Editing East Liverpool, Ohio

{{other uses|Liverpool (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = East Liverpool, Ohio
|settlement_type          = [[City (Ohio)|City]]
|nickname                 = Pottery Capital of the World, Crockery City
|motto                    = "We're Open for Business"

<!-- Images -->
|image_skyline            = East 5th Street Historic District, East Liverpool, Ohio July 2022.jpg 
|imagesize                = 250px
|image_caption            = [[East Fifth Street Historic District]]
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               =

<!-- Maps -->
|image_map                = Columbiana County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas East Liverpool highlighted.png
|mapsize                  = 260px
|map_caption              = Location of East Liverpool in Columbiana County, Ohio
|pushpin_map              = Ohio#USA
|pushpin_relief           = yes
|pushpin_label            = {{nowrap|East Liverpool}}

<!-- Location -->
|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = State
|subdivision_name1        = [[Ohio]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Columbiana County, Ohio|Columbiana]]

<!-- Government -->
|government_footnotes     = 
|government_type          = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
|leader_title             = Mayor
|leader_name              = Robert J. Smith<ref name="2023 General Election">{{cite web|url=https://www.columbiana.boe.ohio.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Final-Unofficial-Results.pdf|title=2023 General Election Results for Columbiana County|access-date=November 26, 2023}}</ref>
|leader_title1            = Council President
|leader_name1             = John A. Torma<ref name="2023 General Election" />
|established_title        = Founded
|established_date         =1802
|named_for                = [[Liverpool]], England

<!-- Area -->
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 12.68
|area_land_km2            = 12.18
|area_water_km2           = 0.51
|area_total_sq_mi         = 4.90
|area_land_sq_mi          = 4.70
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.20

<!-- Population -->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_est           = 9705
|pop_est_as_of            = 2023
|pop_est_footnotes        = <ref name="2023 est">{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Ohio: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2023/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2023-POP-39.xlsx |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_total         = 9958
|population_density_km2   = 817.86
|population_density_sq_mi = 2118.27
|population_urban         =

<!-- General information -->
|timezone                = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset              = −5
|timezone_DST            = EDT
|utc_offset_DST          = −4
|elevation_footnotes     = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_ft            = 965
|coordinates             = {{coord|40|37|43|N|80|34|19|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type        = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code             = 43920
|area_code               = [[Area code 330|330]], [[Area code 234|234]]
|area_code_type          = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|blank_name              = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS code]]
|blank_info              = 39-23730<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref>
|blank1_name             = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info             = 1085891<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1085891}}</ref>
|blank2_name             = [[School District]]
|blank2_info             = [[East Liverpool City School District|East Liverpool City SD]]
|website                 = http://www.eastliverpool.com/
|footnotes               = 
}}

'''East Liverpool''' is a city in [[Columbiana County, Ohio]], United States. The population was 9,958 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="QuickFacts2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/eastliverpoolcityohio/PST045219 |access-date=September 13, 2021 |website=census.gov |title=QuickFacts: East Liverpool city, Ohio}}</ref> It lies along the [[Ohio River]] at the intersection of Ohio, [[Pennsylvania]] and [[West Virginia]] about {{Convert|30|mi|km|abbr=out}} from both [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]]. The city is most notable for its [[pottery]] industry, which was at one time the largest in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/browse-historical-sites/museum-of-ceramics/ |title=History - Museum of Ceramics |publisher=Ohio History Central |access-date=January 25, 2023 }}</ref>

==History==
{{multiple image
 | align = left
 | direction = vertical
 | image1 = Bird's Eye View of East Liverpool, Ohio Showing Newell Bridge - DPLA - 5c24c2c2bc028c6406d16d4af15aa954 (page 1).jpg
 | caption1 = Bird's eye view of East Liverpool in 1920, with the [[Wayne Six Toll Bridge]] at front
 | image2 = C.C. Thompson Pottery Co. (16255673816).jpg
 | caption2 = C.C. Thompson Pottery {{Circa|1912}}
}}

[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[petroglyphs]] exist in the area surrounding East Liverpool, including on [[Babbs Island]] and near the [[Little Beaver Creek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/indianrocks.htm |publisher=East Liverpool Historical Society |access-date=January 10, 2022 |title=Indian Mounds & Petroglyphs }}</ref> Before the arrival of European Americans, [[Mingo]], [[Lenape]], and [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]] peoples lived in the area until the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] led to the [[Ohio Country]]'s settlement.

The [[Public Land Survey System]] of the United States was established by Congressional legislation in 1785 to provide an orderly mechanism for opening the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement. The ordinance directed the Geographer of the United States, [[Thomas Hutchins]], to survey an initial east–west baseline. Hutchins began in 1786, using as his starting point a stake on the north bank of the Ohio River placed by a 1785 survey team from Virginia and Pennsylvania to fix their common north–south boundary. Hutchins' work, completed in 1787, established the [[Seven Ranges]]. This survey is believed to be "the first mathematically designed system and nationally conducted [[cadastre|cadastral]] survey in any modern country" and is memorialized by the [[Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey]] monument.<ref name=nrhpinv2>{{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Beginning Point / Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey|url={{NHLS url|id=66000606}} |format=pdf |date=December 27, 1974 |first1=Joseph S. |last1=Mendinghall |publisher=National Park Service }}</ref>

East Liverpool traces its founding to 1798 when Irish immigrant Thomas Fawcett purchased 1,100 acres of land along the Ohio River in what was then [[Jefferson County, Ohio|Jefferson County]]. In 1802, he platted the town of St. Clair, named for territorial governor [[Arthur St. Clair]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONQyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA286 | title=History of Columbiana County, Ohio and Representative Citizens | publisher=Biographical Publishing Company | author=McCord, William B. | year=1905 | pages=286}}</ref> It was called Fawcettstown for a time before being renamed Liverpool in 1816, after the port city of [[Liverpool]], England. Over its first few decades, a grist mill, multiple stores, and wharves opened in the town.<ref name="EarlyHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/veryearlyelo.htm |publisher=East Liverpool Historical Society |access-date=January 10, 2022 |title=Very Early East Liverpool, Ohio }}</ref> The first schoolhouse opened in 1820, and the first religious center opened in 1834 when an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] was established on a 4th Street site provided by town developers.<ref name="EarlyHistory" /> Liverpool was incorporated as East Liverpool in 1834 to avoid confusion with [[Liverpool Township, Medina County, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/veryearlyelo.htm | title=ELHistSoc - Very Early East Liverpool, Ohio }}</ref><ref name="EarlyHistory" />

Although [[Pittsburgh]]-based entrepreneurs invested in the town, it was smaller during this period than the nearby towns of [[Lisbon, Ohio|New Lisbon]] and [[Wellsville, Ohio|Wellsville]]. The arrival of English potter James Bennett in 1839 brought the establishment of the first [[bottle kiln]] site in East Liverpool, launching [[East Liverpool, Ohio#Economy|the town's largest industry]] and bringing in multiple waves of Western European immigration throughout the late 19th century.<ref name="EarlyHistory" /> Another large employer outside of the pottery industry was the [[Crucible Industries|Crucible Steel Company]] in nearby [[Midland, Pennsylvania]]. By 1880, East Liverpool had grown to be the largest city in the county, and it reached over 20,000 residents before 1910.<ref name="GR2" />

In 1905, the first city hospital opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/memdates.htm |publisher=East Liverpool Historical Society |access-date=January 10, 2022 |title=Memorable East Liverpool Dates }}</ref> As of 1914, East Liverpool was served by the [[Cleveland Line (Norfolk Southern)|Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Beach |editor1-first=Chandler B. |editor2-last=McMurry |editor2-first=Frank Morton |title=The New Student's Reference Work |date=1914 |publisher=F.E. Compton and Company |location=Chicago |page=577 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:LA2-NSRW-2-0095.jpg |access-date=August 31, 2014 }}</ref> On October 22, 1934, local police and FBI agents led by [[Melvin Purvis]] shot and killed notorious bank robber [[Pretty Boy Floyd]] in a cornfield north of town after Floyd fled East Liverpool, and his body was returned to the town for embalming.<ref>{{cite magazine|url        = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,948770,00.html |archive-url = https://archive.today/20120912042530/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,948770,00.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = September 12, 2012 |title = Letters, Nov. 19, 1979 |magazine       = TIME |publisher = Time Inc. |date = November 19, 1979 |access-date = October 27, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url = https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FL004 |title = Floyd, Charles Arthur (1904–1934) |first = Michael |last = Wallis |publisher = Oklahoma Historical Society |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |access-date = March 29, 2025 }}</ref>

The western downtown area was cleared in the 1960s to make way for the 4-lane expansion of [[Ohio State Route 11]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/HowELgothere.htm |publisher=East Liverpool Historical Society |access-date=January 10, 2022 |title=HOW EAST LIVERPOOL GOT HERE }}</ref> The city reached its peak population of more than 26,000 in 1970, but its pottery industry had already begun to decline by the mid-1960s. As with other industries, production moved to developing countries where labor costs were cheaper. This cost many jobs and, ultimately, population in the [[Upper Ohio Valley]] area, as people moved away in search of work. Many of the city's downtown businesses withdrew to [[strip mall]]s in nearby [[Calcutta, Ohio|Calcutta]] or left the area outright.

In the mid-1990s, the city renovated its downtown district. To improve its urban design, it installed Depression-era lightposts, developed a new center called Devon's Diamond, and reconstructed the old high school's clock tower.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} In 2010, East Liverpool lost its position as the most populous city in the county to [[Salem, Ohio|Salem]] after 130 years and was later withdrawn from being a principal city in the [[micropolitan area]].<ref name="GR2" /> Restoration of two buildings in the [[Diamond Historic District (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Diamond Historic District]] and [[East Fifth Street Historic District (East Liverpool, Ohio)|East Fifth Street Historic District]] began in 2024 as part of a $1.2 million incentive received from the state government.<ref name="jobsohio">{{cite web|url=https://www.salemnews.net/news/local-news/2024/10/dewine-announces-1-2-million-investment-in-east-liverpool/ |title=DeWine announces $1.2 million investment in East Liverpool |author=Garabrandt, Kristi |publisher=Salem News |date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=March 29, 2025 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:East-liverpool-ohio-aerial.jpg|thumb|East Liverpool and vicinity, including [[Chester, West Virginia]]]]

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has an area of {{convert|4.76|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|4.56|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.20|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 25, 2012 }}</ref>

Neighborhoods include:
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
* Beechwood
* Downtown
* East End
* Fisher Park
* Klondyke
* Pleasant Heights
* Thompson
* West End
* Sunnyside
* Jethro
{{colend}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1830= 136
|1840= 503
|1850= 987
|1860= 1308
|1870= 2105
|1880= 5568
|1890= 10956
|1900= 16485
|1910= 20387
|1920= 21411
|1930= 23329
|1940= 23555
|1950= 24217
|1960= 22306
|1970= 26243
|1980= 16517
|1990= 13654
|2000= 13089
|2010= 11195
|2020= 9958
|estyear=2023
|estimate=9705
|estref=<ref name="2023 est"/>
|footnote=Sources:<ref name="GR2" /><ref name="Census1960">{{cite web|title=Number of Inhabitants: Ohio|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf|date=1960|work=18th Census of the United States|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=May 17, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Census1990">{{cite web|title=Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=May 17, 2020}}</ref>
}}

===2010 census===
As of the census<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref> of 2010, there were 11,195 people, 4,601 households, and 2,892 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|2455.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 5,316 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1165.8|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91.7% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.6% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.2% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.2% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.3% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.0% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] people of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 4,601 households, of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 20.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.1% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the city was 37.6 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 26.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

===2000 census===
As of the census<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 13,089 people, 5,261 households, and 3,424 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3,010.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 5,743 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,320.8|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 92.85% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.81% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.24% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.08% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.05% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.21% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.76% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] people of any race were 0.72% of the population.

There were 5,261 households, out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the city the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $23,138, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $27,346 versus $18,990 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,656. About 21.5% of families and 25.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.2% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==

===Pottery industry===
[[File:Chocolate pot MET DP208424 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lotus Ware]] chocolate pot, produced by Knowles, Taylor, & Knowles {{Circa|1890-1910}}]]

The [[Pottery|potteries]] of East Liverpool became the national center of [[ceramic]] toilet and table wares, with 85 firms operating at one time or another making two-thirds of the national output from 1880 to 1950. East Liverpool's pottery district encompasses the city itself and the surrounding towns of [[Chester, West Virginia]]; [[Newell, West Virginia]]; and [[Wellsville, Ohio]]. In 1887, East Liverpool had 21 general ware potteries that employed 2,558 operatives. By 1923 the 17 firms had 7,000 employees and operated 270 kilns, with $25,000,000 in annual output.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gates |first1=William C. |last2=Ormerod |first2=Dana E. |title=The East Liverpool pottery district: Identification of manufacturers and marks |journal=Historical Archaeology |date=1982 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=1–323 |doi=10.1007/BF03374026 |s2cid=163404422 }}</ref> At various times, some of the largest potteries included the [[Goodwin Baggott Pottery]]; Knowles, Taylor & Knowles; Taylor, Smith & Taylor; [[The Hall China Company]]; and [[Homer Laughlin China Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepotteries.org/potworks_wk/067.htm |title=Pottery Works at East Liverpool, Ohio, USA |website=thepotteries.og |date=2010 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/potteryindust.htm |title=The Pottery Industry |publisher=East Liverpool Historical Society |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref>

Englishman James Bennett established the industry in 1839, making use of good transportation and rich local clays. It quickly became the community's leading industry. East Liverpool became known as "The Crockery City". [[Staffordshire Potteries|Potters from  Staffordshire, England]], began pouring into East Liverpool, attracted by higher wages and the prospect of land ownership. By 1879, there were 24 potteries in East Liverpool, nearly all operated by [[English Americans|English immigrants]]. As late as 1900, East Liverpool remained "essentially a transplanted potting town of Englishmen".<ref>William E. Van Vugt. ''British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900''. pp. 135–136, 137.</ref> Until the turn of the century about 85% percent of the population could trace its heritage to England.<ref>Witt, Joan. "[http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/people.htm The People of East Liverpool]". East Liverpool Historical Society.</ref> After the English, the second largest ethnic group in East Liverpool were [[German Americans|German settlers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/people.htm|title = ELHistSoc - the People of East Liverpool}}</ref> From 1870 to 1890, the city more than doubled in population each decade as it attracted new industrial workers with the growth of the pottery industry.

In the mid-19th century, East Liverpool produced most of the [[yellowware]] pottery used in the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lester, Meera |author2=Marsha Janda-Rosenberg |name-list-style=amp |title=Adventures in Mosaics: Creating Pique Assiette Mosaics from Broken China, Glass, Pottery, and Found Treasures|year=2003|publisher=Rockport Publishers|isbn=9781564969996|pages=20}}</ref> Among the most famous of East Liverpool's ceramics was the porcelain known as [[Lotus Ware]]. Produced by Knowles, Taylor & Knowles in the 1890s, this [[Moors|Moorish]]- and [[Persia]]n-influenced artware swept the competition at the 1893 [[World's Columbian Exposition]] in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themuseumofceramics.com/lotus-ware/ |author=Vodrey, Catherine S. |title=Lotus Ware |publisher=The Museum of Ceramics |date=2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906224038/https://www.themuseumofceramics.com/lotus-ware/ |archive-date=September 6, 2017 }}</ref> The [[Museum of Ceramics (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Museum of Ceramics]] in downtown East Liverpool has the world's largest public display of Lotus Ware.

Two potteries continue to operate in the area: the American Mug & Stein Company and the [[Fiesta Tableware Company]], formerly Homer Laughlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/business/starbucks-turns-to-ohio-not-china-for-coffee-mugs.html |title=For Ohio Pottery, a Small Revival |author=Strom, Stephanie |publisher=The New York Times |date=June 11, 2012 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/homer-laughlin-and-hall-china-foodservice-brands-to-join-steelite-international-1029036355?op=1# |title=Homer Laughlin and Hall China Foodservice Brands to Join Steelite International |author=Steelite International |publisher=Markets Insider |date=March 6, 2020 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref> [[Holly Black]]'s ceramic-themed novel ''[[Doll Bones]]'' is set in East Liverpool due to its history in the industry.

===Other businesses===
In 1979, a [[Incineration|toxic waste incinerator]] was proposed in the city's East End neighborhood. Local investors believed the incinerator could be an alternative to the declining ceramics industry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shevory |first1=Thomas |chapter=Introduction: East Liverpool and the Politics of Power |pages=1–30 |id={{Project MUSE|1278452|type=chapter}} |jstor=10.5749/j.ctttv9zz.4 |title=Toxic Burn: The Grassroots Struggle against the WTI Incinerator |date=2007 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4852-8 }}</ref> However, the ambiguity regarding its potential impacts on public health and the environment led to protests against its construction. In 1991, a march against the incinerator's construction resulted in 33 people, including actor [[Martin Sheen]], being arrested for trespassing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/10/14/Actor-arrested-in-waste-site-protest/7981687412800/ |title=Actor arrested in waste site protest |publisher=UPI |date=October 14, 1991 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.enquirer.com/columns/kiese/1999/10/17/jki_for_pacifist_martin.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908045312/http://www.enquirer.com/columns/kiese/1999/10/17/jki_for_pacifist_martin.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2012 |title=For a pacifist, Martin Sheen plays a pretty good president |date=October 17, 1999 |newspaper=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]}}</ref> Despite a pledge from Vice President [[Al Gore]] that the Clinton administration would prevent the incinerator from opening until its compliance with state and federal regulations was confirmed,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1993/06/22/gore-loses-his-balance/0923762e-6503-4eb5-80ef-01281014751b/ |title=Gore Loses His 'Balance' |author=McCarthy, Coleman |publisher=The Washington Post |date=June 21, 1993 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref> the plant was completed in 1992 and began operating as Waste Technologies Industries the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2015/8/18/1396318/-Welcome-to-East-Liverpool-Ohio-home-of-one-of-the-world-s-largest-hazardardous-waste-incinerators |title=Welcome to East Liverpool, Ohio, home of one of the world's largest hazardous waste incinerators |author=Vargo, Samuel |publisher=Daily Kos |date=August 18, 2015 |access-date=March 30, 2025 }}</ref> In 2005, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] declared the area surrounding the incinerator and the S.H. Bell Company's metal facility a "potential [[environmental justice]] area".<ref name=Greene2015/>

In 2008, concerns were raised about toxic particles affecting East Liverpool residents' health, particularly [[manganese]], which was found in high concentrations.<ref name="ATSDR East Liverpool">{{cite web |title=High Levels of Manganese in the East Liverpool air in Ohio |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/east_liverpool/ |website=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |date=January 26, 2021 }}</ref> East Liverpool residents were found to have higher than normal levels of manganese, cadmium, and lead in their blood,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Kaitlin Vollet |last2=Sucharew |first2=Heidi |last3=Dietrich |first3=Kim N. |last4=Parsons |first4=Patrick J. |last5=Palmer |first5=Christopher D. |last6=Wright |first6=Robert |last7=Amarasiriwardena |first7=Chitra |last8=Smith |first8=Donald R. |last9=Haynes |first9=Erin N. |title=Co-exposure to manganese and lead and pediatric neurocognition in East Liverpool, Ohio |journal=Environmental Research |date=November 2021 |volume=202 |pages=111644 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2021.111644 |pmid=34246641 |pmc=8578304 |bibcode= 2021ER....20211644M}}</ref> and the community was considered to be in a health crisis due to the presence of these toxic elements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Yangho |last2=Lobdell |first2=Danelle T. |last3=Wright |first3=Chris W. |last4=Gocheva |first4=Vihra V. |last5=Hudgens |first5=Edward |last6=Bowler |first6=Rosemarie M. |title=Blood Metal Concentrations of Manganese, Lead, and Cadmium in Relation to Serum Ferritin Levels in Ohio Residents |journal=Biological Trace Element Research |date=May 2015 |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |id={{ProQuest|1671990287}} |doi=10.1007/s12011-014-0223-1 |pmid=25578336 |bibcode=2015BTER..165....1K |s2cid=17844438 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowler |first1=Rosemarie M. |last2=Kornblith |first2=Erica S. |last3=Gocheva |first3=Vihra V. |last4=Colledge |first4=Michelle A. |last5=Bollweg |first5=George |last6=Kim |first6=Yangho |last7=Beseler |first7=Cheryl L. |last8=Wright |first8=Chris W. |last9=Adams |first9=Shane W. |last10=Lobdell |first10=Danelle T. |title=Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with cognitive functions |journal=NeuroToxicology |date=July 2015 |volume=49 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.004 |pmid=26096496 |pmc=4803288 |bibcode=2015NeuTx..49..139B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowler |first1=Rosemarie M. |last2=Beseler |first2=Cheryl L. |last3=Gocheva |first3=Vihra V. |last4=Colledge |first4=Michelle |last5=Kornblith |first5=Erica S. |last6=Julian |first6=Jaime R. |last7=Kim |first7=Yangho |last8=Bollweg |first8=George |last9=Lobdell |first9=Danelle T. |title=Environmental exposure to manganese in air: Associations with tremor and motor function |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=January 2016 |volume=541 |pages=646–654 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.084 |pmid=26437342 |pmc=4803294 |bibcode=2016ScTEn.541..646B }}</ref> Government agencies worked with S.H. Bell Company to decrease the toxic metals being released into the surrounding air and land, and from 2006 to 2013 air quality improved. In 2014, hazardous and toxic particles in air quality assessments increased.<ref>{{cite web |last1=US EPA |first1=REG 05 |title=East Liverpool, Ohio and Glasgow Borough, Pennsylvania– Air Monitoring Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/oh/east-liverpool-ohio-and-glasgow-borough-pennsylvania-air-monitoring-data |website=www.epa.gov |language=en |date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> Activism to reduce the toxic waste began.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|215338272}} |title=Trump card in the environmental fight: The children |journal=National Catholic Reporter |location=Kansas City |volume=30 |issue=16 |date=February 18, 1994 |pages=36 }}</ref><ref name=Greene2015>{{cite web |last1=Greene |first1=Kristian Winfield, Ronnie |title=Residents of Ohio town see 'environmental justice' as empty promise |url=https://publicintegrity.org/environment/residents-of-ohio-town-see-environmental-justice-as-empty-promise/ |website=Center for Public Integrity |date=August 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Arts and culture==
[[File:Museum of Ceramics, East Liverpool, Ohio July 2022.jpg|thumb|The former East Liverpool Post Office, built in 1909, now houses the [[Museum of Ceramics (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Museum of Ceramics]].]]

Since 1970, the annual Tri-State Pottery Festival in June has celebrated the local ceramics industry with local pottery exhibits, games, amusement rides, food vendors, and live entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2022/06/52nd-annual-tri-state-pottery-festival-begins-today/ |title=52nd annual Tri-State Pottery Festival begins today |author=Lehman, Liz |publisher=[[The Review (East Liverpool)|The Review]] |date=June 16, 2022 |access-date=January 17, 2023 }}</ref> Starting in 2021, the First Fridays on Fifth event series has taken place on the first Friday of each month from May to October, hosting local crafts, musicians, and food vendors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohio.org/festivals-and-events/events/first-fridays-on-fifth |title=First Fridays on Fifth |publisher=TourismOhio |access-date=January 17, 2023 }}</ref>

===Library===
{{main|Carnegie Public Library (East Liverpool, Ohio)}}

The [[Carnegie Public Library (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Carnegie Public Library]] was funded by [[industrialist]] and [[philanthropy|philanthropist]] [[Andrew Carnegie]], whose uncle lived in East Liverpool. Along with the [[Steubenville, Ohio|Steubenville]] library, it was the first of the [[Carnegie library|Carnegie libraries]] in Ohio.<ref name=CPLWebsite>{{cite web|title=A More Complete History |url=http://www.carnegie.lib.oh.us/content/more-complete-history |work=Carnegie Public Library; East Liverpool, Ohio |publisher=Carnegie Public Library |accessdate=January 17, 2023 }}</ref> Designed by the local A. W. Scott, it was built with Roman mottled buff-brown brick trimmed with white tile, with construction starting in 1900.<ref name=CPLWebsite /> The lobby is of ceramic mosaic, the wainscoting of Italian marble and the solid brass hardware. The library opened on May 8, 1902, with Gertrude A. Baker of [[Mount Vernon, Ohio]] serving as its first librarian. The library underwent two renovations over the 1950s and early 1990s.<ref name=CPLWebsite />

===Historic places===
[[File:Richard L. Cawood Residence, East Liverpool.jpg|thumb|The [[Richard L. Cawood Residence]] (1923) is an example of [[Renaissance architecture]] and one of numerous city buildings on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].]]

Due to being the home of a large industry with many wealthy business owners, 16 different properties and three historic districts are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], in addition to the [[Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey]], the only [[National Historic Landmark]] in Columbiana County.<ref name="National Park Service">{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm|title=National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions|access-date=November 3, 2019}}</ref>

The [[Diamond Historic District (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Diamond Historic District]] is at the [[Diamond interchange|one-sided traffic diamond]] between Market Street and East Sixth Street. The area is triangular, bounded by three roads. Buildings at the Diamond date back to 1884.<ref>{{cite book|title=American Biography: A New Cyclopedia; Volume 11|year=1922|publisher=American historical society|pages=172|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWoKAQAAMAAJ&q=%22the+Diamond%22+%22East+Liverpool%2C+Ohio%22&pg=PA172|editor=Cutter, William Richard|access-date=May 24, 2012}}</ref> The [[East Fifth Street Historic District]] consists of three blocks of downtown East Liverpool along East Fifth street between Market Street and Broadway, listed due to its examples of [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref> [[East Liverpool Downtown Historic District]] covers the whole of downtown in 22 acres, and is noted for its [[Italianate]] and [[Napoleon III style#Architecture|Second Empire architecture]] as well as its prominence as a commercial center in East Liverpool's history.<ref name="nris" />

Many historic properties in East Liverpool were the homesteads of prominent business owners throughout the late 19th century. These include the [[Cassius Clark Thompson House]] (1876), [[Ikirt House]] (1888), [[Homer Laughlin House]] (1882), [[Godwin-Knowles House]] (1890), and the [[Richard L. Cawood Residence]] (1923), all of unique architectural styles.<ref name="National Park Service" />

The remaining structures on the listing are large, multi-story businesses that had historical significance in East Liverpool's economy and community during the 20th century, such as the original [[Museum of Ceramics (East Liverpool, Ohio)|East Liverpool Post Office]] (1909), [[Goodwin Baggott Pottery]] (1844), [[Carnegie Public Library (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Carnegie Public Library]] (1902), the original [[YMCA (East Liverpool, Ohio)|YMCA]] (1913), the Civil Works Administration [[City Hall (East Liverpool, Ohio)|City Hall]] (1934), the [[Elks Club (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Elks Club]] building (1916), [[Odd Fellows Temple (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Odd Fellows Temple]] (1907), [[Mary A. Patterson Memorial]] building (1924), [[Potters Savings and Loan]] (1904), the first [[Potters National Bank]] (1881), and the [[Travelers Hotel]] (1907).<ref name="National Park Service" />

==Sports and recreation==
There are two public parks within East Liverpool city limits. Thompson Park was established after composer [[Will Lamartine Thompson]] donated 100 acres of land to the city in 1899.<ref>[http://www.thompsonpark.org/about.html]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315052356/http://www.thompsonpark.org/about.html|date=March 15, 2012}}</ref> It opened in 1900 as a green space to get away from the industry of the city.<ref name="eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org"/> It has been open ever since, and amenities include picnic pavilions, a swimming pool, a football field, a baseball field, a disc golf course, a playground and walking trails. The Broadway Wharf on the [[Ohio River]] includes a small public park and boat launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://businessjournaldaily.com/east-liverpools-broadway-wharf-gets-a-facelift/ |title=East Liverpool's Broadway Wharf Gets a Facelift |author=Bobby-Gilbert, Jo Ann |publisher=The Business Journal |date=July 29, 2019 |access-date=January 19, 2023 }}</ref>

The [[Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail]], which commemorates the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] of 1804 to 1806, passes through East Liverpool.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2024/05/new-signs-to-go-up-in-el-highlighting-lewis-and-clark-trail/ |title=New signs to go up in EL highlighting Lewis and Clark Trail |author=Garabrandt, Kristi R. |publisher=[[Morning Journal]] |date=May 22, 2024 |access-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref>

The semipro [[East Liverpool Potters]] basketball team of the [[Central Basketball League]] played in the city from 1906 to 1909,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apbr.org/cbl0612.html |title=Central Basketball League Standings |author1=Grasso, John |author2=Bradley, Robert |publisher=Association for Professional Basketball Research |access-date=March 29, 2025 }}</ref> and an [[East Liverpool Potters (baseball)|East Liverpool Potters]] [[minor league baseball]] club was fielded from 1906 to 1912.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/OPbaseball.htm |title=The O&P Baseball League and other Baseball History in Early ELO |publisher=East Liverpool Historical Society |access-date=March 29, 2025 }}</ref> The East Liverpool Country Club has a 9-hole golf course designed by [[Willie Park, Jr.]], that opened on July 14, 1921.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elcountryclub.org/ |title=East Liverpool Country Club |access-date=January 19, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohiogolf.org/clubs/east-liverpool-country-club-east-liverpool-oh |title=East Liverpool Country Club |publisher=Ohio Golf Association |access-date=March 29, 2025 }}</ref>

==Government==
[[File:City Hall, East Liverpool, Ohio July 2022.jpg|thumb|[[City Hall (East Liverpool, Ohio)|City Hall]] was built in 1934 as a project of the [[Civil Works Administration]].]]

East Liverpool operates under a [[mayor–council government]]. Eight council members are elected as a legislature for 2-year terms, comprising four separate wards, three at-large districts, and a council president.<ref name="2023 General Election" /> In addition, an independently elected mayor serves as an executive.<ref name="2023 General Election" /> As of 2024, the mayor is Robert J. Smith and the council president is John A. Torma.<ref name="2023 General Election" /> The mayor, auditor, treasurer, and law director are all elected to 4-year terms.

==Education==
Children in East Liverpool are served by the public [[East Liverpool City School District]], which includes two elementary schools, one middle school, and [[East Liverpool High School|East Liverpool Junior/Senior High School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904391 |title=District Directory Information - East Liverpool City |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |date=2023–2024 |access-date=January 19, 2023 }}</ref> Private schools include East Liverpool Christian School and two online schools, Buckeye Online School for Success and Quaker Digital Academy, which are based downtown.<ref name="jobsohio" /> St. Aloysius School was a Catholic school in the [[Diocese of Youngstown]] that operated in the city from 1885 to 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reviewonline.com/news/local-news/2015/04/after-130-years-st-aloysius-school-will-close/ |title=After 130 years, St. Aloysius School will close |publisher=[[The Review (East Liverpool)|The Review]] |date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=January 19, 2023 }}</ref>

[[Kent State University at East Liverpool]], a satellite campus of [[Kent State University]], was established in 1965. In tandem with [[Kent State University at Salem|Kent State Salem]], more than 20 post-secondary degrees are offered, including 12 bachelor's degrees.<ref name=Campuses>{{cite web|title=Campuses |url=http://www.kent.edu/campuses/index.cfm |year=2012 |work=Kent.edu |publisher=Kent State University |accessdate=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125014428/http://www.kent.edu/campuses/index.cfm |archivedate=January 25, 2012 }}</ref> [[New Castle School of Trades]] opened a downtown campus in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.morningjournalnews.com/news/local-news/2016/11/trade-school-unveils-east-liverpool-campus/ |title=Trade school unveils East Liverpool campus |author=Huba, Stephen |publisher=Morning Journal |date=November 12, 2016 |access-date=March 29, 2025 }}</ref>

==Media==
East Liverpool was once home to several newspapers in the 1800s, but most were consolidated into ''[[The Review (East Liverpool)|The Review]]'', which today serves chiefly southern Columbiana County and northern Hancock County. Additionally, the ''[[Morning Journal]]'' out of [[Lisbon, Ohio|Lisbon]] reports in the area.

The radio station [[WOHI]] 1490 AM has broadcast from the city since December 1, 1949, and is marketed as a [[classic hits]] station. The city also had a station on the FM dial 104.3, [[WOGI]], but its license was moved to [[Moon Township, Pennsylvania]], in 2000 and now serves the Pittsburgh radio market. Both stations were launched by the former East Liverpool Broadcasting Company.<ref>{{cite news| title = WOHI-FM First Air Date & Ownership| publisher = Broadcasting Yearbook| year = 1960| pages = A-207| url = http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1960/B%202%20Radio%20Yearbook%201960.pdf| access-date = August 17, 2012}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Jennings Randolph Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Jennings Randolph Bridge]] connects to West Virginia via [[U.S. Route 30]].]]

[[U.S. Route 30 in Ohio|U.S. Route 30]] passes through East Liverpool before entering [[West Virginia]]. Within the city, it is concurrent with [[Ohio State Route 11|State Route 11]] and [[Ohio State Route 7|State Route 7]], forming a four-lane divided highway with limited access. As the highway reaches downtown, it encounters an interchange where SR 7 exits toward [[Wellsville, Ohio|Wellsville]], and [[Ohio State Route 39|State Route 39]] joins the concurrency. The combined U.S. 30, SR 11, and SR 39 route then curves eastward, running parallel to the [[Ohio River]] and [[Norfolk Southern Railway]] tracks. At the final interchange, SR 39 continues eastward through the East End neighborhood and the [[Pennsylvania]] state line, while U.S. 30 crosses the Ohio River via the [[Jennings Randolph Bridge]] into West Virginia. SR 11 terminates at the state line.<ref name="ODOT">{{Ohio road map|year=2015 |access-date=March 29, 2025 }}</ref>

[[Ohio State Route 267|State Route 267]] begins in downtown East Liverpool, ascending a hill toward the Pleasant Heights neighborhood before continuing into the community of [[La Croft, Ohio|La Croft]].<ref name="ODOT" />

Since the 1890s, East Liverpool and the West Virginia communities of [[Chester, West Virginia|Chester]] and [[Newell, West Virginia|Newell]] have been connected by three different bridges spanning the Ohio River. The first Chester Bridge connected College Street in East Liverpool with 1st Street in Chester from 1896 to 1969 and carried U.S. Route 30. The bridge was demolished in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/chesbridge.htm |title=ELHistSoc -The Original Chester Bridge |website=www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910124756/http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/chesbridge.htm |archive-date=September 10, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was replaced by the Jennings Randolph Bridge, which opened in 1977 and carries U.S. 30.<ref name="eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org"/> The [[Wayne Six Toll Bridge]], formerly Newell Bridge, was built in 1905 and connects West 5th Street near East Liverpool City Hospital with [[West Virginia State Route 2]]. It is the only privately owned toll bridge on the Ohio River.<ref name="eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org">{{cite web|author=Judith A Allison, Webmaster@eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org |url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/memdates.htm |title=ELHistSoc – Memorable East Liverpool Dates |publisher=Eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org |access-date=September 28, 2013}}</ref>

==Notable people==
<!-- people without articles WILL BE REMOVED. If they're notable enough to have an article, they're notable enough to be on this list. Please keep this list alphabetized. -->
* [[Dan Adkins]], comic book artist for [[Marvel Comics]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shuba |title=East Liverpool, Hamlin have unique relationship |url=https://www.weirtondailytimes.com/news/local-news/2015/01/east-liverpool-hamlin-have-unique-relationship/ |website=The Weirton Daily Times |access-date=March 17, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Bernie Allen]], former [[Major League Baseball]] second baseman
* [[Dick Booth (American football)|Dick Booth]], former [[National Football League]] halfback
* [[Less Browne]], former [[United States Football League]] and [[Canadian Football League]] defensive back
* [[John Caparulo]], stand-up comedian 
* [[Jane Louise Curry]], children's novel author
* [[Ben Feldman (insurance salesman)|Ben Feldman]], prolific life insurance salesman
* [[Benedict Charles Franzetta]], former Catholic bishop
* [[John Godwin (baseball)|John Godwin]], former [[Major League Baseball]] player
* [[Lou Holtz]], author, television commentator, motivational speaker, and former [[NCAA]] football coach
* [[George P. Ikirt]], physician and [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]]
* [[John Leslie (director)|John Leslie]], [[pornographic film]] actor, director, and producer
* [[Bob McFadden]], voice actor
* [[O. O. McIntyre]], columnist of ''New York Day by Day''
* [[Hy Myers]], former [[Major League Baseball]] player for the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]]
* [[Seth Neiman]], [[computer industry]] businessperson, [[venture capitalist]] and professional [[racing driver]]
* [[Craig Newbold]], member of the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] from the 1st district
* [[Sally Johnston Reid]], composer, educator and former president of the [[International Alliance for Women in Music]]
* [[Elaine Riley]], actress with [[Paramount Pictures]]
* [[Ruth Crawford Seeger]], composer and first woman to receive the Guggenheim Fellowship
* [[George Smith (Missouri politician)|George Smith]], [[List of lieutenant governors of Missouri|13th]] [[lieutenant governor of Missouri]]<ref name="Herald">{{cite news |date=July 21, 1881 |title=Rest At Last: Death of Ex-Governor George Smith |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74483623/rest-at-last/ |work=[[St. Joseph Weekly Herald]] |location=St. Joseph, MO |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
* [[Josh Stansbury]], [[Mixed martial arts|mixed martial artist]], former [[UFC]] [[light heavyweight]] division fighter
* [[Josiah Thompson]], author of ''Six Seconds in Dallas''
* [[Will Lamartine Thompson]], composer of [[hymns]] and [[gospel music]]
* [[Norm Van Lier]], former [[National Basketball Association]] point guard
* [[Jabez Vodrey]], prominent early potter
* [[Peter Wooley]], former Hollywood film producer and [[Emmy Award]]-nominated art director

==Sister cities==
East Liverpool has one [[Sister cities|sister city]]:

*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Stoke-on-Trent]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=East Liverpool High School Sports History Trivia|url=http://www.eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org/ELHSchsptriv.htm|website=eastliverpoolhistoricalsociety.org|publisher=East Liverpool Historical Society|access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news |last1=Adler |first1=Jerry |title=It's Not Easy Being Green |url=https://www.newsweek.com/its-not-easy-being-green-195432 |work=Newsweek |date=December 27, 1992 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gates |first1=William C. |last2=Ormerod |first2=Dana E. |title=East Liverpool Pottery District: Identification of Manufacturers and Marks, 1840-1970 |journal=Historical Archaeology |date=1982 |volume=16 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–358 |doi=10.1007/BF03374026 |jstor=25615422 |s2cid=163404422 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Arthur |title=Toxic-waste incinerator in the backyard: White House and church steer clear in Ohio |work=National Catholic Reporter |date=February 18, 1994 |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Toxic-waste+incinerator+in+the+backyard%3a+White+House+and+church+steer...-a014878916 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|East Liverpool, Ohio}}
* {{official website|http://www.eastliverpool.com/|name=Official City of East Liverpool website}}
* [http://www.elchamber.com/ East Liverpool Area Chamber of Commerce]

{{Columbiana County, Ohio}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:East Liverpool, Ohio| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Columbiana County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Ohio populated places on the Ohio River]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1796]]
[[Category:1796 establishments in the Northwest Territory]]
[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]