch. Yet many have used it anyway {{cite book
 | title=The Dutch Defense
 | author=Christiansen, L.
 |author2=Silman, J. |author-link2=Jeremy Silman 
 | year=1989
 | publisher=Chess Digest
 | page=192
 | isbn=0-87568-178-6
 | author-link=Larry Christiansen
}}; {{cite book
 | title=How to Play Black Against the Staunton Gambit
 | author=Schiller, E.
 |author2=Bill Colias
 | year=1993
 | publisher=Chess Digest
 | page=4
 | isbn=0-87568-236-7
 | author-link=Eric Schiller
}}</ref> but it has been out of favour for over 80 years.<ref>In 1925, the editors of the Fourth Edition of ''Modern Chess Openings'' (''MCO-4'') wrote that the Staunton Gambit "has fallen out of favour for no clear reason". {{cite book
 | title=Modern Chess Openings, 4th edition
 | author=Griffith, R.C.
 |author2=[[John Herbert White|White, J.H.]] and M.E. Goldstein
 | year=1925
 | publisher=Whitehead & Miller
 | page=120
 | author-link=Richard Griffith (chess player)
}} In 1939, Fine wrote in ''MCO-6'', "The Staunton Gambit fell out of favour some time ago and still remains so ... ." {{cite book
 | title=Modern Chess Openings, 6th edition
 | author=Fine, R. |author2=[[Richard Griffith (chess player)|Griffith, R.C.]] |author3=[[John Herbert White|White, J.H.]]
 | year=1939
 | publisher=David McKay
 | page=176
 | author-link=Reuben Fine
}} GM [[Nick de Firmian]] writes in ''MCO-15'' (2008) that the Staunton Gambit "is not in much favor today". {{cite book
 | title=Modern Chess Openings, 15th edition
 | author=de Firmian, N.
 | year=2008
 | publisher=Random House
 | page=494
 | isbn=978-0-8129-3682-7
 | author-link=Nick de Firmian
}}</ref> [[Grandmaster (chess)|GM]] [[Larry Christiansen]] and [[International Master]] [[Jeremy Silman]] have opined that it "offers White equality at best".<ref>{{cite book
 | title=The Dutch Defense
 | author=Christiansen, L.
 |author2=Silman, J. |author-link2=Jeremy Silman 
 | year=1989
 | publisher=Chess Digest
 | page=192
 | isbn=0-87568-178-6
 | author-link=Larry Christiansen
}}</ref> 

The ''ECO'' code for the Staunton Gambit in the Dutch Defence is A83.

==White continuations==
{{Chess diagram
| tright
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|rd|nd|bd|qd|  |rd|kd|  
|pd|pd|pd|  |pd|  |bd|pd
|  |  |  |pd|  |nd|pd|  
|  |  |  |  |  |pd|  |  
|  |  |pl|pl|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |nl|pl|  
|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|bl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|  |rl|kl|  
| Position after 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.0-0 0-0 6.c4 d6
}}
The traditional {{chessgloss|move order}} involves White playing 2.c4. More commonly, White will start with 2.g3. Some common variations are: c4 is played after g3 and Bg2; c4 is played after Nf3; and c4 is played after 0-0.

Examples:
* traditional: 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6
* common: 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.0-0 0-0 6.c4 d6 ({{em|diagram}})

===Other second moves===
White has various more aggressive alternatives to the standard moves, including: 
* 2.Nc3 Nf6 (or 2...d5) 3.Bg5, the Raphael Variation 
* 2.Bg5, the Hopton Attack; e.g. 2...Nf6 (2...g6 is the most popular move) 3.Bxf6 exf6 4.e3 or e4
* 2.Bf4 or 2.Nf3 and 3.Bf4, the [[London System]]
* 2.g4, the Krejcik Gambit
* 2.e4!?, the [[#Staunton Gambit|Staunton Gambit]]
* 2.h3 followed by 3.g4, [[Carl Mayet]] introduced this completely different gambit approach to the Dutch in 1839 against [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]].<ref>{{cite book
 | title=Berliner Schach-Erinnerungen
 | author=von der Lasa, T.
 | url=https://archive.org/details/berlinerschache00lasagoog
 | year=1859
 | publisher=Verlag von Veit & Co, Leipzig
 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/berlinerschache00lasagoog/page/n91 79]–80
 | author-link=Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa
}}</ref> Von der Lasa later published analysis of this line in the first edition of the ''[[Handbuch des Schachspiels]]''.<ref>{{cite book
 | title=Handbuch des Schachspiels
 | author=Bilguer, P.
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BU8rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA234
 | year=1843
 | publisher=Verlag von Veit & Co, Berlin
 | pages=234–35, section 3, rows 4–6
 | isbn=9785879246339
 | author-link=Paul Rudolf von Bilguer
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 | title=The Anti-Dutch Spike: g4! in the Krejcik, Korchnoi, and Alapin Variations
 | author=Alan L. Watson
 | year=1995
 | publisher=Blackmar Press
 | page=36
 | isbn=0-9619606-2-0
}}</ref> [[Viktor Korchnoi]], one of the world's leading players, reintroduced the line into tournament practice in Korchnoi–[[Hansjürg Kaenel|Känel]], [[Biel]] 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1082507|title=Viktor Korchnoi vs. Hansjuerg Kaenel, Biel 1979 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> GM Christiansen later concluded, as von der Lasa and Staunton had done over 140 years earlier, that Black could get a good game by declining the gambit with 2...Nf6 3.g4 d5!<ref>{{cite book
 | title=The Dutch Defense
 | author=Christiansen, L.
 |author2=Silman, J. |author-link2=Jeremy Silman 
 | year=1989
 | publisher=Chess Digest
 | page=144
 | isbn=0-87568-178-6
 | author-link=Larry Christiansen
}}</ref>
* 2.Qd3, the Alapin Variation

Black sometimes starts with the move order 1...e6 to avoid these lines, although Black must then be ready to play the [[French Defence]] if White continues 2.e4, rendering the Dutch no longer an option. The Staunton Gambit remains a good choice of opening for White in blitz tournaments where Black has little time to ponder the most accurate defence.

==''ECO''==
The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]'' has twenty codes for the Dutch Defence, A80 through A99.
*A80: 1.d4 f5 
*A81: 1.d4 f5 2.g3 (Fianchetto Attack)
*A82: 1.d4 f5 2.e4 ([[Staunton Gambit]])
*A83: 1.d4 f5 2.e4 fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 (Staunton Gambit)
*A84: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 
*A85: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.Nc3 (Rubinstein Variation)
*A86: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 (Fianchetto Variation)
*A87: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 (Leningrad Dutch)
*A88: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 c6 (Leningrad Dutch, Warsaw Variation)
*A89: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 Nc6 (Leningrad Dutch, Matulovich)
*A90: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 (Classical Variation)
*A91: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7
*A92: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 
*A93: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d5 7.b3 (Botvinnik Variation)
*A94: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d5 7.b3 c6 8.Ba3 (Stonewall)
*A95: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d5 7.Nc3 c6 (Stonewall)
*A96: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6
*A97: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 Qe8 (Ilyin–Genevsky Variation)
*A98: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 Qe8 8.Qc2 (Ilyin–Genevsky Variation)
*A99: 1.d4 f5 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 Qe8 8.b3 (Ilyin–Genevsky Variation)

==See also==
*[[Bird's Opening]]
*[[List of chess openings]]
*[[List of chess openings named after places]]

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
 |author=Aagaard, Jacob
 |title=Dutch Stonewall
 |publisher=[[Everyman Chess]]
 |year=2001
 |isbn=9781857442526
 |author-link=Jacob Aagaard}}
*{{cite book
 |author=Pinski, Jan
 |title=Classical Dutch
 |publisher=[[Everyman Chess]]
 |year=2002
 |isbn=1-85744-307-1}}
*{{cite book
 |author=Williams, Simon
 |title=Play The Classical Dutch
 |year=2003
 |publisher=Gambit Publications
 |isbn=978-1-901983-88-3
 |author-link=Simon Williams (chess player)}}
*{{cite book
 |author=McDonald, Neil
 |year=2004
 |title=Starting out: The Dutch Defence
 |publisher=[[Everyman Chess]]
 |isbn=1-857443-77-2
 | author-link=Neil McDonald (chessplayer)}}
*{{cite book
 |title=Win With the Stonewall Dutch
 |author=Johnsen, Sverre |author2=Bern, Ivar |author3=[[Simen Agdestein|Agdestein, Simen]]
 |publisher=Gambit
 |year=2009
 |isbn=978-1-906454-07-4}}
*{{cite book
 |author2=[[Richard Palliser|Palliser, Richard]]
 |author3=Vigus, James
 |author=Williams, Simon
 |title=Dangerous Weapons: The Dutch
 |year=2010
 |publisher=Everyman Chess
 |isbn=978-1-85744-624-1
 |author-link=Simon Williams (chess player)}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks|Chess Opening Theory|1. d4/1...f5|Dutch Defence}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090926210821/http://www.fpawn.com/chess/IntroDutch.htm Learning the Dutch Defense]
*[https://archive.org/details/nouvelessaisurl00steigoog Nouvel essai sur le jeu des échecs 1789 (Internet Archive)]
*[https://knight-master.com/dutch-defense-for-beginners-and-intermediates/ Dutch Defense for Beginners]

{{chess|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Chess openings]]
[[Category:18th century in chess]]