Editing EarthBound

{{Short description|1994 video game}}
{{other uses|Earthbound (disambiguation){{!}}Earthbound}}
{{Good article}}{{Use American English|date=July 2017}}{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = EarthBound
| image = EarthBound Box.jpg
| caption = North American box art by Mike Takagi, depicting a Final Starman with Ness' reflection in its visor
| developer = [[Ape Inc.]] <br />[[HAL Laboratory]]{{refn|group=nb|Pax Softnica developed the Game Boy Advance port.}}
| publisher = [[Nintendo]]
| series = ''[[Mother (video game series)|Mother]]''
| platforms = [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]] <br />[[Game Boy Advance]] <!-- Do not list Wii U or Virtual Console here, per [[Template:Infobox video game#platforms]]; Virtual Console is emulation -->
| released = {{vgrelease|JP|August 27, 1994|NA|June 5, 1995}}'''''Mother 1+2'''''{{vgrelease|JP|June 20, 2003}}
| genre = [[Role-playing video game|Role-playing]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| director = [[Shigesato Itoi]]
| producer = Shigesato Itoi <br />[[Satoru Iwata]]<br/>[[Tsunekazu Ishihara]]
| designer = Akihiko Miura
| programmer = Satoru Iwata <br />Kouji Malta
| artist = Kouichi Ooyama
| writer = Shigesato Itoi
| composer = [[Keiichi Suzuki]] <br />[[Hirokazu Tanaka]] <!-- Only list the main composers, per infobox documentation -->
}}
'''''EarthBound''''', originally released in Japan as {{Nihongo foot|'''''Mother 2: Gīgu no Gyakushū''''',|MOTHER2ギーグの逆襲|Mazā Tsū: Gīgu no Gyakushū|{{lit}} '''''Mother 2: Gyiyg Strikes Back'''''|lead=yes|group=nb}}<ref>{{cite web | title=MOTHER2 ギーグの逆襲／EarthBound / ハル研究所 | url=http://www.hallab.co.jp/eng/works/detail/002738/ | url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.hallab.co.jp/eng/works/detail/002738/ | archive-date=2021-11-11 | work=[[HAL Laboratory]] | access-date=August 7, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/n02/shvc/mb/index.html | url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/n02/shvc/mb/index.html | archive-date=2021-11-11 | title=ＭＯＴＨＥＲ２ ギーグの逆襲 | work=[[Nintendo]] | language=ja | access-date=August 7, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> is a 1994 [[role-playing video game|role-playing]] [[video game]] developed by [[Ape, Inc.|Ape Inc.]] and [[HAL Laboratory]] and published by [[Nintendo]] for the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] as the second entry in the [[Mother (video game series)|''Mother'']] series. The game focuses on a young boy named [[Ness (EarthBound)|Ness]] and his [[party (role-playing games)|party]] of Paula, Jeff and Poo, as they travel the world to collect melodies from eight Sanctuaries in order to defeat the universal cosmic destroyer [[Giygas]].

''EarthBound'' had a lengthy development period that spanned five years. Its returning staff from ''[[Mother (video game)|Mother]]'' (1989) included writer/director [[Shigesato Itoi]] and lead programmer [[Satoru Iwata]], as well as composers [[Keiichi Suzuki]] and [[Hirokazu Tanaka]], who incorporated a diverse range of styles into the [[Music of the Mother series#EarthBound|soundtrack]], including [[salsa music|salsa]], [[reggae]], and [[dub music|dub]]. Most of the other staff members had not worked on the original ''Mother'', and the game came under repeated threats of cancellation until Iwata joined the team. Originally scheduled for release in January 1993, the game was completed around May 1994 and first released in Japan in August 1994, and in North America in June 1995. A port for the [[Game Boy Advance]] developed by Pax Softnica, bundled with ''Mother'', as ''Mother 1+2'', was released only in Japan in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Game Boy Advance March 2001 - January 2005 Releases Section" |url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/n08/before/n2005_b01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407113613/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/n08/before/n2005_b01.html |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.nintendo.co.jp}}</ref> 

Like its predecessor, ''EarthBound'' is themed around an idiosyncratic portrayal of [[Americana (culture)|Americana]] and [[Western culture]], subverting popular role-playing game traditions by featuring a modern setting while parodying numerous staples of the genre. Itoi wanted the game to reach non-gamers with its intentionally goofy tone; for example, the player uses items such as the Pencil Eraser to remove pencil statues, experiences in-game hallucinations, and battles piles of vomit, taxi cabs, and walking nooses. For its American release, the game was marketed with a $2 million promotional campaign that sardonically proclaimed "This game stinks". The game's puns and humor were reworked by localizer [[Marcus Lindblom]]. Since the original ''Mother'' had not yet been released outside Japan, ''Mother 2'' was called ''EarthBound'' to avoid confusion about what it was a sequel to.

Although it was positively received by Japanese audiences, ''EarthBound'' sold poorly in the United States. Journalists attributed the game's poor sales in the West to a combination of its simple graphics, satirical marketing campaign, and a lack of market interest in the genre. In the ensuing years, [[EarthBound fandom|a dedicated fan community]] spawned that advocated for the series' recognition, particularly after Ness appeared as a playable character in the [[Super Smash Bros. (series)|''Super Smash Bros.'']] series. By the 2000s, multiple reader polls and critics had named it one of the [[greatest video games of all time]], and it became regarded as a "[[sacred cow (idiom)|sacred cow]] among gaming's [[wiktionary:cognoscente|cognoscenti]]".{{r|Eurogamer: M3 review}} It was followed by the Japan-only sequel ''[[Mother 3]]'' for the [[Game Boy Advance]] in 2006. ''EarthBound'' was later made available worldwide on the [[Wii U]] [[Virtual Console]] in 2013, [[3DS]] Virtual Console in 2016, the [[SNES Classic]] in 2017, and the [[Nintendo Classics]] service in February 2022.

==Gameplay==
[[File: Mother 2 Summers.png|thumb|256px|Poo, Jeff, Paula, and Ness (left to right) walking the Summers beachfront]]
''EarthBound'' features many traditional role-playing game elements: the player controls a party of characters who travel through the game's two-dimensional [[Fictional universe|world]] composed of villages, cities, caves, and dungeons. Along the way, the player fights battles against enemies and the party receives experience points for victories.<ref name = "EB battle">{{cite book | url = https://www.nintendo.co.jp/clvs/manuals/common/pdf/CLV-P-SAAJE.pdf | title = EarthBound Player's Guide | editor = Nintendo of America | publisher = [[Nintendo of America, Inc.]] | pages = 10, 11 | year = 1995 | access-date = July 7, 2024 | archive-date = July 17, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240717170926/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/clvs/manuals/common/pdf/CLV-P-SAAJE.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> If enough experience points are acquired, a character's level will increase. This pseudo-randomly increases the character's attributes, such as offense, defense, and the maximum hit points (HP) and psychic points (PP) of each character. Rather than using an [[overworld]] map screen like most console RPGs of its era, the world is entirely seamless, with no differentiation between towns and the outside world.{{r|Famitsu: Itoi}} Another non-traditional element is the perspective used for the world. The game uses [[oblique projection]], while most 2D RPGs use a "top-down" view on a grid or an isometric perspective.<ref name="1UP: Retronauts 5"/>

Unlike its predecessor, ''[[Mother (video game)|Mother]]'', ''EarthBound'' does not use random encounters. In ''EarthBound'', enemies are presented similar to other non-player characters scattered around the game's overworld. While the player can see enemy parties on-screen, the composition of the parties are randomly generated. If the party contacts an enemy from behind (indicated by a translucent green swirl that fills the screen), the player is given a first-strike priority when battle mode begins. If the party contacts an enemy with their backs, the swirl is red, and the enemy is given first-strike priority, though the player can dodge. Battles with weaker enemies are won automatically, forgoing the battle sequence, and weaker monsters will flee from Ness and his friends rather than chase them.

In combat, once an enemy or character's HP reaches zero, that enemy or character is rendered unconscious. There is a chance that the party will receive an item after the battle. Battle commands include attacking, spying (reveals enemy weakness), mirroring (emulates an enemy), and running away. Characters can also use PSI actions that require PP. Once each character is assigned a command, the characters and enemies perform their actions in an order determined by character speed and a random number generator. Whenever a character receives damage, the HP box gradually "rolls" down, similar to a [[mechanical counter]]. This allows players an opportunity to heal the character or win the battle before the counter hits zero, saving the character from being rendered unconscious.{{refn|group=nb|If the counter reaches zero as the battle is won, it will be set to 1 HP instead and the character will survive.}} This mechanic does not apply to enemies, for whom unconsciousness is instantaneous and can be reversed only with healing PSI. If all characters are rendered unconscious, the game transitions to an endgame screen, asking if the player wants to continue. An affirmative response brings [[Ness (EarthBound)|Ness]], conscious, back to the last [[save point]], with half the money on his person at the time of his defeat, and with other party members still unconscious.<ref name = "EB battle"/>

Currency is indirectly received from battles. Each time the party wins a battle, Ness's father, who can also save the game's progress, deposits money in an account that can be withdrawn at [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]]. In towns, players can buy weapons, armor, and items from stores. Weapons and armor can be equipped to increase character strength and defense, respectively. Items can be used for a number of purposes, such as healing. Towns also contain useful facilities such as hospitals where players can be healed for a fee.<ref name = "EB Other">{{cite book | title = EarthBound Player's Guide | editor = Nintendo of America | publisher = [[Nintendo of America, Inc.]] | page = 12 | year = 1995}}</ref>

==Plot==
''EarthBound'' begins sometime in the 1990s,{{Refn|The only reference to the year in the game is represented with "199X".|group=nb}} several years after the events of ''Mother'', in the fictional country of Eagleland, a parody of the United States. A young boy named [[Ness (character)|Ness]]{{refn|group=nb|Players are asked to name their characters at the beginning of the game. "Ness", along with all the other names for the playable characters in this article, are the default names.<ref name="USgamer: the deal"/>}} is awoken by a nearby meteorite crash<ref name="GameZone review"/> and investigates it with his neighbor, [[Porky Minch|Pokey Minch]],<ref name="IGN: 10 MMM"/>{{refn|group=nb|While named Pokey in ''EarthBound'', he is named Porky in the Japanese version. This also applies in ''Mother 3''. In Japanese versions of both his name is ポーキー ''Pōkī''.<ref name="IGN: 10 MMM"/>}} to find Pokey's missing brother, Picky.

When Ness and Pokey arrive at the meteor's crash site, it opens up: revealing a small, beetle-like creature from the future named Buzz-Buzz. He explains that in the future, an alien force named [[Giygas]] has enveloped and consumed the world in hatred and consequently turned animals, humans, and objects into malicious creatures.  Buzz-Buzz instructs Ness to collect melodies in a Sound Stone from eight Sanctuaries located across the game's world to preemptively stop the force,<ref name="Kotaku: Trippiest" /> but is killed shortly thereafter when Pokey and Picky's mother mistakes him for a dung beetle. (During the player's ascent to the meteorite crash, a man can be met who claims to have unearthed a golden statue called the "Mani Mani" which emits evil thoughts. This statue appears throughout the game, and is typically attributed to the evil forces of the game's world.)

On his journey to visit the sanctuaries, Ness stumbles upon Happy Happy Village: a village inhabited by a cult of hooded men in blue robes who worship the color blue. A young girl named Paula has been taken hostage by the group, who wish to utilize her psychic abilities. Ness subsequently rescues her, and faces the cult's leader: a man named "Mr. Carpainter" who has fallen influence to the Mani Mani statue. Subsequently, they arrive in the zombie-infested Threed, where Ness and Paula fall prey to a trap. Paula telepathically instructs precocious child scientist Jeff in a Winters boarding school to rescue them, prompting Jeff to escape the school with the assistance of his friend Tony. Jeff reunites with his father, Doctor Andonuts, who utilizes a flying saucer-like device called the “Sky Runner” to fly him to Ness and Paula’s location: freeing the duo. They continue to Saturn Valley: a village filled with a species of bizarre creatures called Mr. Saturn who are being enslaved by a group of sentient barf piles led by “Master Belch” to produce "Fly Honey". The group distracts him with a jar of the bizarre substance and defeats him, thus the Mr. Saturn assist the party by allowing them passage to the city of Fourside: whereupon Paula is abducted. Ness and Jeff rescue her after visiting a bar and entering Moonside, an alternate, psychedelic version of Fourside.

After making their way to the seaside resort Summers and consuming a “magic cake”, Ness has a vision of Poo, the prince of Dalaam, undergoing "[[Mu (negative)|Mu]] Training" before joining the party as well.<ref name="IGN: 10 MMM"/> This training entails Poo having a vision in which all of his body parts are ripped from his being before his senses are dulled.

The party continues to travel to the Scaraba desert, the Deep Darkness swamp, another village of creatures called the Tenda and a forgotten underworld where dinosaurs live. When the Sound Stone is eventually filled,<ref name="Tilden"/> Ness visits Magicant, a surreal location in his mind where he fights his personal dark side.<ref name="IGN: 10 MMM"/> Upon returning to Eagleland, Ness and his party use the Phase Distorter to travel back in time to fight Giygas, transferring their souls into robots so as to not destroy their bodies through time travel. The group discovers a device that contains Giygas, but it is being guarded by Pokey, who has been aiding Giygas all along and is using alien technology. After being defeated in battle, Pokey turns the device off, releasing Giygas and forcing the group to fight{{sfn|Tilden|1995|pp=116–119}} the alien, whose infinite power transformed him into an incomprehensible embodiment of evil and insanity. During the fight, Paula reaches out to the inhabitants of Earth, and eventually the player, who prays for the children's safety. The prayers manage to exploit Giygas' fatal weakness – human emotions – and defeat the alien, eradicating him from existence.<ref name="IGN: 10 MMM"/> In a post-credits scene, Ness, whose life has returned to normal following Giygas' defeat, receives a note from Pokey, who challenges Ness to come and find him.<ref name="Kotaku: Trippiest"/>

==Development==
{{Multiple image
| total_width       = 320
| image1            = Shigesato-Itoi-Meguro-September20-2015.jpg
| image2            = Satoru Iwata headshot square.jpg
| footer            = ''EarthBound'' designer Shigesato Itoi and producer Satoru Iwata
}}
The first ''Mother'' was released for the NES in 1989.<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> Its sequel, ''Mother 2'', or ''EarthBound'', was developed over five years<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/> by Ape and [[HAL Laboratory|HAL]], and published through [[Nintendo]].<ref name="IGN: top SNES"/> The game was written and designed by Japanese author, musician, and advertiser [[Shigesato Itoi]],<ref name="ONM review"/> and produced by [[Satoru Iwata]], who became Nintendo's president and CEO.<ref name="Polygon: Quash"/> ''Mother 2'' was made with a development team different from that of the original game,<ref name="1101: cancel"/> and most of its members were unmarried and willing to work all night on the project.<ref name="DREAM-07"/> ''Mother 2''{{'s}} development took much longer than planned and came under repeated threats of cancellation.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/> Itoi has said that the project's dire straits were resolved when Iwata joined the team.<ref name="1101: cancel"/> Ape's programming team had more members than HAL on the project. The HAL team (led by lead programmer Iwata) worked on the game programming, while the Ape team (led by lead programmer Kouji Malta) worked on specific data, such as the text and maps. They spent biweekly retreats together at the HAL office in view of [[Mount Fuji]].<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 Sept 9"/>

The game continues ''Mother''{{'s}} story in that Giygas reappears as the antagonist (and thus did not die at the end of ''Mother'') and the player has the option of choosing whether to continue the protagonist's story by choosing whether to name their player-character the same as the original.<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 June"/> He considered interstellar and interplanetary space travel instead of the confines of a single planet in the new game. After four months, Itoi scrapped the idea as cliché. Itoi sought to make a game that would appeal to populations that were playing games less, such as girls.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/>

The [[Mother (video game series)|''Mother'']] series titles are built on what Itoi considered "reckless wildness", where he would offer ideas that encouraged his staff to contribute new ways of portraying scenes in the video game medium.<ref name="Kotaku: Trippiest"/> He saw the titles foremost as games and not "big scenario scripts".<ref name="Kotaku: Trippiest"/> Itoi has said that he wanted the player to feel emotions such as "distraught" when playing the game.<ref name="Kotaku: Trippiest"/> The game's writing was intentionally "quirky and goofy" in character,<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> and written in the Japanese [[kana]] script so as to give dialogue a conversational feel. Itoi thought of the default player-character names when he did not like his team's suggestions. Many of the characters were based on real-life personalities. For instance, the desert miners were modeled on specific executives from a Japanese construction company.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/> The final battle dialogue with Giygas was based on Itoi's recollections of a traumatic scene from the [[Shintoho]] film ''[[Kenpei to barabara shibijin|The Military Policeman and the Dismembered Beauty]]'' that he had accidentally seen in his childhood.<ref name="1101: trauma"/> Itoi referred to the battle background animations as a "video drug".<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/> The same specialist made nearly 200 of these animations, working solely on backgrounds for two years.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/>

The idea for the rolling HP meter began with [[pachinko]] balls that would drop balls off the screen upon being hit. This did not work as well for characters with high health. Instead, around 1990, they chose an odometer-style hit points counter.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/> The bicycle was one of the harder elements to implement<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 Sept 9"/>—it used controls similar to a tank before it was tweaked.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/> Iwata felt that the Ape programmers were particularly willing to tackle such challenges. The programmers also found difficulty implementing the in-game delivery service, where the delivery person had to navigate around obstacles to reach the player. They thought it would be funny to have the delivery person run through obstacles in a hurry on his way off-screen.<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 Sept 9"/> The unusual maps laid out with diagonal streets in [[oblique projection]] required extra attention from the artists. Itoi specifically chose against having an overworld map, and didn't want to artificially distinguish between towns and other areas. Instead, he worked to make each town unique. His own favorite town was Threed, though it was Summers before then.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/>

''Mother 2'' was designed to fit within an eight-megabit limit, but was expanded in size and scope twice: first to 12 megabits and second to 24 megabits.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/> The game was originally scheduled for release in January 1993 on a 12 megabit cartridge.<ref name="SFM 1992"/> It was finished around May 1994<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 Sept 9"/> and the Japanese release was set for August 27.<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 July"/> With the extra few months, the team played the game and added small, personal touches.<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 Sept 9"/> Itoi told ''[[Weekly Famitsu]]'' that [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] liked the game and that it was the first role-playing game that Miyamoto had completed.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/> ''Mother 2'' would release in North America about a year later.<ref name="Shacknews: EarthBotched"/>

The game includes [[copy protection|anti-piracy measures]] that, when triggered, increases enemy counts to raise the difficulty level. Additionally, right before players reach the end of the pirated copy's story, their game resets and deletes its saved file in an act that IGN declared "arguably the most devious and notorious example of 'creative' copy protection".<ref name="IGN: anti-piracy"/>

===Music===
{{See also|Music of the Mother series#Mother 2/EarthBound}}
''Mother'' composers [[Keiichi Suzuki]] and [[Hirokazu Tanaka]] returned to make the ''EarthBound'' soundtrack, along with newcomers Hiroshi Kanazu and Toshiyuki Ueno.<ref>{{cite web | title=EarthBound Credits | url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/snes/earthbound/credits | url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.mobygames.com/game/snes/earthbound/credits | archive-date=2021-11-11 | website=Mobygames.com | publisher=Mobygames | access-date=August 8, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="RPGFan: soundtrack"/> In comparison with ''Mother'', Itoi said that ''EarthBound'' had more "jazzy" pieces.{{r|Famitsu: Itoi}} Suzuki told ''Weekly Famitsu'' that the Super NES afforded the team more creative freedom with its eight-channel [[ADPCM]] based [[SPC700]], as opposed to the old Nintendo Entertainment System's restriction of five channels of basic waveforms. This entailed higher sound quality and music that sounds closer to his regular compositions.<ref name="Famitsu: Suzuki"/> The soundtrack was released by [[Sony Records]] on November 2, 1994.<ref name="RPGFan: soundtrack"/>{{refn|group=nb|It was later reprinted by Sony Music Direct on February 18, 2004.<ref name="RPGFan: soundtrack"/>}}

In Suzuki's songwriting process, he would first compose on a synthesizer before working with programmers to get it in the game. His personal pieces play when the player is walking about the map, out of battle. Suzuki's favorite piece is the music that plays while the player is on a bicycle, which he composed in advance of this job but found appropriate to include. He wrote over 100 pieces, but much of it was not included in the game.<ref name="Famitsu: Suzuki"/> The team wrote enough music as to fill eight megabits of the 24 megabit cartridge—about two compact discs.<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi"/>

[[File:Beach Boys 1967 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[The Beach Boys]] were one of many Western artists Suzuki and Tanaka drew inspiration from while developing the game's soundtrack.]]
According to Tanaka, [[the Beach Boys]] were repeatedly referenced between him and Suzuki, and that he would often listen to co-founder [[Brian Wilson]]'s [[Brian Wilson (album)|1988 eponymous album]] while on the way to Suzuki's home.<ref name="1101: music"/> Suzuki has stated that the [[Percussion notation|percussive arranging]] in the game's soundtrack was based on the Beach Boys' albums ''[[Smile (Beach Boys album)|Smile]]'' (unreleased) and ''[[Smiley Smile]]'' (1967), which both contained American themes shared with [[Van Dyke Parks]]' ''[[Song Cycle (album)|Song Cycle]]'' (1968). To Suzuki, ''Smile'' evoked the bright and dark aspects of America, while ''Song Cycle'' displayed a hazy sound mixed with American humor and hints of [[Ray Bradbury]], a style that he considered essential to the soundtrack of ''Mother''.<ref name="1101: music"/>{{refn|group=nb|Within a year following the game's release, Keiichi Suzuki recorded a [[cover version]] of the Beach Boys' "[[Good Vibrations]]" (1966), a product of the band's ''Smile'' album where Parks served as a primary lyricist.<ref>{{cite web | title=Discography / Others | url=http://www.keiichisuzuki.com/discography/others/ | url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.keiichisuzuki.com/discography/others/ | archive-date=2021-11-11 | website=keiichisuzuki.com | access-date=July 21, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} Tanaka recalls [[Randy Newman]] being the first quintessentially American composer he could think of, and that his albums ''[[Little Criminals]]'' (1977) and ''[[Land of Dreams (Randy Newman album)|Land of Dreams]]'' (1988) were influential.<ref name="1101: music"/> While Suzuki corroborated with his own affinity for [[Harry Nilsson]]'s ''[[Nilsson Sings Newman]]'' (1970),<ref name="1101: music"/> he also cited [[John Lennon]] as a strong influence due to the common theme of love in his music, which was also a prominent theme in the game,<ref name="Famitsu: Suzuki"/> and that his album ''[[John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band]]'' (1970) helped him to avoid excessive instrumentation over the SNES's technical constraints.<ref name="1101: music"/>

The soundtrack contains direct [[musical quotation]]s of some [[classical music|classical]] and [[folk music]]; the composers also derived a few [[sampling (music)|samples]] culled from other sources including commercial [[pop music|pop]] and [[rock music]].<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/>{{refn|group=nb|These quotations and samples are believed to include [[the Beach Boys]] ("[[Deirdre (song)|Deirdre]]"),<ref>{{cite web | title=The Beatles, Beach Boys and Monty Python really were in Earthbound | url=http://www.destructoid.com/the-beatles-beach-boys-and-monty-python-really-were-in-earthbound-277313.phtml | url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.destructoid.com/the-beatles-beach-boys-and-monty-python-really-were-in-earthbound-277313.phtml | archive-date=2021-11-11 | website=Destructoid | access-date=July 21, 2014 | date=June 28, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[the Beatles]] ("[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)|Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]"), [[the Who]] ("[[Won't Get Fooled Again]]"), [[Antonín Dvořák]] ([[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 9]]), [[Ric Ocasek]] ("[[This Side of Paradise (album)|This Side of Paradise]]"), [[the Doors]] ("[[L.A. Woman|The Changeling]]"), [[Bimbo Jet]] ("El Bimbo"), The Dallas String Band ("Dallas Rag"), "[[The Liberty Bell (march)|The Liberty Bell]]", "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", the ''[[Our Gang]]'' theme, "[[Tequila (Champs song)|Tequila]]", and [[Chuck Berry]] ("[[Johnny B. Goode]]").<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/>}} The texture of the work was partially influenced by some [[Salsa music|salsa]], [[reggae]], and [[dub music]].<ref name="1101: music"/>{{refn|group=nb|In these sectors, Tanaka cited influence from [[Andy Partridge]] of [[XTC]]'s ''[[Take Away / The Lure of Salvage]]'' (1980), [[Lalo Rodríguez]]'s ''[[Un Nuevo Despertar]]'' (1988) and ''Fireworks'' (1976), [[King Tubby]]/[[Yabby You]]'s ''King Tubby's Prophesy of Dub'' (1976), and [[the Flying Lizards]]' ''The Secret Dub Life of the Flying Lizards'' (1995).<ref name="1101: music"/>}} Speaking about [[Frank Zappa]]'s ''[[Make a Jazz Noise Here]]'' (1991), Tanaka felt that Zappa would have been the best at creating a live performance of ''Mother'' music, but could not detail Zappa's specific influence on ''EarthBound''. Additionally, he felt that the mix tape ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired Magazine Presents: Music Futurists]]'' (1999) presented a particular selection of artists that embody the ethos of ''EarthBound'', running the gamut from [[Space age pop|space age]] composer [[Juan García Esquivel|Esquivel]] to [[Experimental music|avant-garde]] [[trumpet]]er [[Ben Neill]], along with innovators [[Sun Ra]], [[Steve Reich]], [[Todd Rundgren]], [[Brian Eno]], and [[Can (band)|Can]].<ref name="1101: music"/>{{refn|group=nb|The compilation operates under the premise of [[pop art]]ists "on the cutting edge of technology in music".<ref>{{cite web | last1=Pearson | first1=Paul | title=Wired Magazine Presents: Music Futurists | url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/wired-magazine-presents-music-futurists-mw0000048006 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.allmusic.com/album/wired-magazine-presents-music-futurists-mw0000048006 | archive-date=2021-11-11 | website=AllMusic | access-date=July 21, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} Tanaka also mentioned that he listened to the various artists compilation ''[[Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films]]'' (1988) heavily during ''EarthBound''{{'}}s development.<ref name="1101: music"/> Miscellaneous influences on Suzuki and Tanaka for ''EarthBound'' include the music of [[Michael Nyman]], [[Miklós Rózsa]]'s [[film score]] for ''[[The Lost Weekend (film)|The Lost Weekend]]'' (1945), and albums by various other pop/rock musicians.<ref name="1101: music"/>{{refn|group=nb|They include [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]'s ''[[Around the World in a Day]]'' (1985) and ''[[Sign o' the Times]]'' (1987), [[Godley & Creme]]'s ''[[Consequences (Godley & Creme album)|Consequences]]'' (1977), [[A Tribe Called Quest]]'s ''[[People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm]]'' (1990) and [[My Bloody Valentine (band)|My Bloody Valentine]]'s ''[[Loveless (My Bloody Valentine album)|Loveless]]'' (1991).<ref name="1101: music"/>}}

===English localization===
{{See also|Marcus Lindblom}}
{{multiple image
| footer   = Screenshots from ''Mother 2'' (left) and ''EarthBound'' (right). In ''Mother 2'', Ness walks naked through his dream town Magicant. In the U.S. release, this was changed to him wearing his pajamas without his cap.
| align    = right
| image1   = Mother 2 Ness Magicant.png
| width1   = 200
| image2   = EarthBound Ness Magicant.png
| width2   = 200
}}

As was traditional for Nintendo, ''Mother 2'' was developed in Japan and [[Game localization|localized]] in the United States, a process in which the game is translated into English for Western audiences.<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> As it was the only game in the ''Mother'' series to be released in North America at the time,<ref name="IGN: top SNES"/> its title "''Mother 2''" was changed to "''EarthBound''" to avoid confusion about what it was a sequel to.<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/>

Nintendo of America's [[Dan Owsen]] began the English localization project and converted about ten percent of the script before moving to another project.<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> [[Marcus Lindblom]] filled Owsen's position around January 1995.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> Lindblom credits Owsen with coining some of the game's "most iconic phrases", such as "[[Say cheese|say fuzzy pickles]]".<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> Lindblom himself was given liberties to make the script "as weird as [he] wanted", as Nintendo wanted the script to be more American than a direct translation would be.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> He worked alone and with great latitude due to no divisional hierarchies.<ref name="Polygon: Quash"/>{{refn|group=nb|While working alone was standard for localizers of the era, later localization efforts had full departments.<ref name="Polygon: Quash"/>}} Lindblom was aided by Japanese writer Masayuki Miura, who translated the Japanese script and contextualized its tone,<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> which Lindblom positively described as "a glass half full".<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/>

Lindblom was challenged by the task of culturally translating "an outsider's view of the U.S." for an American audience.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> He also sought to stay true to the original text, though he never met or spoke with Itoi.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> In addition to reworking the original puns and humor, Lindblom added private jokes and American cultural allusions to [[Bugs Bunny]], comedian [[Benny Hill]], and ''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]''.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> Apart from the dialogue, he wrote the rest of the game's text, including combat, prompts and item names.<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> As one of several Easter eggs, he named a non-player character for his daughter, Nico, who was born during development. While Lindblom took the day off for her birth,<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> he proceeded to work 14-hour days<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> without weekends for the next month.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/>

Under directives from Nintendo,<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> Lindblom worked with the Japanese artists and programmers<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> to remove references to intellectual property, religion, and alcohol from the American release, such as a truck's [[Coca-Cola]] logo, the red crosses on hospitals, and crosses on tombstones.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> Alcohol became coffee or cappuccinos, Ness was no longer nude in the Magicant area as seen in the image,<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> and the Happy Happyist blue cultists were made to look less like [[Ku Klux Klan]]smen.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> The team was not concerned with music licensing issues and considered itself somewhat protected under the guise of parody.<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> Lindblom recalled that the music did not need many changes. The graphical fixes were not finished until March 1995, and the game was not fully playable until May.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/>

==Reception==
===Sales and promotion===
[[File:EarthBound 1995 Ad.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''EarthBound''{{'}}s poor sales in the west were attributed to its satirical marketing campaign, based on [[gross-out humor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=David |date=2015-04-15 |title=The totally radical history of game marketing in the '90s |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/totally-radical-history-game-marketing-90s/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=GamesRadar+ |page=7 |language=en |quote=But some ad exec must have seen a single picture of Master Belch and decided that ''EarthBound'' was nothing but gross-out humor, and decided to revolve the entire ad campaign around it. [...] There are a lot of reasons ''EarthBound'' tanked in the West, but a large part of it was due to this ad (and its accompanying Scratch-n-sniff cards). |archive-date=July 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706183503/https://www.gamesradar.com/totally-radical-history-game-marketing-90s/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oxford |first=Nadia |date=2017-08-31 |title=Super NES Retro Review: EarthBound |url=https://www.vg247.com/super-nes-retro-review-earthbound |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=VG247 |language=en|quote=Though Nintendo spent a lot of money on a great localization for ''EarthBound'', it literally blew the game's advertising campaign with ads about farts and poops. That was an immediate turn-off for newly-minted RPG enthusiasts (myself included) [...]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Khee Hoon |date=2019-02-01 |title=Piracy helped Earthbound become a cult classic |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/2/1/18205319/earthbound-snes-emulation-rom-mother-3 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Polygon |language=en-US |quote=The game's marketing campaign compounded the issue. It was unabashedly juvenile, filled with gross-out humor and self-deprecating proclamations about how "this game stinks," which were accompanied by scratch-and-sniff ads. These pages left a literal stench in gaming magazines. [...] Nonetheless, ''EarthBound'' still managed to inch its way toward cult status as the years went on and the ROM was traded among fans and shared online. |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227095441/https://www.polygon.com/2019/2/1/18205319/earthbound-snes-emulation-rom-mother-3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Digital Trends: Itoi teases" />]]
In Japan, ''Mother 2'' sold 518,000 units, becoming the tenth [[1994 in video games|best-selling game of 1994]] within the country.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=1994年のコンシューマーゲームソフトの売上 |trans-title=1994 Consumer Game Software Sales |magazine=[[Dengeki Oh]] |publisher=[[MediaWorks (publisher)|MediaWorks]] |lang=ja |url=http://www.rnac.ne.jp/~zangel/1994.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010920123100/http://www.rnac.ne.jp/~zangel/1994.htm |archive-date=September 20, 2001 |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> ''EarthBound'' was released on June 5, 1995, in North America.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/> The game sold about 140,000 units in the United States,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Consalvo |first1=Mia |title=Atari to Zelda: Japan's Videogames in Global Contexts |date=8 April 2016 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-03439-5 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tH3TCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |access-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225235521/https://books.google.com/books?id=tH3TCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |url-status=live}}</ref> for a total of approximately 658,000 units sold worldwide.

Though Nintendo spent about $2 million on marketing,<ref name="ONM review" /> the American release was ultimately viewed as unsuccessful within Nintendo.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom" /> The game's atypical marketing campaign was derived from the game's unusual humor. As part of Nintendo's larger "[[Nintendo marketing#Play It Loud!|Play It Loud!]]" campaign, ''EarthBound''{{'s}} "this game stinks" campaign included foul-smelling scratch and sniff advertisements.<ref name="Shacknews: EarthBotched" /><ref>{{Cite web |first=Luke |last=Plunkett |date=2013-06-26 |title="What The F**k Kind Of Game Is Earthbound?" |url=https://kotaku.com/what-the-f-k-kind-of-game-is-earthbound-580416562 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Kotaku |language=en |archive-date=July 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706183507/https://kotaku.com/what-the-f-k-kind-of-game-is-earthbound-580416562 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[GamePro]]'' reported that they received more reader complaints about the game's scratch and sniff ad than about any other 1995 advertisement.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=When Ads Go Bad, Readers Get Mad|magazine=[[GamePro]]|issue=91|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|date=April 1996|page=12}}</ref> 

The campaign was also expensive. It emphasized magazine advertisements and had the extra cost of the [[strategy guide]] included with each game.<ref name="1UP: Vapor" /> Between the poor sales and the phasing out of the Super NES, the game did not receive a European release.<ref name="ONM review" /> Aaron Linde of ''[[Shacknews]]'' believed that the price of the packaged game ultimately curtailed sales.<ref name="Shacknews: EarthBotched" />

===Contemporary===
{{Video game reviews
| title=Contemporary reception
| Fam=34/40<ref>{{cite journal | title = New Games Cross Review | journal = [[Weekly Famitsu]] | publisher = [[Enterbrain]] | date = September 23, 1994}}</ref>
| GameFan=267/300<ref name="DHGF: Viewpoint"/>
| GI = 8/10<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/jun95/earth.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971120013515/http://www.gameinformer.com/jun95/earth.html|title=EarthBound- Super NES|magazine=[[Game Informer]]|archive-date=November 20, 1997|url-status=dead|access-date=March 12, 2016}}</ref>
| SGP = 3.5/5<ref name="SGP review"/>
| award1Pub = [[GameFan|''GameFan'' Megawards]]
| award1 = [[List of Game of the Year awards|RPG of the Year]]<ref>''GameFan'', volume 4, issue 1, pages 104-106</ref>
}}
''EarthBound'' originally received little critical praise from the American press,<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote" /><ref name="1UP: Vapor" /> and sold poorly in the US:<ref name="IGN: top SNES" /><ref name="Wired: Lindblom" /><ref name="1UP: Vapor" /> around 140,000 copies, as compared to twice as many in Japan.<ref name="Shacknews: EarthBotched" /> ''[[Kotaku]]'' described ''EarthBound''{{'s}} 1995 American release as "a dud" and blamed the low sales on "a bizarre marketing campaign" and graphics "cartoonish" beyond the average taste of players.<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote" /> The game was released when RPGs were not popular in the US,<ref name="Wired: Lindblom" /><ref name="1UP: Posthumous p1" /> and visual taste in RPGs was closer to ''[[Chrono Trigger]]'' and ''[[Final Fantasy VI]]''.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom" /> The game piggybacked on Itoi's celebrity in Japan.<ref name="ONM review" />

Most journalists attributed the game's poor sales in the US to its simple graphics, atypical marketing campaign, and disinterest in the genre. Of the original reviewers, Nicholas Dean Des Barres of ''[[DieHard GameFan]]'' wrote that ''EarthBound'' was not as impressive as ''[[Final Fantasy VI|Final Fantasy III]]'', although just as fun.<ref name="DHGF: Review"/> He praised the game's humor<ref name="DHGF: Viewpoint"/> and wrote that the game completely defied his first impressions. Des Barres wrote that "past the graphics", which were purposefully [[8-bit era|8-bit]] for nostalgia, the game is not an "entry-level" or a "child's" RPG, but "highly intelligent" and "captivating".<ref name="DHGF: Review"/> The Brazilian ''Super GamePower'' explained that those expecting a ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''-style RPG will be disappointed by the childish visuals, which were unlike other 16-bit games. They wrote that the American humor was too mature and that the gameplay was too immature, as if for beginners.<ref name="SGP review"/> ''[[GamePro]]'' was critical to the game's storyline and graphics, but praised the music and the humor. They concluded that the game is inappropriate for children due to its adult humor, but would not appeal to more mature gamers due to its simplistic gameplay and poorly illustrated graphics.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Sir Scary Larry|title=EarthBound |magazine=[[GamePro]]|issue=82 |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]] |date=July 1995|pages=74–75}}</ref>

Lindblom and his team were devastated by the release's poor critical response and sales. He recalled that the game was hurt by the reception of its graphics as "simplistic" at a time when critics placed high importance on graphics quality.{{refn|group=nb|Lindblom thought reviewers viewed the game's visuals as "enhanced [[8-bit era|8-bit]] graphics", which, he added, would "ironically" fit 2013's [[retrogaming]] aesthetic.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/>}} Lindblom felt that the game's changes to the RPG formula (e.g., the rolling HP meter and fleeing enemies) were ignored in the following years,<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote"/> though he thought the game had aged well at the time of its [[Virtual Console]] rerelease in 2013.<ref name="Wired: Lindblom"/>

===Retrospective===
{{Video game reviews
| title = Retrospective assessments
| GR = 88%<ref name = "Game Rankings EB">{{cite web | url=http://www.gamerankings.com/snes/588301-earthbound/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109130313/http://www.gamerankings.com/snes/588301-earthbound/index.html | archive-date=2018-01-09 | title=EarthBound | website=[[GameRankings]] | access-date = April 30, 2012}}</ref>
| Allgame = 4/5<ref name="allgamereview">{{cite web |url = http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=2481&tab=review |title = EarthBound Review |author = House, Michael L. |website=[[AllGame]] |access-date =May 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114212003/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=2481&tab=review|archive-date=November 14, 2014}}</ref>
| GameZone = 10/10<ref name="GameZone review"/>
| IGN = 9.0/10<ref name="IGN review"/>
| NWR = 9.5/10<ref name="NWR review"/>
| ONM = 90%<ref name="ONM review"/>
| NLife = 10/10<ref name="Nintendo Life review">{{cite web|last=Frear|first=Dave|title=EarthBound Review (SNES)|date=11 Feb 2022|website=Nintendo Life|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/snes/earthbound|access-date=3 Mar 2022|archive-date=March 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304090443/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/snes/earthbound|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
Reviewing the game years after its release, writers described the game as "original" or "unique",<ref name="ONM review" /><ref name="IGN review" /> and praised its script's range of emotions.<ref name="ONM review" /><ref name="IGN review" /> ''IGN''{{'}}s Scott Thompson said the game teetered between solemn and audacious in its dialogue and gameplay, and noted its deviance from RPG tropes in aspects such as choice of attacks in battle. He found the game both "bizarre and memorable".<ref name="IGN review" /> ''[[Official Nintendo Magazine]]''{{'s}} Simon Parkin thought the game's script was its best asset, as "one of the medium's strongest and idiosyncratic storylines" that fluctuated "between humorous and poignant".<ref name="ONM review" /> ''GameZone''{{'s}} David Sanchez thought its script was "clever" and "sharp", as it displayed a wide range of emotions that made him want to talk to all non-player characters.<ref name="GameZone review" /> ''[[GamesTM]]'' wrote that the game designers spoke with their players through the non-playable characters, and noted how Itoi's interests shaped the script, its allusions to popular culture, and its "strangely existential narrative framework".<ref name="GamesTM review" /> Nintendo Life praised the game's touching story, charm and modern-day setting, with minor criticism of the slow pacing.

Critics praised its "real world" setting, which was seen as an uncommon choice.<ref name="ONM review"/><ref name="IGN review"/> Thompson noted its 1990s homage as "a love letter to 20th-century Americana", with a payphone as a save point, ATMs to transfer money, yo-yos as weapons, skateboarders and hippies as enemies, and references to classic rock bands.<ref name="IGN review"/> ''Official Nintendo Magazine''{{'s}} Parkin noted the theme's distance from the "knights and dragons" common to the Japanese role-playing game genre.<ref name="ONM review"/> Thompson noted the game's steep difficulty. He wrote that the beginning was the hardest and that aspects such as limited inventory, experience grinds, and monetary penalties upon death were unfriendly for players new to Japanese RPGs. He also cited the quick respawn time for foes and ultimate need not to avoid battles given the difficulty of bosses.<ref name="IGN review"/>

Reviewers described the game's ambiance as cheery and full of charm.<ref name="GameZone review"/><ref name="IGN review"/> David Sanchez of ''GameZone'' thought the game's self-awareness added to its charm, where the player learned through the game's poking lighthearted fun. He added that the music was an "absolute delight" and complimented its range from space sounds to themes to "bizarre" battle tracks that varied with the enemy type.<ref name="GameZone review"/> ''GamesTM'' wrote that the game's reputation comes from the "consistent ... visual language" in its [[Charles M. Schulz]]-esque character and world design.<ref name="GamesTM review"/> ''Kotaku''{{'s}} [[Jason Schreier]] found the ending unsatisfying and unrelieving, despite finding the ending credits with its character [[curtain call]] and photo album of "fuzzy pickles" moments all "wonderful".<ref name="Kotaku: Trippiest"/>

Thompson wrote that ''EarthBound'' balances "dark Lovecraftian apocalypse and silly lightheartedness", and was just as interesting nearly a decade after its original release. While he lamented a lack of "visual feedback" in battle animations, he felt the game had innovations that still feel "smart and unique": the rolling HP meter and lack of random battles. Thompson also noted that technical issues like animation slowdown with multiple enemies on-screen went unfixed in the rerelease.<ref name="IGN review"/> Parkin found the game to provide a more potent experience than developers with more resources and thought its battle sequences were "sleek".<ref name="ONM review"/> ''Nintendo World Report''{{'}}s Justin Baker was surprised by the "excellent" battle system and controls, which he found to be underreported in other reviews despite their streamlined, grind-reducing convenience. He wrote that some of the menu interactions were clunky.<ref name="NWR review"/> ''GamesTM'' felt that the game was "far from revolutionary", compared to ''[[Final Fantasy VI]]'' and ''[[Chrono Trigger]]'', and that its battle scenes were unexciting. The magazine compared the game's "chosen one" story to a "throwaway ''[[Link's Awakening]]''/''[[The Goonies|Goonies]]'' hybrid narrative".<ref name="GamesTM review"/> Thompson praised Nintendo for digitizing the Player's Guide, though noted that it was technically easier to view it on another tablet rather than switching the Wii U's view mode.<ref name="IGN review"/> Reviewers concluded that the game had aged well.<ref name="USgamer: the deal"/><ref name="GameZone review"/><ref name="ONM review"/><ref name="IGN review"/><ref name="NWR review"/>

==Legacy==
===Acclaim and influence===
''EarthBound'' was listed in ''[[1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die]]'', where Christian Donlan wrote that the game is "name-checked by the video gaming cognoscenti more often than it's actually been played". He called the game "utterly brilliant" and praised its overworld and battle system.{{r|1001 Must Play}} Similarly, ''Eurogamer''{{'s}} Simon Parkin described it as a "sacred cow amongst gaming's cognoscenti".{{r|Eurogamer: M3 review}} Game journalists have ranked ''EarthBound'' among the best Super NES games{{r|IGN: top SNES}} and most essential Japanese role-playing games,{{r|Gamasutra: essential}}{{r|TimeExtension}} and at least three reader polls ranked the game among the best of all time.{{r|Edge: Famitsu|IGN: top 2005|IGN: top 2006}} For a piece about the "top worlds" in video games, ''IGN'' rated ''EarthBound''{{'s}} setting among the best, indelible between its unconventional environments, 1960s music, and portrayal of Americanism.{{r|IGN: top worlds}}

''Kotaku'' described the game "as one of the weirdest, most surreal role-playing games in RPG history".{{r|Kotaku: Trippiest}} Examples include using items such as the Pencil Eraser to remove pencil statues, experiencing in-game hallucinations, meeting "a man who turned himself into a dungeon", and battling piles of vomit,{{r|Kotaku: Trippiest}} taxi cabs, and walking nooses.{{r|IGN: Retro Remix}} David Sanchez of ''GameZone'' wrote that ''EarthBound'' "went places no other game would" in the 1990s or even in the present day, including "trolling" the player "before trolling was cool".{{r|GameZone review}} Localization reviewer Clyde Mandelin described the Japanese-to-English conversion as "top-notch for its time".{{r|Kotaku: Man Who Wrote}} ''1UP.com'' said it was "unusually excellent" for the time.{{r|1UP: Posthumous p1}} ''IGN'' wrote that Nintendo was "dead wrong" for believing that Americans would not be interested in "such a chaotic and satirical world".{{r|IGN: top worlds}} [[Complex Networks|Complex]] included ''EarthBound'' as one of the "Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time", saying the game is "definitely the craziest and one of the most fun RPGs the SNES had to offer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Knight|first=Rich|date=April 30, 2018|title=The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/the-100-best-super-nintendo-games/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Complex|language=en|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109005057/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/the-100-best-super-nintendo-games/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jeremy Parish of ''[[USgamer]]'' called ''EarthBound'' "the all-time champion" of self-aware games that "warp ... perceptions and boundaries" and break the [[fourth wall]], citing its frequent internal commentary about the medium and the final scenes where the player is directly addressed by the game.{{r|USgamer: metatext}}{{refn|group=nb|He thought the final scene was "perhaps the most clever and powerful moment in a clever and powerful game".{{r|USgamer: metatext}}}} ''GamesTM'' said the game felt fresh because of its reliance on "personal experiences" made it "exactly the sort of title that would thrive today as an [[indie games|indie]] hit".{{r|GamesTM review}} He called this accomplishment "remarkable" and credited Nintendo's commitment to the "voices of creators".{{r|GamesTM review}} IGN's Nadia Oxford said that nearly two decades since the release, its final [[Boss (video gaming)|boss]] fight against Giygas continues to be "one of the most epic video game standoffs of all time" and noted its emotional impact.{{r|IGN: 10 MMM}} ''Kotaku'' wrote that the game was content to make the player "feel lonely", and, overall, was special not for any individual aspect but for its method of using the video game medium to explore ideas impossible to explore in  media.{{r|Kotaku: Trippiest}}

The few role-playing games set in real-world settings, ''PC Gamer'' has written, are often and accurately described as having been influenced by ''EarthBound''.{{r|PC Gamer: YIIK}} It was cited as an influence on video games including ''[[Costume Quest]]'';{{r|Gamasutra: CQ|PS Blog: CQ}} ''[[South Park: The Stick of Truth]]'' (via ''[[South Park]]'' creator [[Trey Parker]]);{{r|Polygon: South Park|GamesRadar: South Park}} ''[[Undertale]]'';{{r|PCG Undertale}}<ref name="GameRev cult">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/manifesto/you-should-play-undertale-34989 |title=You Should Play Undertale |last=LaBella |first=Anthony |website=[[Game Revolution]] |publisher=[[CraveOnline]] |date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=January 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151213171935/http://www.gamerevolution.com/manifesto/you-should-play-undertale-34989 |archive-date=December 13, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Contact (video game)|Contact]];''{{r|USgamer: metatext|1UP: Contact}} ''[[Omori (video game)|Omori]]'';{{r|Nintendo Life: Omori}} ''[[Lisa (video game)|Lisa]]'';{{r|RPS: LISA}} ''[[Citizens of Earth]]'';{{r|NWR: Citizens of Earth}} ''[[YIIK: A Postmodern RPG]]'';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/29/12699654/yiik-a-postmodern-rpg-demo-release-date-free-download |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/29/12699654/yiik-a-postmodern-rpg-demo-release-date-free-download| archive-date=2021-11-11|title=Try Y2K: A Postmodern RPG for free next week|first=Allegra|last=Frank|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=August 29, 2016|access-date=January 1, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="PC Gamer: YIIK">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/yikk-a-postmodern-rpg-is-a-psychadelic-indie-earthbound/| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224115749/http://www.pcgamer.com/yikk-a-postmodern-rpg-is-a-psychadelic-indie-earthbound| archive-date=2015-02-24 |title=YIIK: A Postmodern RPG is a psychedelic indie Earthbound|first=Tom|last=Sykes|date=February 22, 2015|work=[[PC Gamer]]|access-date=January 1, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the [[webcomic]] [[Homestuck]];<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-17 |title=What exactly is Homestuck? |url=https://www.resetera.com/threads/what-exactly-is-homestuck.141496/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=ResetEra |language=en-US}}</ref>  and ''Kyoto Wild''.{{r|Gamasutra: Kyoto Wild}} Japanese writer [[Hiromi Kawakami]] told Itoi that she had played ''EarthBound'' "about 80 times".{{r|1101: cancel}}

===Fandom===
{{Main|EarthBound fandom}}
A [[cult following]] for ''EarthBound'' developed after the game's release.{{r|Wired: Lindblom}}<ref name="GameRev cult"/> Colin Campbell of ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]'' wrote that "few gaming communities are as passionate and active" as ''EarthBound''{{'s}},{{r|Polygon: Quash}} and ''[[1UP.com]]''{{'s}} Bob Mackey wrote that no game was as poised to have a cult following.{{r|1UP: Posthumous p1}} IGN's Lucas M. Thomas wrote in 2006 that ''EarthBound''{{'s}} "persistent", "ambitious", and "religiously dedicated collective of hardcore fans" would be among the first groups to influence Nintendo's decision-making through their purchasing power on Virtual Console.{{r|IGN: Retro Remix}} ''[[Digital Trends]]''{{'}}s Anthony John Agnello wrote that "no video game fans have suffered as much as ''EarthBound'' fans", and cited Nintendo's reluctance to release ''Mother'' series games in North America.{{r|Digital Trends: Itoi teases}} ''IGN'' described the series as neglected by Nintendo in North America for similar reasons.{{r|IGN: Retro Remix}} Nintendo president [[Satoru Iwata]] later credited the community response on their online [[Miiverse]] social platform as leading to ''EarthBound''{{'s}} eventual rerelease on their Virtual Console platform.{{r|Polygon: coming to VC}} Physical copies of ''EarthBound'' were hard to find before the rerelease,{{r|Kotaku: Trippiest}} and in 2013, were worth twice its initial retail price.{{r|Wired: Lindblom}}

''Wired'' described the amount of ''EarthBound'' "fan art, videos, and tributes on fan sites like ''EarthBound'' Central or ''[[Starmen.net]]'' as mountainous.{{r|Wired: Lindblom}} Reid Young of ''Starmen.net'' and ''Fangamer'' credits ''EarthBound''{{'s}} popularity to its "labor of love" nature, with a "double-coat of thoughtfulness and care" across all aspects of the game by a development team that appeared to love their work.{{r|1UP: Posthumous p1}} Young started the fansite that would become ''Starmen.net'' in 1997 while in middle school. It became "the definitive fan community for ''EarthBound'' on the web" and had "almost inexplicable" growth.{{r|1UP: Posthumous p1}} ''Shacknews'' described the site's collection of fan-made media as "absolutely massive".{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} It also provided a place to aggregate information on the ''Mother'' series and to coordinate fan actions.{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}}

The ''EarthBound'' fan community at ''Starmen.net'' coalesced with the intent to have Nintendo of America acknowledge the ''Mother'' series.{{r|1UP: Posthumous p1}} The community drafted several thousand-person petitions for specific English-language ''Mother'' series releases,{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} but in time, their request shifted to no demand at all, wanting only their interest to be recognized by Nintendo.{{r|Ars Technica: epic}} A 2007 campaign for a ''Mother 3'' English localization led to the creation of a full-color, 270-page art book—''The EarthBound Anthology''—sent to Nintendo and press outlets as demonstration of consumer interest.{{r|1UP: Posthumous p2}} ''Shacknews'' called it more of a proposal than a collection of fan art, and "the greatest gaming love letter ever created".{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} Upon "little" response from Nintendo, [[Mother 3 fan translation|they decided to localize the game themselves]].{{r|1UP: Posthumous p2}} Starmen.net co-founder and professional game translator Clyde "Tomato" Mandelin led the project from its November 2006 announcement{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} to October 2008 finish.{{r|Kotaku: completed}} They then printed a "professional quality strategy guide" through ''[[Fangamer]]'', a video game merchandising site that spun off from ''Starmen.net''.{{r|1UP: Posthumous p2}} Unlicensed ''EarthBound''-themed merchandise produced by ''Fangamer'' contributors included T-shirts, a pin set and a mug;<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lopez|first1=Alan|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/10/feature_how_fangamer_changed_the_world_of_video_game_merchandise_forever| url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/10/feature_how_fangamer_changed_the_world_of_video_game_merchandise_forever|archive-date=2021-11-11|title=Feature: How Fangamer Changed The World Of Video Game Merchandise Forever|date=October 26, 2019|website=Nintendo Life}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Verge]]'' cited the effort as proof of the fan base's dedication.{{r|The Verge: today}}

Other fan efforts include ''EarthBound, USA'', a full-length documentary on ''Starmen.net'' and the fan community,{{r|IGN: EB USA}} and ''Mother 4'', a fan-produced sequel to the ''Mother'' series that went into production when Itoi definitively "declared" that he was done with the series.{{r|Kotaku: M4 amazing}} After following the fan community from afar, Lindblom came out to fans in mid-2012 and the press became interested in his work. He had planned a book about the game's development, release, and fandom before a reply from Nintendo discouraged him from pursuing the idea. He plans to continue to communicate directly with the community about the game's history.{{r|Polygon: Quash}}{{refn|group=nb|For instance, Lindblom rejected a popular, or infamous, "abortion theory": that the game's final sequence is a metaphor for an abortion,{{r|Kotaku: Man Who Wrote}} with Giygas as the fetus.{{r|Kotaku: Trippiest}} He also provided a floppy disk whose recovered data provided extra context into the game's development errata.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Machkovech |first1=Sam |title='Deleted' Nintendo floppy recovered 26 years later, full of Earthbound secrets |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=2021-06-04 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/06/earthbounds-original-translator-parses-new-game-secrets-found-26-years-later/| url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/06/earthbounds-original-translator-parses-new-game-secrets-found-26-years-later/| archive-date=2021-11-11 |language=en-us |access-date=2021-06-05 |df=mdy-all}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} Books that have been written about ''EarthBound'' include [[Ken Baumann]]'s ''Earthbound'', by [[Boss Fight Books]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bossfightbooks.com/products/earthbound-by-ken-baumann|title=Earthbound by Ken Baumann: New Boss Fight Book on the SNES RPG Classic - Boss Fight Books|access-date=December 27, 2021|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227195116/https://bossfightbooks.com/products/earthbound-by-ken-baumann|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Legends of Localization Book 2: Earthbound'', by Clyde Mandelin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fangamer.com/products/legends-of-localization-book-2-earthbound|title=Legends of Localization Book 2: Earthbound - Fangamer|access-date=December 27, 2021|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227195116/https://www.fangamer.com/products/legends-of-localization-book-2-earthbound|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ness===
{{main|Ness (EarthBound)}}
A variety of merchandise depicting Ness have been produced by [[Nintendo]]; this merchandise includes a figurine<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siliconera.com/earthbound-figures-ness-paula-mr-saturn-coming-japan/|title=Earthbound Figures Of Ness, Paula, And Mr. Saturn Coming Out In Japan|date=July 8, 2014|website=Siliconera|access-date=April 9, 2020|archive-date=December 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220073328/https://www.siliconera.com/earthbound-figures-ness-paula-mr-saturn-coming-japan/|url-status=live}}</ref> and an [[Amiibo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/11/guide_best_amiibo_for_nintendo_switch|title=Guide: Best amiibo For Nintendo Switch|date=November 24, 2019|website=Nintendo Life|access-date=December 18, 2023|archive-date=December 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220073329/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2019/11/guide_best_amiibo_for_nintendo_switch|url-status=live}}</ref> Ness became widely known for his appearance as a playable character throughout the ''[[Super Smash Bros.]]'' fighting game series,{{r|IGN: top SNES}} debuting as a fighter in the [[Super Smash Bros. (video game)|first installment]] in 1999.{{r|IGN: SSB 3DS/Wii U}} Ness's inclusion in the original release was among its biggest surprises,{{r|IGN: Smash Profile}}{{refn|group=nb|Ness's original ''Super Smash Bros.'' spot was actually intended for ''Mother 3'' protagonist Lucas, but the developers later fit Ness into the character design{{r|Nintendo: SSB}} when ''Mother 3'' was delayed.{{r|IGN: evolution}}}} and renewed ''Mother'' series fans' faith in new content from Nintendo.{{r|IGN: Retro Remix}} Ness was one of the game's most powerful characters, according to ''IGN'', if players could perfect his odd controls and psychic powers.{{r|IGN: Smash Profile}} In Europe, which did not see an ''EarthBound'' release, Ness was better known for his role in the fighting game than for his original role in the role-playing game.{{r|ONM: drop Ness}}

Ness returned in the first sequel, ''[[Super Smash Bros. Melee|Melee]]'', alongside an ''EarthBound''-themed item and battle arena.{{r|IGN: Smash Profile}}{{refn|group=nb|''Melee'' players toss [[Mr. Saturn]] items at enemies,{{r|IGN: Smash Profile}} and fight in an arena based on the ''EarthBound'' city of Fourside.{{r|IGN: Melee secrets}}}} Lucas, the protagonist of ''Mother 3'', joined Ness in ''[[Super Smash Bros. Brawl|Brawl]]''.{{r|IGN: Smash final roster|IGN: Smash veterans}}{{refn|group=nb|''Brawl'' also contains the final area from ''Mother 3'' along with items and characters from the game,{{r|NWR: Brawl stages}} and a boss fight against ''Mother 3''{{'s}} antagonist, Porky.{{r|ONM: Porky}}}} Several years after ''Brawl''{{'s}} release, ''[[Official Nintendo Magazine]]'' wrote that Ness was an unpopular ''Smash'' character who should be removed from future installments.{{r|ONM: drop Ness}} However, Ness returned in ''[[Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U]]'' and ''[[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate|Ultimate]]'',{{r|USgamer: bid farewell}} and Lucas was later added to the former as [[downloadable content]].{{r|Polygon: Lucas DLC}}

===Sequels and rereleases===
{{Main|Mother 3|Development of Mother 3|l2=its development}}
In 1996, Nintendo announced a sequel to ''EarthBound'' for the [[Nintendo 64]]: ''Mother 3''{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} (''EarthBound 64'' in North America).{{r|GameSpot: from the dead}}<!--|IGN: Retro Remix--> It was scheduled for release on the [[64DD]], a Nintendo 64 expansion peripheral that used a [[magneto-optical drive]],{{r|1UP: Vapor}} but struggled to find a firm release date{{r|IGN: M3 PUSHED}} as [[Development of Mother 3|its protracted development]] entered [[development hell]]. It was later canceled altogether in 2000{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} when the 64DD flopped.{{r|1UP: Vapor}} In April 2003, a Japanese television advertisement revealed that both ''Mother 3'' and a combined ''[[Mother 1+2]]'' cartridge were in development for the handheld [[Game Boy Advance]].{{r|GameSpot: sequels}} ''Mother 3'' abandoned the Nintendo 64 version's 3D, but kept its plot.{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} It became a bestseller upon its Japanese release in 2006, yet did not receive a North American release{{r|1UP: Vapor}} on the basis that it would not sell.{{r|Digital Trends: Itoi teases}} ''IGN'' described the series as neglected by Nintendo in North America, as ''Mother 1'', ''Mother 1+2'' and ''Mother 3'' were not released outside Japan.{{r|IGN: Retro Remix}}

{{Multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 320
| image1            = The Beatles and Lill-Babs 1963.jpg
| image2            = Chuck Berry Midnight Special 1973.JPG
| footer            = Fans incorrectly suspected music licensing issues from artists such as [[the Beatles]] and [[Chuck Berry]] had impeded ''EarthBound''{{'s}} re-release.{{r|Kotaku: not music}}
}}

When Nintendo launched its digital distribution platform, Virtual Console, for the Wii in 2006, ''IGN'' expected ''EarthBound'' to be among Nintendo's highest priorities for rerelease, given the "religious" dedication of its fanbase.{{r|IGN: Retro Remix}} Though the game was ranked the most desired Virtual Console release by ''[[Nintendo Power]]'' readers, rated for release by the [[ESRB]],{{r|Nintendo Life: ESRB}} and able to be published with little effort,{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} the Wii version did not materialize.{{r|Polygon: Quash}} Many fans believed that music licensing or legal concerns impeded the rerelease.{{r|Kotaku: Man Who Wrote|Shacknews: EarthBotched|Kotaku: not music}} English localizer Marcus Lindblom doubted that the game's music samples were an issue, since they were not a concern during development, and instead hypothesized that Nintendo did not realize the magnitude of the game's popular support and did not consider it a priority project.{{r|Kotaku: Man Who Wrote}} By 2008, it was not apparent that Nintendo of America was considering a rerelease.{{r|Shacknews: EarthBotched}} At the end of 2012, Itoi revealed that the re-release was moving forward,{{r|Digital Trends: Itoi teases}} which was confirmed in a January 2013 [[Nintendo Direct]] presentation.{{r|Polygon: Wii U Japan}}

As part of the anniversary celebrations for the Nintendo Entertainment System and ''Mother 2'' in March 2013, Nintendo rereleased ''EarthBound'' for Japan on the Wii's successor, the Wii U Virtual Console.{{r|Polygon: Wii U Japan}} ''EarthBound'' producer Satoru Iwata soon announced a wider rerelease, citing fan interest on Nintendo's Miiverse social platform.{{r|Polygon: coming to VC}} The July American and European launch included a free, online recreation of the game's original Player's Guide, optimized for viewing on the [[Wii U GamePad]].{{r|Polygon: now available}} The game was a top-seller on the Wii U Virtual Console, and both ''Kotaku'' users and first-time ''EarthBound'' players had an "overwhelmingly positive" response to the game.{{r|Kotaku: Man Who Wrote}} Simon Parkin wrote that its re-release was a "momentous occasion" as the return of "one of Nintendo's few remaining lost classics" after 20 years.{{r|ONM review}} The re-release was one ''GameSpot'' editor's game of the year,{{r|GameSpot: Justin Haywald}} and ''Nintendo Life''{{'s}} Virtual Console game of the year.{{r|Nintendo Life: GOTY 2013}} The [[New Nintendo 3DS]]-specific Virtual Console received the re-release the next year, in March 2016.{{r|3DS}} In September 2017, Nintendo released the [[Super NES Classic Edition]], which included ''EarthBound'' among its games.<ref name="supernesclassic"/> Japan's version of the console however, did not include the game.<ref name="chagrin"/>

In February 2022, Nintendo rereleased ''EarthBound'' worldwide on the [[Nintendo Classics]] service along with its predecessor [[Mother (video game)|''EarthBound Beginnings'']].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Diaz |first1=Ana |title=EarthBound will hit the Nintendo Switch on Feb. 9 |url=https://www.polygon.com/22926231/earthbound-mother-mother-2-nintendo-switch-online |access-date=9 February 2022 |publisher=Polygon |date=February 9, 2022 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001822/https://www.polygon.com/22926231/earthbound-mother-mother-2-nintendo-switch-online |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="1001 Must Play">{{cite book |last=Donlan |first=Christian |editor-last=Mott |editor-first=Tony |chapter=EarthBound |page=254 |title=1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die |year=2010 |location=New York |publisher=[[RCS MediaGroup|Universe]] |isbn=978-0-7893-2090-2 |oclc=754142901}}</ref>

<ref name="1101: cancel">{{cite web |url=http://www.1101.com/nintendo/nin13/nin13_2.htm |access-date=August 30, 2014 |title=『ＭＯＴＨＥＲ ３』の開発が中止になったことについての |language=ja |trans-title=About the development of "MOTHER 3" has been canceled |last1=Itoi |first1=Shigesato |author-link=Shigesato Itoi |date=August 22, 2000 |work=1101.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018163212/http://www.1101.com/nintendo/nin13/nin13_2.htm |archive-date=October 18, 2014 |url-status=live }} [http://yomuka.wordpress.com/2013/08/18/earthbound-64-cancellation-interview-itoi-miyamoto-iwata/ Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104213921/http://yomuka.wordpress.com/2013/08/18/earthbound-64-cancellation-interview-itoi-miyamoto-iwata/ |date=November 4, 2017 }}. [http://starmen.net/eb64/itoi/page1.htm Translated introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111095008/http://starmen.net/eb64/itoi/page1.htm |date=November 11, 2017 }}.</ref>

<ref name="1101: music">{{cite web |url=http://www.1101.com/MOTHER_music/index.html |access-date=July 5, 2014 |title=『MOTHER』の音楽は鬼だった。|language=ja |trans-title=Music of "MOTHER" was a demon |last1=Itoi |first1=Shigesato |author-link=Shigesato Itoi |date=June 16, 2003 |work=1101.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714020027/http://www.1101.com/MOTHER_music/index.html |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215922/http://www.artcorekirbies.fr/perso/mother/suzutana/ Translated into English] by a fan.</ref>

<ref name="1101: trauma">{{cite web |url=http://www.1101.com/MOTHER/07.html |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=『MOTHER』の気持ち。 |language=ja |trans-title=Feeling of "MOTHER" |last1=Itoi |first1=Shigesato |author-link=Shigesato Itoi |date=April 24, 2003 |work=1101.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012143105/http://www.1101.com/MOTHER/07.html |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="1UP: Contact">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/previews/contact_2 |access-date=July 6, 2014 |work=[[1UP.com]] |title=Contact |last=Parish |first=Jeremy |date=April 13, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326132826/http://www.1up.com/previews/contact_2 |archive-date=March 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="1UP: Posthumous p1">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/features/posthumous-cult-favorites-games-endure |access-date=June 28, 2014 |title=Posthumous Cult Gaming |page=1 |last1=Mackey |first1=Bob |date=March 2010 |work=[[1UP.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513150914/http://www.1up.com/features/posthumous-cult-favorites-games-endure |archive-date=May 13, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="1UP: Posthumous p2">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/features/posthumous-cult-favorites-games-endure?pager.offset=1 |access-date=June 28, 2014 |title=Posthumous Cult Gaming |page=2 |last1=Mackey |first1=Bob |date=March 2010 |work=[[1UP.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717043032/http://www.1up.com/features/posthumous-cult-favorites-games-endure?pager.offset=1 |archive-date=July 17, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="1UP: Retronauts 5">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/features/retronauts-earthbound |title=Retronauts 5: Earthbound |last=Parish |first=Jeremy |work=[[1UP.com]] |date=April 13, 2006 |access-date=April 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922053917/http://www.1up.com/features/retronauts-earthbound |archive-date=September 22, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="1UP: Vapor">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3154276 |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=Vapor Trails: The Games that Never Were |last1=Cowan |first1=Danny |date=February 7, 2007 |work=[[1UP.com]] |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426100703/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3154276 |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="3DS">{{Cite web |last1=Karklins |first1=Andrew |title=SNES Games Finally Arriving on the New Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console |work=[[Nintendo Life]] |date=March 3, 2016 |url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2016/03/snes_games_finally_arriving_on_the_new_nintendo_3ds_virtual_console |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2016/03/snes_games_finally_arriving_on_the_new_nintendo_3ds_virtual_console| archive-date=2021-11-11 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}} For information on its exclusivity, see {{Cite web |last1=Buckley |first1=Sean |title=Nintendo makes SNES games exclusive to 'New' Nintendo 3DS |work=[[Engadget]] |date=March 3, 2016 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/03/03/nintendo-makes-snes-games-exclusive-to-new-nintendo-3ds/| url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045141/http://www.engadget.com/2016/03/03/nintendo-makes-snes-games-exclusive-to-new-nintendo-3ds/| archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}} and {{Cite magazine |last1=Miller |first1=Matt |title=Nintendo Explains Why SNES Games Will Only Run On New 3DS |magazine=[[Game Informer]] |date=March 9, 2016 |url=https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2016/03/09/nintendo-explains-why-snes-games-will-only-run-on-new-3ds.aspx| url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2016/03/09/nintendo-explains-why-snes-games-will-only-run-on-new-3ds.aspx |archive-date=2021-11-11 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="Ars Technica: epic">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/10/no-edits-junk-test/ |access-date=June 28, 2014 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |title=Mama's boys: the epic story of the Mother 3 fan translation |last=Caron |first=Frank |date=October 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305014049/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2008/10/no-edits-junk-test/ |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="chagrin">{{Cite web |last1=Ashcraft |first1=Brian |title=It's Strange That Mother 2 Isn't On The Super Famicom Classic |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=June 28, 2017 |url=http://kotaku.com/its-strange-that-mother-2-isnt-on-the-super-famicom-cla-1796476397 |url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://kotaku.com/its-strange-that-mother-2-isnt-on-the-super-famicom-cla-1796476397| archive-date=2021-11-11 |access-date=July 29, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="DHGF: Review">{{cite journal |last=Des Barres |first=Nicholas Dean |title=GameFan 16: EarthBound |journal=DieHard GameFan |number=32 |pages=70–71 |date=August 1995}}</ref>

<ref name="DHGF: Viewpoint">{{cite journal |editor-last=Halverson |editor-first=Dave |title=Viewpoint: EarthBound |journal=DieHard GameFan |number=32 |page=15 |date=August 1995}}</ref>

<ref name="Digital Trends: Itoi teases">{{cite web |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/earthbound-creator-shigesato-itoi-teases-a-re-release-for-his-cult-rpg/ |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=EarthBound Creator Shigesato Itoi Teases a Rerelease for His Cult RPG |last1=Agnello |first1=Anthony John |date=December 21, 2012 |work=[[Digital Trends]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162102/http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/earthbound-creator-shigesato-itoi-teases-a-re-release-for-his-cult-rpg/ |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="DREAM-07">{{cite web |url=http://www.nindori.com/interview/m3/m3int_07.html |access-date=August 31, 2014 |title=Shigesato Itoi Tells All about Mother 3 (Part Two) |page=7 |date=August 2006 |work=[[Nintendo Dream]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226100734/http://www.nindori.com/interview/m3/m3int_07.html |archive-date=February 26, 2015 |url-status=dead }} [http://mother3.fobby.net/interview/m3int_07.html Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207021610/http://mother3.fobby.net/interview/m3int_07.html |date=December 7, 2017 }}</ref>

<ref name="Edge: Famitsu">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/japan-votes-all-time-top-100/ |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Japan Votes on All Time Top 100 |author=Edge Staff |date=March 3, 2006 |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703200432/http://www.edge-online.com/features/japan-votes-all-time-top-100/ |archive-date=July 3, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: M3 review">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/mother-3-review |access-date=September 7, 2014 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |title=Mother 3 Review |last1=Parkin |first1=Simon |date=October 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904181832/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/mother-3-review |archive-date=September 4, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 July">{{cite journal |title=Mother 2 |journal=[[Weekly Famitsu]] |date=July 15, 1994 |page=170 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 June">{{cite journal |title=Mother 2 |journal=[[Weekly Famitsu]] |date=June 19, 1994 |pages=149–153 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="Famitsu: 1994 Sept 9">{{cite journal |title=Interview with Kouji Malta and Satoru Iwata |journal=[[Weekly Famitsu]] |date=September 9, 1994 |pages=72–73 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="Famitsu: Itoi">{{cite journal |title=Interview with Shigesato Itoi |journal=[[Weekly Famitsu]] |date=September 2, 1994 |pages=21–23 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="Famitsu: Suzuki">{{cite journal |title=Interview with Keiichi Suzuki |journal=[[Weekly Famitsu]] |date=October 28, 1994 |page=12 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="Gamasutra: CQ">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/121667/Interview_Double_Fines_Harris__From_Pixar_To_Costume_Quest.php |access-date=July 6, 2015 |work=[[Gamasutra]] |title=Interview: Double Fine's Harris - From Pixar To Costume Quest |last=Nutt |first=Christian |date=October 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708054144/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/121667/Interview_Double_Fines_Harris__From_Pixar_To_Costume_Quest.php |archive-date=July 8, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Gamasutra: essential">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3581/a_japanese_rpg_primer_the_.php?page=10 |access-date=July 6, 2014 |work=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM Tech]] |title=A Japanese RPG Primer: The Essential 20 |page=10 |last=Kalata |first=Kurt |date=March 19, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222210/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3581/a_japanese_rpg_primer_the_.php?page=10 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Gamasutra: Kyoto Wild">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/218245/Finding_comfort_in_a_pet_project_The_Bushido_Bladeinspired_Kyoto_Wild.php |access-date=July 6, 2014 |work=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM Tech]] |title=Finding comfort in a pet project: The Bushido Blade-inspired Kyoto Wild |last=Wawro |first=Alex |date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610030714/http://gamasutra.com/view/news/218245/Finding_comfort_in_a_pet_project_The_Bushido_Bladeinspired_Kyoto_Wild.php |archive-date=June 10, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="GameSpot: Justin Haywald">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/justin-haywald-s-top-10-games-for-2013/1100-6416741/ |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Can I make this a 'top 30'? |last1=Haywald |first1=Justin |date=December 18, 2013 |work=[[GameSpot]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616021154/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/justin-haywald-s-top-10-games-for-2013/1100-6416741/ |archive-date=June 16, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GameSpot: from the dead">{{Cite web |last1=Haywald |first1=Justin |title=6 Games That Came Back From the Dead |work=[[GameSpot]] |date=October 30, 2016 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/6-games-that-came-back-from-the-dead/1100-6444941/| url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/6-games-that-came-back-from-the-dead/1100-6444941/| archive-date=2021-11-11 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="GameSpot: sequels">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/original-earthbound-and-sequels-in-development-for-the-gba/1100-6025116/ |access-date=July 5, 2014 |title=Original Earthbound and sequels in development for the GBA |author=GameSpot Staff |date=April 14, 2003 |work=[[GameSpot]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919123356/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/original-earthbound-and-sequels-in-development-for-the-gba/1100-6025116/ |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GamesRadar: South Park">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/south-park-stick-truth-inspired-earthbound-sounds-really-tough-make/ |access-date=July 6, 2014 |work=[[GamesRadar]] |title=South Park: The Stick of Truth is inspired by Earthbound, sounds really tough to make |last=Gilbert |first=Henry |date=July 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204901/http://www.gamesradar.com/south-park-stick-truth-inspired-earthbound-sounds-really-tough-make/ |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GamesTM review">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamestm.co.uk/reviews/earthbound-review/ |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=Earthbound review |author=<!-- none listed --> |date=October 7, 2013 |work=[[GamesTM]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727030752/http://www.gamestm.co.uk/reviews/earthbound-review/ |archive-date=July 27, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GameZone review">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamezone.com/reviews/2013/09/08/review-earthbound-returns-to-prove-why-it-s-one-of-the-greatest-rpgs-of-all-time |access-date=June 14, 2014 |work=GameZone |title=Review: EarthBound returns to prove why it's one of the greatest RPGs of all time |last=Sanchez |first=David |date=September 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170102/http://www.gamezone.com/reviews/2013/09/08/review-earthbound-returns-to-prove-why-it-s-one-of-the-greatest-rpgs-of-all-time |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: 10 MMM">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/07/23/earthbounds-ten-most-memorable-moments |access-date=July 7, 2014 |title=EarthBound's Ten Most Memorable Moments |last=Oxford |first=Nadia |date=July 23, 2013 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123414/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/07/23/earthbounds-ten-most-memorable-moments |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: anti-piracy">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/29/eight-of-the-most-hilarious-anti-piracy-measures-in-video-games |access-date=May 20, 2015 |title=Eight of the most hilarious anti-piracy measures in video games |last=Davis |first=Justin |date=April 29, 2013 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512193452/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/04/29/eight-of-the-most-hilarious-anti-piracy-measures-in-video-games |archive-date=May 12, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: EB USA">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/04/25/earthbound-documentary-announced |access-date=June 28, 2014 |title=EarthBound Documentary Announced |last=Macy |first=Seth G. |date=April 25, 2014 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626220700/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/04/25/earthbound-documentary-announced |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: evolution">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/06/01/super-smash-bros-evolution?page=3 |access-date=November 16, 2014 |title=SUPER SMASH BROS: EVOLUTION |page=3 |last=Kolan |first=Patrick |date=May 31, 2007 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175658/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/06/01/super-smash-bros-evolution?page=3 |archive-date=December 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: M3 PUSHED">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/23/mother-3-pushed-back |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=MOTHER 3 PUSHED BACK |author=IGN Staff |date=March 22, 2000 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626222943/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/23/mother-3-pushed-back |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Melee secrets">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/12/04/unlock-ssb-melee-secrets |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Unlock SSB Melee Secrets! |author=IGN Staff |date=December 3, 2001 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826040343/http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/12/04/unlock-ssb-melee-secrets |archive-date=August 26, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Retro Remix">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/08/17/retro-remix-round-25 |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=Retro Remix: Round 25 |last=Thomas |first=Lucas M. |date=August 17, 2006 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212907/http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/08/17/retro-remix-round-25 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN review">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/07/24/earthbound-review |access-date=June 8, 2014 |title=EarthBound Review |last=Thompson |first=Scott |date=July 24, 2013 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725182652/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/07/24/earthbound-review |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Smash final roster">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/02/01/smash-it-up-the-final-roster |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Smash It Up! – The Final Roster |last=Thomas |first=Lucas M. |date=February 1, 2006 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105094401/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/02/01/smash-it-up-the-final-roster |archive-date=November 5, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Smash Profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/06/27/smash-profile-ness |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Smash Profile: Ness |author=IGN Staff |date=June 27, 2001 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135106/http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/06/27/smash-profile-ness |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Smash veterans">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/17/smash-it-up-veterans-day |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Smash It Up! – Veterans Day |last=Thomas |first=Lucas M. |date=November 16, 2007 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021723/http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/17/smash-it-up-veterans-day |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: SSB 3DS/Wii U">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/03/nintendo-reveals-secret-smash-bros-fighters-coming-to-wii-u |access-date=November 15, 2014 |title=NINTENDO REVEALS SECRET SMASH BROS. FIGHTERS COMING TO WII U |last=Macy |first=Seth G. |date=October 3, 2014 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113000259/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/03/nintendo-reveals-secret-smash-bros-fighters-coming-to-wii-u |archive-date=November 13, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: top 2005">{{cite web |url=http://microsites.ign.com/kfc/top99games/6.html |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=IGN and KFC Snacker Present Readers' Top 99 Games |date=April 11, 2005 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214045144/http://microsites.ign.com/kfc/top99games/6.html |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: top 2006">{{cite web |url=http://top100.ign.com/2006/031-040.html |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=IGN Readers' Choice 2006 – The Top 100 Games Ever |year=2006 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006223648/http://top100.ign.com/2006/031-040.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: top SNES">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/top/snes-games/13 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |title=EarthBound - #13 Top 100 SNES Games |last1=George |first1=Richard |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101020023/http://www.ign.com/top/snes-games/13 |archive-date=January 1, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: top worlds">{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/top/video-game-worlds/26 |access-date=January 24, 2014 |title=EarthBound - #26 Top Video Game Worlds |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223074038/http://www.ign.com/top/video-game-worlds/26 |archive-date=February 23, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Kotaku: completed">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5065032/mother-3-fan-translation-completed |access-date=June 28, 2014 |work=[[Kotaku]] |title=Mother 3 Fan Translation Completed |last=Fahey |first=Mike |date=October 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020093627/http://kotaku.com/5065032/mother-3-fan-translation-completed |archive-date=October 20, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Kotaku: M4 amazing">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/oh-jeez-mother-4-looks-amazing-and-its-out-next-year-1167578825 |access-date=June 28, 2014 |work=[[Kotaku]] |title=Oh Jeez, The Fan-Made Mother 4 Looks Amazing, And It's Out Next Year |last=Schreier |first=Jason |author-link=Jason Schreier|date=August 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822061058/http://kotaku.com/oh-jeez-mother-4-looks-amazing-and-its-out-next-year-1167578825 |archive-date=August 22, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Kotaku: Man Who Wrote">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/the-man-who-wrote-earthbound-1188669175 |access-date=January 25, 2014 |title=The Man Who Wrote Earthbound |last1=Schreier |first1=Jason|author-link=Jason Schreier |date=August 23, 2013 |work=[[Kotaku]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201135722/http://kotaku.com/the-man-who-wrote-earthbound-1188669175 |archive-date=February 1, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Kotaku: not music">{{Cite web |last1=Schreier |first1=Jason |author-link=Jason Schreier|title=Maybe The Earthbound Delay Wasn't Really For Music Licensing Issues |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=April 19, 2013 |url=http://kotaku.com/maybe-the-earthbound-delay-wasnt-really-for-music-licen-476434126 |url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://kotaku.com/maybe-the-earthbound-delay-wasnt-really-for-music-licen-476434126| archive-date=2021-11-11 |access-date=July 26, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="Kotaku: Trippiest">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/5903445/earthbound-the-trippiest-game-in-rpg-history |access-date=June 15, 2014 |work=[[Kotaku]] |title=Earthbound, The Trippiest Game In RPG History |last=Schreier |first=Jason |author-link=Jason Schreier|date=April 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608165838/http://kotaku.com/5903445/earthbound-the-trippiest-game-in-rpg-history |archive-date=June 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- unused references
<ref name="lucasamiibo">{{Cite web |last1=Goldfarb |first1=Andrew |title=Animal Crossing, Lucas Amiibo Release Date Announced |work=[[IGN]] |date=November 12, 2015 |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/11/12/animal-crossing-lucas-amiibo-release-date-announced |url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/11/12/animal-crossing-lucas-amiibo-release-date-announced |archive-date=2021-11-11 |access-date=July 27, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="Nintendo: Ape/Creatures">{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/nom/0007/taidan2/page01.html |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Interview with Satoshi Tajiri |work=[[Nintendo]] |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817212716/http://www.nintendo.co.jp/nom/0007/taidan2/page01.html |archive-date=August 17, 2014 |url-status=live |quote=Q: 糸井重里さんがＡＰＥ（エイプ）という会社を設立されて、そこに石原さんが移籍されたときのことですね。 田尻>>そう。そのときに、石原さんは「僕が思っていた以上にテレビゲームの世界に魅力を感じているんだ」とわかったんです。だから、僕が「将来ポケモンになるソフト」の企画書をＡＰＥに持っていったのは、石原さんがそこにいたからなんですよ。それで、のちに石原さんが独立してクリーチャーズを設立するっていうときに、本当は二人でパートナーシップを組んでひとつの会社を作らないか、っていう話もあったんです。}}</ref> -->

<ref name="Nintendo: SSB">{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/n01/n64/software/nus_p_nalj/smash/flash/0717/index.html |access-date=July 6, 2014 |script-title=ja:速報スマブラ拳!! : ネス |trans-title=Breaking Fist Smash Bros.:! Ness |language=ja |date=July 17, 2001 |work=[[Nintendo]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818021911/http://www.nintendo.co.jp/n01/n64/software/nus_p_nalj/smash/flash/0717/index.html |archive-date=August 18, 2014 |url-status=live |quote=実は当初、MOTHER3の主人公に変更する予定でしたが、いろいろあって遠回りしながら、元のさやに収まりました。}}</ref>

<ref name="Nintendo Life: ESRB">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2008/05/esrb_update_earthbound_finally_coming_to_virtual_console |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=ESRB Update: EarthBound Finally Coming To Virtual Console! |last1=van Duyn |first1=Marcel |date=May 2, 2008 |work=[[Nintendo Life]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172907/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2008/05/esrb_update_earthbound_finally_coming_to_virtual_console |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Nintendo Life: GOTY 2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/12/game_of_the_year_nintendo_lifes_staff_awards_2013 |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Game of the Year: Nintendo Life's Staff Awards 2013 |last1=Whitehead |first1=Thomas |date=December 30, 2013 |work=[[Nintendo Life]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815161820/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2013/12/game_of_the_year_nintendo_lifes_staff_awards_2013 |archive-date=August 15, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Nintendo Life: Omori">{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/12/earthbound-style-horror-rpg-omori-is-finally-coming-to-switch-after-skipping-the-3ds |access-date=January 7, 2021 |title=EarthBound-Style Horror RPG OMORI Is Finally Coming To Switch After Skipping The 3DS |last=McFerran |first=Damien |date=December 15, 2021 |work=[[Nintendo Life]] |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501103711/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2021/12/earthbound-style-horror-rpg-omori-is-finally-coming-to-switch-after-skipping-the-3ds |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NWR: Brawl stages">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/preview/15263/super-smash-bros-brawl-wii |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Super Smash Bros. Brawl |last1=Gamin |first1=Mike |date=February 12, 2008 |work=Nintendo World Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203303/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/preview/15263/super-smash-bros-brawl-wii |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NWR: Citizens of Earth">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/33656/earthbound-inspired-rpg-citizens-of-earth-targets-wii-u-eshop-next-year |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Earthbound-Inspired RPG Citizens of Earth Targets Wii U eShop Next Year |last1=Malina |first1=Tom |date=March 27, 2013 |work=Nintendo World Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141315/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/33656/earthbound-inspired-rpg-citizens-of-earth-targets-wii-u-eshop-next-year |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NWR review">{{cite web |url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/reviewmini/35025/earthbound-wii-u-vc-snes |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=EarthBound Review Mini |last1=Baker |first1=Justin |date=July 27, 2013 |work=Nintendo World Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628060840/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/reviewmini/35025/earthbound-wii-u-vc-snes |archive-date=June 28, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ONM: drop Ness">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/41762/smash-bros-characters-who-need-to-be-dropped-for-wii-u-and-3ds/?page=3 |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Smash Bros characters who need to be dropped for Wii U and 3DS |last1=East |first1=Thomas |date=September 11, 2012 |work=[[Official Nintendo Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008064951/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/41762/smash-bros-characters-who-need-to-be-dropped-for-wii-u-and-3ds/?page=3 |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ONM: Porky">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/3733/smash-bros-boss-screens/ |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=Smash Bros. Boss Screens |last1=East |first1=Tom |date=March 17, 2008 |work=[[Official Nintendo Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205232/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/3733/smash-bros-boss-screens/ |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="ONM review">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/54657/reviews/earthbound-review-review/ |access-date=June 8, 2014 |title=Earthbound review |last1=Parkin |first1=Simon |date=September 21, 2013 |work=[[Official Nintendo Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164033/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/54657/reviews/earthbound-review-review/ |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="PCG Undertale">{{Cite web |last1=Schilling |first1=Chris |title=The making of Undertale |work=[[PC Gamer]] |date=2018-05-05 |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/the-making-of-undertale/| url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-making-of-undertale/| archive-date=2021-11-11 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-09-19 |df=mdy-all}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: coming to VC">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/4/17/4234492/earthbound-coming-to-virtual-console-in-north-america-and-europe-this |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=EarthBound coming to Wii U Virtual Console in North America and Europe this year |last1=McElroy |first1=Griffin |date=April 17, 2013 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214051054/http://www.polygon.com/2013/4/17/4234492/earthbound-coming-to-virtual-console-in-north-america-and-europe-this |archive-date=February 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: Lucas DLC">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/6/5/8735355/lucas-super-smash-bros-release-date-price-splatoon-outfits |access-date=June 6, 2015 |title=Lucas joins Super Smash Bros. June 14 alongside Splatoon outfits |last=Tach |first=Dave |date=June 5, 2015 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608001356/http://www.polygon.com/2015/6/5/8735355/lucas-super-smash-bros-release-date-price-splatoon-outfits |archive-date=June 8, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: now available">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/7/18/4534898/earthbound-wii-u-virtual-console-release-date-players-guide |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=EarthBound now available on Wii U Virtual Console for $9.99 |last1=Sarkar |first1=Samit |date=July 18, 2013 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129092910/http://www.polygon.com/2013/7/18/4534898/earthbound-wii-u-virtual-console-release-date-players-guide |archive-date=November 29, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: Quash">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2014/1/18/5308416/why-did-nintendo-quash-a-book-about-earthbounds-development |access-date=January 26, 2014 |title=Why did Nintendo quash a book about EarthBound's development? |last1=Campbell |first1=Colin |date=January 18, 2014 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122073849/http://www.polygon.com/2014/1/18/5308416/why-did-nintendo-quash-a-book-about-earthbounds-development |archive-date=January 22, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: South Park">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/7/18/4536822/how-south-park-the-stick-of-truth-got-too-big |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title='South Park' creators explain how The Stick of Truth got too big for its own&nbsp;good |last=McWhertor |first=Michael |date=July 18, 2013 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204119/http://www.polygon.com/2013/7/18/4536822/how-south-park-the-stick-of-truth-got-too-big |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: Wii U Japan">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/1/23/3907188/earthbound-mother-2-wii-u-virtual-console-japan-release-date |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=EarthBound launching on Japanese Wii U Virtual Console in&nbsp;March |last=Sarkar |first=Samit |date=January 23, 2013 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185031/http://www.polygon.com/2013/1/23/3907188/earthbound-mother-2-wii-u-virtual-console-japan-release-date |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="PS Blog: CQ">{{cite web |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2010/10/06/5-inspirations-behind-costume-quest-coming-to-ps3-october-19th/ |access-date=July 6, 2015 |title=5 Inspirations Behind Costume Quest, Coming to PS3 October 19th |last1=Harris |first1=Tasha |date=October 6, 2010 |work=[[PlayStation Blog]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707094422/http://blog.us.playstation.com/2010/10/06/5-inspirations-behind-costume-quest-coming-to-ps3-october-19th/ |archive-date=July 7, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="RPGFan: soundtrack">{{cite web |url=http://rpgfan.com/soundtracks/mother2/index.html |access-date=July 5, 2014 |title=Mother 2: Gigya's Counterattack |last1=Chorley |first1=Vincent |work=RPGFan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725095812/http://rpgfan.com/soundtracks/mother2/index.html |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="RPS: LISA">{{cite web |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2013/11/26/the-sacrificial-limb-lisa-the-painful-rpg/ |access-date=July 6, 2014 |work=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |title=The Sacrificial Limb: LISA – The Painful RPG |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=November 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514185344/http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2013/11/26/the-sacrificial-limb-lisa-the-painful-rpg/ |archive-date=May 14, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="SFM 1992">{{cite journal |title=Mother 2 |journal=Super Famicom Magazine |volume=5 |date=November 10, 1992 |pages=70–71 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="SGP review">{{cite journal |last=Kamikaze |first=Marcelo |editor-last=Barros |editor-first=Rubem |title=SNES: EarthBound |journal=Super GamePower |issn=0104-611X |language=pt |number=16 |pages=26–27 |date=July 16, 1995}}</ref>

<ref name="Shacknews: EarthBotched">{{cite web |url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/52563/earthbotched-a-history-of-nintendo |access-date=July 6, 2014 |title=EarthBotched: A History of Nintendo vs. Starmen |last1=Linde |first1=Aaron |date=May 6, 2008 |work=[[Shacknews]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305031940/http://www.shacknews.com/article/52563/earthbotched-a-history-of-nintendo |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="supernesclassic">{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/super-nes-classic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/https://www.nintendo.com/super-nes-classic| archive-date=2021-11-11|title=Super NES Classic Edition|publisher=[[Nintendo of America, Inc.]]|date=September 29, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="Tilden">{{cite book |url=http://earthbound.nintendo.com |url-status=live | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211111/http://earthbound.nintendo.com| archive-date=2021-11-11 |title=EarthBound Player's Guide |publisher=[[Nintendo of America]] |year=1995 |editor-last=Tilden |editor-first=Gail |page=109}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="TimeExtension">{{cite web |last1=Bell |first1=Lowell |title=Best JRPGs Of All Time |url=https://www.timeextension.com/guides/best-jrpgs-of-all-time |website=Time Extension |publisher=Hookshot Media |access-date=25 February 2023 |date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=September 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921031638/https://www.timeextension.com/guides/best-jrpgs-of-all-time |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="USgamer: bid farewell">{{cite web |url=http://www.usgamer.net/articles/smash-bros-character-cuts |access-date=December 31, 2014 |title=Time to Bid Farewell to these Smash Bros. Characters |last1=Bailey |first1=Kat |date=September 20, 2014 |work=[[USgamer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231235216/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/smash-bros-character-cuts |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="USgamer: metatext">{{cite web |url=http://www.usgamer.net/articles/metatext-separating-the-player-from-the-character |access-date=June 14, 2014 |title=Metatext: Separating the Player from the Character |last1=Parish |first1=Jeremy |date=June 5, 2013 |work=[[USgamer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706084959/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/metatext-separating-the-player-from-the-character |archive-date=July 6, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="USgamer: the deal">{{cite web |url=http://www.usgamer.net/articles/whats-the-deal-with-earthbound |access-date=June 14, 2014 |title=What's the Deal With Earthbound? |last1=Sinclair |first1=Brendan |date=July 19, 2013 |work=[[USgamer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060435/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/whats-the-deal-with-earthbound |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Wired: Lindblom">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/gamelife/2013/07/marcus-lindblom-earthbound/all/ |access-date=January 25, 2014 |title=Octopi! Spinal Tap! How Cult RPG EarthBound Came to America |last1=Meyer |first1=John Mix |date=July 23, 2013 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210173315/http://www.wired.com/gamelife/2013/07/marcus-lindblom-earthbound/all/ |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Verge: today">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/18/4534994/cult-classic-earthbound-launches-today-on-wii-u |access-date=June 15, 2014 |title=Cult classic 'Earthbound' launches today on Wii U |last1=Webster |first1=Andrew |date=July 18, 2013 |work=[[The Verge]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022409/http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/18/4534994/cult-classic-earthbound-launches-today-on-wii-u |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|EarthBound|''EarthBound''}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Prone to spam|date=July 2017}}
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