Editing Dystrophic calcification

{{short description|Accumulation of calcium in degenerated or necrotic tissue}}
[[Image:Amyloidosis, dystrophic calcification, H&E.jpg|thumb|[[Amyloidosis]], dystrophic calcification]]
[[File:Histopathology of dystrophic microcalcifications in ductal carcinoma in situ.jpg|thumb|Histopathology of dystrophic [[microcalcification]]s in [[ductal carcinoma in situ]] of the breast, H&E stain. In contrast to an artifact of crowded cells, the calcification characteristically extends outside the focal plane, as the background DCIS is blurred in this focus.]]
'''Dystrophic calcification''' ('''DC''') is the [[calcification]] occurring in degenerated or [[necrotic tissue]], as in [[hyalin]]ized scars, degenerated foci in [[leiomyoma]]s, and [[caseous necrosis|caseous nodule]]s. This occurs as a reaction to tissue damage,<ref name="urlCell Injury">{{cite web |url=http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CINJHTML/CINJ047.html |title=Cell Injury |website= |accessdate=}}</ref> including as a consequence of medical device implantation. Dystrophic calcification can occur even if the amount of calcium in the blood is not elevated, in contrast to [[metastatic calcification]], which is a consequence of a systemic mineral imbalance, including hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia, that leads to calcium deposition in healthy tissues.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Elgazzar AH|chapter=Chapter 8: Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Calcification|title=Orthopedic Nuclear Medicine|orig-date=Originally published 2004|year=2011|pages=197–210|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-18790-2_8|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-642-18790-2}}</ref>  In dystrophic calcification, [[basophilic]] calcium salt deposits aggregate, first in the [[mitochondria]], then progressively throughout the cell.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}  These calcifications are an indication of previous microscopic cell injury, occurring in areas of cell necrosis when activated [[phosphatase]]s bind calcium ions to phospholipids in the membrane.

== Calcification in dead tissue==
#Caseous necrosis in T.B. is most common site of dystrophic calcification.
#[[Liquefactive necrosis]] in chronic abscesses may get calcified.
#[[Fat necrosis]] following acute pancreatitis or traumatic fat necrosis in breasts results in deposition of calcium soaps.
#[[Infarct]]s may undergo D.C.
#[[Thrombus|Thrombi]], especially in veins, may produce [[phlebolith]]s.
#[[Haematoma]]s in the vicinity of bones may undergo D.C.
#Dead parasites like [[schistosoma]] eggs may calcify.
#Congenital [[toxoplasmosis]], CMV or [[rubella]] may be seen on X-ray as calcifications in the brain.

[[File:Cardiovascular calcification - Sergio Bertazzo.tif|thumbnail|right|Density-Dependent Colour Scanning Electron Micrograph SEM (DDC-SEM) of cardiovascular calcification, showing in orange calcium phosphate spherical particles (denser material) and, in green, the extracellular matrix (less dense material).<ref name=bert/>]]

== Calcification in degenerated tissue ==
#Dense scars may undergo [[hyaline]] degeneration and calcification.
#[[Atheroma]] in [[aorta]] and coronaries frequently undergo calcification.<ref name=bert>{{Cite journal|title = Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification|journal = Nature Materials|pages = 576–583|volume = 12|issue = 6|doi = 10.1038/nmat3627|first = Sergio|last = Bertazzo|first2 = Eileen|last2 = Gentleman|first3 = Kristy L.|last3 = Cloyd|first4 = Adrian H.|last4 = Chester|first5 = Magdi H.|last5 = Yacoub|first6 = Molly M.|last6 = Stevens|pmid=23603848|pmc = 5833942|date=Jun 2013|bibcode = 2013NatMa..12..576B}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins|journal = Nature Materials|pages = 476–478|volume = 12|issue = 6|doi = 10.1038/nmat3663|first = Jordan D.|last = Miller|pmid=23695741|date=Jun 2013|bibcode = 2013NatMa..12..476M}}</ref>
#[[Cyst]]s can show calcification.
#[[Calcinosis cutis]] is condition in which there are irregular nodular deposits of calcium salts in skin and subcutaneous tissue.
#Senile degenerative changes may be accompanied by calcification.
#The inherited disorder [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]] may lead to [[angioid streaks]] with calcification of [[Bruch's membrane]], the elastic tissue below the retinal ring.

==See also==
*[[Calcinosis]]
*[[Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Electrolyte abnormalities}}

[[Category:Histopathology]]