Editing Earth Simulator

{{Short description|Series of supercomputers for earth sciences}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=October 2017}}

The {{nihongo|'''Earth Simulator''' ('''ES''')|地球シミュレータ|Chikyū Shimyurēta}} is a series of supercomputers deployed at [[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]] Yokohama Institute of Earth Sciences.

== Earth Simulator (first generation) ==
{{Infobox custom computer
| Image           = EarthSimulator.jpg
| Image_Size      = 
| Alt             = 
| Caption         = Earth Simulator (first generation)
| Dates           = 2002–2009
| Sponsors        = 
| Operators       = [[National Space Development Agency of Japan|NASDA]], [[Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute|JAERI]], [[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology|JAMSTEC]]
| Location        = JAMSTEC Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences
| Architecture    = 640 processor nodes (each consists of 8 vector arithmetic processors) interconnected by single-stage crossbar switches
| Power           = 
| OS              = [[SUPER-UX]]
| Space           = {{cvt|65|×|50|m}}
| Memory          = 10 TB total
| Storage         = 
| Speed           = 40 TFLOPS (peak)
| Cost            = 
| ChartName       = [[TOP500]]
| ChartPosition   = 1
| ChartDate       = June 2002
| Purpose         = 
| Legacy          = 
| Emulators       = 
| Website         = 
| Sources         = 
}}
The first generation of Earth Simulator, developed by the Japanese government's initiative "Earth Simulator Project", was a highly parallel vector [[supercomputer]] system for running [[global climate model]]s to evaluate the [[effects of global warming]] and problems in solid earth geophysics. The system was developed for [[JAXA|Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]], [[Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute]], and [[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology|Japan Marine Science and Technology Center]] (JAMSTEC) in 1997. Construction started in October 1999, and the site officially opened on 11 March 2002. The project cost 60 billion [[Japanese yen|yen]].

Built by [[NEC]], ES was based on their [[NEC SX-6|SX-6]] architecture. It consisted of 640 nodes with eight [[vector processor]]s and 16 [[gigabyte]]s of [[computer memory]] at each node, for a total of 5120 [[central processing unit|processor]]s and 10 [[terabyte]]s of memory. Two nodes were installed per 1 metre × 1.4 metre × 2 metre cabinet.  Each cabinet consumed 20&nbsp;kW of power. The system had 700 [[terabyte]]s of [[disk storage]] (450 for the system and 250 for the users) and 1.6 [[petabyte]]s of [[mass storage]] in [[tape drive]]s. It was able to run holistic simulations of global climate in both the atmosphere and the oceans down to a resolution of 10&nbsp;km. Its performance on the [[LINPACK]] benchmark was 35.86 [[TFLOPS]], which was almost five times faster than the previous fastest supercomputer, [[ASCI White]].

ES was the [[TOP500|fastest supercomputer in the world]] from 2002 to 2004. Its capacity was surpassed by [[IBM]]'s [[Blue Gene|Blue Gene/L]] prototype on 29 September 2004.

{|style="margin: 0 auto;"
| [[File:Earth Simulator PB111941.jpg|thumb|upright|Earth Simulator interconnection rack]]
| [[File:Earth Simulator PB111943.jpg|thumb|upright|Earth Simulator processing rack]]
| [[File:Earth Simulator PB111965.jpg|thumb|Earth Simulator arithmetic processing module]]
|}

== Earth Simulator (second generation) ==
{{Infobox custom computer
| Name            = Earth Simulator 2
| Image           = Earth simulator ES2.jpg
| Image_Size      = 
| Alt             = 
| Caption         = Earth Simulator (second generation)
| Dates           = 2009–2015
| Sponsors        = 
| Operators       = 
| Location        = 
| Architecture    = 160 nodes of NEC SX-9E vector computers
| Power           = 
| OS              = [[SUPER-UX]]
| Space           = 
| Memory          = 
| Storage         = 
| Speed           = 131 TFLOPS (peak)
| Cost            = 
| ChartName       = [[TOP500]]
| ChartPosition   = 22
| ChartDate       = June 2009
| Purpose         = 
| Legacy          = 
| Emulators       = 
| Website         = 
| Sources         = 
}}

ES was replaced by the Earth Simulator 2 (ES2) in March 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://insidehpc.com/2009/03/01/japans-earth-simulator-2-open-for-business/ | date = 1 March 2009 | title = Japan's Earth Simulator 2 open for business}}</ref> ES2 is an NEC [[NEC SX-9|SX-9/E]] system, and has a quarter as many nodes each of 12.8 times the performance (3.2× clock speed, four times the processing resource per node), for a peak performance of 131 TFLOPS.  With a delivered LINPACK performance of 122.4 TFLOPS,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://insidehpc.com/2009/06/05/earth-simulator-update-breaks-efficiency-record/ | date = 5 June 2009 | title = Earth Simulator update breaks efficiency record}}</ref> ES2 was the most efficient supercomputer in the world at that point. In November 2010, NEC announced that ES2 topped the Global FFT, one of the measures of the [[HPC Challenge Benchmark|HPC Challenge Awards]], with the performance number of 11.876 TFLOPS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/1011/1702.html | date = 17 November 2010 | title = "Earth Simulator" Wins First Place in the HPC Challenge Awards}}</ref>

{{-}}

== Earth Simulator (third generation) ==
{{Infobox custom computer
| Name            = Earth Simulator 3
| Image           = Earth Simulator 3 PB111936.jpg
| Image_Size      = 
| Alt             = 
| Caption         = Earth Simulator (third generation)
| Dates           = 2015–2021
| Sponsors        = 
| Operators       = 
| Location        = 
| Architecture    = 5120 nodes of NEC SX-ACE
| Power           = 
| OS              = [[SUPER-UX]]
| Space           = 
| Memory          = 
| Storage         = 
| Speed           = 1.3 PFLOPS (peak)
| Cost            = 
| ChartName       = 
| ChartPosition   = 
| ChartDate       = 
| Purpose         = 
| Legacy          = 
| Emulators       = 
| Website         = 
| Sources         = 
}}

ES2 was replaced by the Earth Simulator 3 (ES3) in March 2015. ES3 is a [[NEC SX-ACE]] system with 5120 nodes, and a performance of 1.3 PFLOPS.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/|title=EARTH SIMULATOR|first=JAMSTEC|last=CEIST|website=www.jamstec.go.jp}}</ref>

ES3, from 2017 to 2018, ran alongside [[Gyoukou]], a supercomputer with immersion cooling that can achieve up to 19 PFLOPS.

{|
| [[File:Earth Simulator 3 PB111946.jpg|thumb|Earth Simulator 3]]
| [[File:Earth Simulator 3 PB111950.jpg|thumb|Earth Simulator 3]]
|}

{{-}}

== Earth Simulator (fourth generation) ==
{{Infobox custom computer
| Name            = Earth Simulator 4
| Image           = <!-- Example.jpg -->
| Image_Size      = 
| Alt             = 
| Caption         = 
| Dates           = operational 2021
| Sponsors        = 
| Operators       = 
| Location        = 
| Architecture    = Multi-architecture ([[AMD EPYC]] 7742, [[NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA]], [[Ampere (microarchitecture)|NVIDIA A100]]) interconnected by [[InfiniBand]] HDR200
| Power           = 
| OS              = [[CentOS]] 8
| Space           = 
| Memory          = 
| Storage         = 
| Speed           = 19.5 PFLOPS (peak)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/en/system/system.html#1 |title=System Overview |publisher=JAMSTEC |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> / 13.45 PFLOPS (peak)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://top500.org/system/179927/ |title=Earth Simulator -SX-Aurora TSUBASA - SX-Aurora TSUBASA B401-8, Vector Engine Type20B 8C 1.6GHz, Infiniband HDR200 |publisher=top500.org |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>
| Cost            = 
| ChartName       = [[TOP500]]
| ChartPosition   = 39
| ChartDate       = June 2021
| Purpose         = 
| Legacy          = 
| Emulators       = 
| Website         = 
| Sources         = 
}}

The Earth Simulator 4 (ES4) uses [[AMD EPYC]] processors, with acceleration by the [[NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA]] Vector Engine and [[Ampere (microarchitecture)|NVIDIA Ampere A100]] GPUs.<ref name=jamstec>{{cite web|url=https://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/en/system/system.html|title=Earth Simulator: System Overview|website=[[Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531212458/https://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/en/system/system.html|archive-date=31 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{-}}

==See also==
* [[Supercomputing in Japan]]
* [[Effects of climate change]]
* [[NCAR]]
* [[HadCM3]]
* [[EdGCM]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal
  | first = Tetsuya
  | last = Sato
  | title = The Earth Simulator: Roles and Impacts
  | journal = Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements
 | pages = 102–108
  | volume = 129
  | doi = 10.1016/S0920-5632(03)02511-8
 | year = 2004
| bibcode = 2004NuPhS.129..102S
 }}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.jamstec.go.jp/es/en/}}
* [http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/kids/ ES for kids] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803030618/https://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/kids/ |date=3 August 2022 }}
* {{cite magazine |url= https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934259_1934610_1934628,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title= 2002 Best Inventions |series= Robots & Tech |first= Lev |last= Grossman |author-link=Lev Grossman |date= 18 November 2002 |url-status= live |archive-date= 6 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140306224201/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1934259_1934610_1934628,00.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.ultrasim.info/ |title= Ultrastructure Simulations |date= July 15, 2009 |publisher= [[Krell Institute]] |quote= The U.S. faces a major challenge in scientific computation, the foundation of scientific discovery in the 21st century |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 22, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004708/http://www.ultrasim.info/ }}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|rec}}
{{S-bef|before=[[ASCI White]]<br />7.226 teraflops}}
{{S-ttl
 | title = [[TOP500|World's most powerful supercomputer]]
 | years = March 2002&nbsp;– November 2004
}}
{{s-aft|after=[[IBM Blue Gene|Blue Gene/L]]<br />70.72 teraflops}}
{{S-end}}

{{NEC supercomputers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|35|22|51|N|139|37|34.8|E|display=title|region:JP-14_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}

[[Category:2002 in science]]
[[Category:Effects of climate change]]
[[Category:NEC supercomputers]]
[[Category:Numerical climate and weather models]]
[[Category:One-of-a-kind computers]]
[[Category:Scientific simulation software]]
[[Category:Vector supercomputers]]
[[Category:64-bit computers]]
[[Category:Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology]]