Editing Dysphoria

{{Short description|Profound state of unease or dissatisfaction}}
{{About||the moth genus|Hyposmocoma{{!}}''Dysphoria'' (moth)|the game|Dys4ia{{!}}''Dys4ia''}}
{{Distinguish|Perspiration#Definitions{{!}}Diaphoresis|Body dysmorphic disorder{{!}}Dysmorphia|Diaspora}}

'''Dysphoria''' ({{etymology|Ancient Greek|''{{wikt-lang|grc|δύσφορος}}'' ({{grc-transl|δύσφορος}})|grievous}}; {{etymology||''{{wikt-lang|grc|δυσ-}}'' ({{grc-transl|δυσ-}})|bad, difficult||''{{wikt-lang|grc|φέρω}}'' ({{grc-transl|φέρω}})|to bear}}) is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. It is the [[Opposite (semantics)|semantic opposite]] of [[euphoria]]. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]], or agitation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dysphoria definition {{!}} Psychology Glossary |url=https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Dysphoria |website=Alleydog.com |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

==In psychiatry==
Intense states of distress and unease increase the risk of [[suicide]], as well as being unpleasant in themselves. Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]] (especially [[dysthymia]] or [[major depressive disorder]]) or [[bipolar disorder]] as well as the dysphoric symptoms themselves.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The [[ICD-11 | 11th revision]] of the ''[[International Classification of Diseases]]'' (ICD-11) defines dysphoria as "an unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness."<ref>{{cite web |title=MB24.7 Dysphoria |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1979628747 |website=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (Version 01/2023) |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |access-date=2 August 2023 |quote=An unpleasant mood state, which can include feelings of depression, anxiety, discontent, irritability, and unhappiness}}</ref>

Dissatisfaction with being able-bodied can be diagnosed as [[body integrity dysphoria]] in the ICD-11.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/256572629|title=ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics|website=icd.who.int|language=en|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>

===Gender dysphoria===
{{Main article|Gender dysphoria}}
Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness or distress due to the [[primary sex characteristics|primary]] and [[secondary sex characteristics]] of one's [[assigned sex|sex assigned at birth]]. The current edition of the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'', [[DSM-5]], uses the term "gender dysphoria" where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder."

===Related conditions===
The following conditions may include dysphoria as a symptom:
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
*[[Major depressive disorder]] (unipolar) and [[dysthymia]]
*[[Bipolar disorder]]<ref name="read">{{cite web|url=http://www.abess.com/glossary.html |title=Glossary of terms in the field of psychiatry and neurology |last=Abbess |first=John F |access-date=2006-11-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718050542/http://www.abess.com/glossary.html |archive-date=2007-07-18 }}</ref> and [[cyclothymia]]
*[[Borderline personality disorder]]
*[[Premenstrual syndrome]]
*[[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder]]
*[[Dysphoric milk ejection reflex]]
*[[Stress (biology)|Stress]]
*[[Adjustment disorder]] with depressed mood
*[[Anxiety disorder]]s such as [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]
*Dysphoric [[rumination (psychology)|rumination]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lyubomirsky | first1 = S. | last2 = Kasri | first2 = F. | last3 = Zehm | first3 = K. | year = 2003 | title = Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on academic tasks | journal = Cognitive Therapy and Research | volume = 27 | issue = 3| pages = 309–330 | doi=10.1023/A:1023918517378| s2cid = 14204781 }}</ref>
*[[Dissociative disorder]]s such as [[dissociative identity disorder]], [[dissociative amnesia]] and [[depersonalization-derealization disorder]].
*[[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], defined as emotional deregulation or unbearable RSD "rejection sensitivity dysphoria"
*[[Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder]]
*[[Gender dysphoria]]
*[[Personality disorder]]s such as [[borderline personality disorder]], [[dependent personality disorder]], [[histrionic personality disorder]], and [[antisocial personality disorder]]
*Substance [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal]]
*[[Body dysmorphic disorder]]
*[[Akathisia]]
*[[Schizophrenia]]
*[[Sexual dysfunction]]
*[[Body integrity dysphoria]]
*[[Insomnia]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rosa RR, Bonnet MH |title=Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography |journal=Psychosom Med |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=474–82 |year=2000 |doi=10.1097/00006842-200007000-00004 |pmid=10949091 |s2cid=24557015 }}</ref>
*[[Chronic pain]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman CR, Gavrin J |title=Suffering: the contributions of persistent pain |journal=Lancet |volume=353 |issue=9171 |pages=2233–7 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10393002 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01308-2 |s2cid=32348469 }}</ref>
*[[Disease]]{{div col end}}

==Drug-induced (dysphoriants)==
Some [[drug]]s can produce dysphoria, including [[κ-opioid receptor]] [[agonist]]s like [[salvinorin A]] (the active constituent of the [[hallucinogen]]ic plant ''[[Salvia divinorum]]''), [[butorphanol]] and [[pentazocine]],<ref name="LemkeWilliams2012">{{cite book|first1=Thomas L.|last1=Lemke|first2=David A.|last2=Williams|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6ot9ul-bUC&pg=PA682|date=24 January 2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60913-345-0|pages=682–683}}</ref> [[μ-opioid receptor]] [[receptor antagonist|antagonist]]s such as [[naltrexone]] and [[nalmefene]],<ref name="Lowinson2005">{{cite book|first=Joyce H.|last=Lowinson|title=Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtGb2wNsgn4C&pg=PA648|year=2005|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-3474-5|pages=648–}}</ref> and [[antipsychotic]]s like [[haloperidol]] and [[chlorpromazine]] (via blockade of [[dopamine receptor]]s),<ref name="WuOkusaga2014">{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Hanjing Emily|last2=Okusaga|first2=Olaoluwa O.|title=Antipsychotic Medication-Induced Dysphoria: Its Meaning, Association with Typical vs. Atypical Medications and Impact on Adherence|journal=Psychiatric Quarterly|volume=86|issue=2|year=2014|pages=199–205|issn=0033-2720|doi=10.1007/s11126-014-9319-1|pmid=25164199|s2cid=6831656}}</ref> among others. [[Depressogenic]] and/or [[anxiogenic]] drugs may also be associated with dysphoria.

==In popular culture==
[[Against Me!]] released the album ''[[Transgender Dysphoria Blues]]'' in which the lead singer [[Laura Jane Grace]] shares her experiences of gender dysphoria.<ref>Thompson, Stephen. "[https://www.npr.org/2014/01/12/261095666/first-listen-against-me-transgender-dysphoria-blues First Listen: Against Me!, 'Transgender Dysphoria Blues']" NPR. NPR, 12 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 May 2014</ref>

[[Shane Neilson]] released a book of poetry entitled ''Dysphoria'' (Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill, 2017) in which he explores the experience of dysphoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://porcupinesquill.ca/bookinfo6.php?index=323 |publisher=The Porcupine's Quill |title=Dysphoria }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Psychology}}
*{{cite web | url = http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_dysphoria.htm | title = What is dysphoria? | last = Read | first = Kimberly | work = Your Guide to Bipolar Disorder | publisher = About.com | year = 2006 | access-date = 2006-11-19 | archive-date = 2011-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927023840/http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_dysphoria.htm | url-status = dead }}

{{Bipolar disorder}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Emotions]]
[[Category:Mood disorders]]
[[Category:Mental states]]
[[Category:Symptoms or signs involving mood or affect]]