Editing Edward Braddock

{{Short description|Army general from Great Britain (1695–1755)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Edward Braddock
| honorific_prefix = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| image         = Braddock.png
| image_size    = 
| caption       = General Edward Braddock (note: the accuracy of this portrait has been widely challenged; no image of Braddock prior to his death has ever been found or is known to exist){{fact|date=August 2024}}
| nickname      = 
| birth_date    = January 1695
| birth_place   = London, England
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1755|07|13|1695|01|df=yes}}
| death_place   = [[Battle of Fort Necessity|Great Meadows]], [[North America]] (present-day [[Farmington, Pennsylvania]])
| placeofburial = [[Fort Necessity National Battlefield]]
| allegiance    = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| branch        = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| serviceyears  = 1710–1755
| rank          = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| unit          = [[Coldstream Guards]]
| commands      = Expedition to [[Braddock Expedition|Fort Duquesne]]
| battles       = {{tree list}}
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]]
* [[French and Indian War]] 
** [[Battle of the Monongahela]]{{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = 
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = 
}}
'''Edward Braddock''' (January 1695 – 13 July 1755) was a British officer and commander-in-chief for the Thirteen Colonies during the start of the [[French and Indian War]] (1754–1763), the North American front of what is known in Europe and Canada as the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). He is remembered for his command of a [[Braddock Expedition|disastrous expedition]] against the French-occupied [[Ohio River Valley]] in 1755 which led to his death.

==Early career==
Born in 1695 as the son of Major-General Edward Braddock of the [[Coldstream Guards]] and his wife,<ref name=odnb/> Braddock followed his father into the British army. At the age of 15, he was appointed [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in his father's regiment on 11 October 1710. He was promoted to lieutenant of the [[grenadier]] company in 1716. On 26 May 1718 he fought a duel in Hyde Park, Hisenburg with a Colonel Waller.

Braddock was promoted to captain in 1736, at the age of 41. He made major in 1743, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the regiment on 21 November 1745.

He participated in the [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1747)|Siege of Bergen op Zoom]] in 1747. On 17 February 1753, Braddock was appointed [[colonel of the regiment|colonel]] of the [[14th Regiment of Foot]], and in the following year he was promoted [[major-general (British Army)|major-general]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Cannon |author-link=Richard Cannon |title=Historical Record of the Fourteenth, or the Buckinghamhire Regiment of Foot |location=London |year=1845 |url=https://archive.org/stream/recordoffourteen00canniala#page/96/mode/1up |page=96 |publisher=[[Parker Publishing Company, Inc.]]}}</ref>

==North America==
{{further|Great Britain in the Seven Years War}}
{{Campaignbox French and Indian War}}

Appointed shortly afterward to command against the [[French and Indian War|French]] in [[North America|America]], Braddock landed with two regiments of British regulars on 20 February 1755 in [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]], in the [[colony of Virginia]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB |entry=Edward Braddock |first=Paul E. |last=Kopperman |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/3170}}</ref> He met with several of the colonial governors at the [[Congress of Alexandria]] on 14 April and was persuaded to undertake vigorous actions against the French.<ref name=odnb/> The attack would proceed on four fronts: a general from Massachusetts would attack at [[Fort Niagara]], General [[William Johnson (1715-1774)|William Johnson]] would attack [[Fort Saint-Frédéric]] at [[Fort Crown Point|Crown Point]], Colonel [[Robert Monckton]] at [[Battle of Fort Beausejour|Fort Beausejour]] on the [[Bay of Fundy]], while Braddock himself would lead an [[Braddock Expedition|expedition]] against [[Fort Duquesne]] (now Pittsburgh) at the Forks of the [[Ohio River]].

After some months of preparation, in which he was hampered by administrative confusion and want of resources previously promised by the colonials, the Braddock expedition took the field with a picked column, in which [[George Washington]] served as a volunteer officer.<ref name=fort>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/fone/braddock.htm |title=The Braddock Campaign |access-date=3 April 2019 |department=[[National Park Service]] |date=22 September 2013 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of the Interior]]}}</ref> Braddock took some of his men and marched forward, leaving most of his men behind. The column crossed the [[Monongahela River]] on 9 July 1755, and shortly afterward [[Battle of the Monongahela|collided head-on]] with an Indian and French force which was rushing from Fort Duquesne to oppose the river crossing.<ref name=odnb/> Although the initial exchange of musketry favored the British, felling the French commander and causing some Canadian militia to flee, the remaining Indian/French force reacted quickly. They ran down the flanks of the column and put it under a murderous crossfire.

Braddock's troops reacted poorly and became disordered. The British attempted retreat, but ran into the rest of the British soldiers earlier left behind. Braddock rallied his men repeatedly, but fell at last, mortally wounded by a shot through the chest.<ref name=odnb/> Although the exact causes of the defeat are debated to this day, a contributing factor was likely Braddock's underestimation of how effectively the French and Indians could react in a battle situation, and how rapidly the discipline and fighting effectiveness of his own men could evaporate.

Braddock was borne off the field by Washington and Col. Nicholas Meriwether;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Col. Nicholas Meriwether |url=https://www.monticello.org/sites/library/exhibits/lucymarks/lucymarks/bios/colnicholasmeriwether.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.monticello.org}}</ref> he died on 13 July from wounds suffered in the battle. Before he died, Braddock left Washington his ceremonial sash that he wore with his battle uniform, as well as his two pistols.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crocker|first=Thomas E.|title=Braddock's March|publisher=Westholme|year=2009|location=Yardley, PA|pages=235}}</ref> Some of his last words were, "Who would have thought?" and "we shall know better another time". Reportedly, Washington always took this sash with him for the rest of his life, both as the commander of the [[Continental Army]] and for his presidential duties. It is still on display today at Washington's home on the [[Potomac River]], [[Mount Vernon]].

[[Image:Braddocksgrave.jpg|thumb|250px|19th-century engraving of General Braddock's burial near Great Meadows, Pennsylvania]]

Braddock was buried just west of [[Battle of Fort Necessity|Great Meadows]], where the remnants of the column halted on its retreat to reorganize.<ref name=odnb/> He was buried in the middle of the road that his men had just cut through and wagons were rolled over top of the grave site to prevent his body from being discovered and desecrated by the Indians.<ref name=fort/> George Washington presided at the burial service,<ref name=fort/> as the chaplain had been severely wounded.

==Legacy==
[[File:Braddock's Grave.jpg|thumb|The grave of General Edward Braddock]] 
[[File:BraddocksPlaque.jpg|thumb|Dedication Plaque]]
[[Benjamin Franklin]]'s ''[[The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin|Autobiography]]'' (1791) includes an account of helping General Braddock garner supplies and carriages for the general's troops.  He also describes a conversation with Braddock in which he explicitly warned the General that his plan to march troops to the fort through a narrow valley would be dangerous because of the possibility of an ambush.  This is sometimes cited as advice against the disastrous eventual outcome, but the fact remains that Braddock was not ambushed in that final action, and the battle site was not, in any case, a narrow valley. Braddock had in fact taken great precautions against ambuscade, and had crossed the Monongahela an additional time to avoid the narrow [[Turtle Creek (Monongahela River)|Turtle Creek]] defile.

In 1804, human remains believed to be Braddock's were found buried in the [[National Road|roadway]] about 1.5 miles (2.4&nbsp;km) west of Great Meadows by a crew of road workers.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/fone/braddockgrave.htm Braddock's Grave]</ref>  The remains were exhumed and moved to a nearby site for reburial.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/places/braddock-s-grave.htm Braddock Grave]</ref> A marble monument was erected over the new grave site in 1913 by the [[Coldstream Guards]].

General Braddock is the namesake of [[Braddock, Pennsylvania|Braddock Borough]], Mt. Braddock, [[Braddock Hills, Pennsylvania|Braddock Hills]], and [[North Braddock, Pennsylvania|North Braddock]] in [[Pennsylvania]];<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a4NIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2867%2C2505444 | title=Town names carry a little bit of history | work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | date=10 May 1984 | access-date=26 May 2015 | author=Porter, Thomas J. Jr. | pages=1}}</ref> the community of [[Braddock Heights, Maryland|Braddock Heights]] or Braddock Mountain west of [[Frederick, Maryland]]; Braddock Middle School and [[Maryland Route 49|Braddock Road]] in [[Cumberland, Maryland]]; and, in [[Virginia]], [[Virginia State Route 620 (Fairfax and Loudoun counties)|Braddock Road]], which runs from [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria]] to [[Aldie, Virginia|Aldie]], a separate Braddock Road within the city of Alexandria – namesake of the [[Braddock Road (WMATA station)|Metrorail station]] at its eastern terminus – and Braddock Street in [[Winchester, Virginia|Winchester]]. Sections of the road cut by the British Army are known as the [[Braddock Road (Braddock expedition)|Braddock Road]] and form most of eastern [[U.S. Route 40]] in Maryland and Pennsylvania.

==In fiction==
Braddock appears as an antagonist in the video game ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'', where [[George Washington]] is introduced as a young officer serving under Braddock in the [[French and Indian War]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/founding-fathers-have-revolutionary-role-in-latest-assassins-creed |title=Founding Fathers have revolutionary role in latest Assassin's Creed |agency=Associated Press |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=3 November 2015 |work=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> The game portrays Braddock as a ruthless general, who indiscriminately kills his enemies, civilians, and even his own allies to achieve his goals. Additionally, he is a former member of the fictitious [[Knights Templar|Templar Order]], and a rival of [[Haytham Kenway]], the playable character during the game's early missions. During his 1755 expedition, he is [[Assassination|assassinated]] by Haytham with the help of several Native American tribes, who sought to see Braddock eliminated because his men ravaged their villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/assassins-creed-3/Edward_Braddock |title=Edward Braddock |date=2 December 2012 |access-date=3 April 2019 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis, LLC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/assassins-creed-3-walkthrough/1100-6399051/ |title=Assassin's Creed 3 Walkthrough |first=Matthew |last=Rorie |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=[[GameSpot]] }}</ref> 

Robert Matzen directed, wrote and produced the documentary ''When the Forest Ran Red: Washington, Braddock & a Doomed Army'', which dramatizes the ambush of Braddock by 250 French soldiers and 600 Native Americans.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20010920moviereg5p5.asp |title=New film about 1755 defeat of British General Braddock premieres tonight |date=20 September 2001 |access-date=3 April 2019 |first=Marylynne |last=Pitz |newspaper=[[Post-Gazette]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031224180108/http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20010920moviereg5p5.asp |archive-date=24 December 2003 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Great Britain in the Seven Years War]]

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* [http://explorepahistory.com/ explorepahistory.com]
* Fred Anderson, ''Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America: 1754-1766'' (New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]], 2000).
* Paul Kopperman, ''Braddock at the Monongahela'' (Pittsburgh, PA: [[University of Pittsburgh Press]], 1977).
* Lee McCardell, ''Ill-Starred General: Braddock of the Coldstream Guards'' (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1958).
* Louis M. Waddell and Bruce D. Bomberger, ''The French and Indian War in Pennsylvania:Fortification and Struggle During the War for Empire'' (Harrisburg, PA: [[Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission]], 1996).
*Thomas E. Crocker, ''Braddock's March: How the Man Sent To Seize a Continent Changed American History (''Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2009).

==Further reading==
<!-- 
*P. E. Kopperman, Braddock at the Monongahela (1978)
*L. McCardell, Ill-starred general: Braddock of the Coldstream guards (1958)
-->
*[[Winthrop Sargent#Family|W. Sargent]], The history of an expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1755: under Major-General Edward Braddock (1855)
*J. K. Lacock, 'Braddock Road', [[Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]], 38 (1914), 1–37
*S. Pargellis, 'Braddock's defeat', [[American Historical Review]], 41 (1935–6), 253–69
*Thomas E. Crocker, ''Braddock's March: How the Man Sent To Seize a Continent Changed American History (''Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2009)
*G. A. Bellamy, An apology for the life of George Anne Bellamy, ed. [A. Bicknell], 4th edn, 5 vols. (1786)
*Report on the manuscripts of Mrs Frankland-Russell-Astley of [[Chequers Court]], [[Buckinghamshire|Bucks.]], [[Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts|HMC]], 52 (1900)
*S. Pargellis, ed., Military affairs in North America, 1748–1765: selected documents from the Cumberland papers in [[Windsor Castle]] (1936)
*Walpole, Corr., vol. 20 · parish register, St Margaret's, City Westm. AC
* Wise County Has Own Story of Braddock Death, Roanoke Times, Roanoke Virginia 15 April 1951.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Edward Braddock}}
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9580/ The Battle of the Monongahela]

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{s-bef | before=[[William Herbert (British Army officer)|Hon. William Herbert]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[West Yorkshire Regiment|14th Regiment of Foot]] | years=1753–1755}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Thomas Fowke]]}}
{{s-new}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commander-in-Chief, North America]]|years=1755}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[William Shirley]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Braddock, Edward}}
[[Category:1755 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Coldstream Guards officers]]
[[Category:West Yorkshire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:1695 births]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:British duellists]]