Editing Elbrus (computer)

{{Short description|Line of Soviet and Russian computer systems}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2018}}
[[File:Elbrus logo rus vertikalny.svg|thumb|Elbrus logo]]
[[File:MCST HT-R1000 Elbrus laptop (cropped).jpg|thumb|Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies designed a laptop for military and industrial use.]]
[[File:"Elbrus" personal computer during the "Armiya 2022" exhibition.jpg|thumb|Personal computer.]]
The '''Elbrus''' ({{langx|ru|Эльбрус}}) is a line of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Russia]]n computer systems developed by the [[Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering]]. These computers are used in the space program, nuclear weapons research, and defense systems, as well as for theoretical and researching purposes, such as an experimental [[Refal]] and [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]] translators.

==History==
[[File:Moscow Polytechnical Museum, Elbrus, soviet supercomputer (4927170301) (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Large computer in a museum|Elbrus computer in Moscow's [[Polytechnic Museum]]]]
Historically, computers under the ''Elbrus'' brand comprised several different [[instruction set architecture]]s (ISAs).

The first of them was the line of the [[mainframe computer|large fourth-generation computers]], developed by Vsevolod Burtsev. These were heavily influenced by the [[Burroughs large systems]] and similarly to them implemented [[tagged architecture]] and a variant of [[ALGOL-68]] as [[system programming language]].

After that Burtsev retired, and new Lebedev's chief developer, [[Boris Babayan]], introduced the completely new system architecture. Differing completely from the architecture of both Elbrus 1 and Elbrus 2, it employed a [[very long instruction word]] (VLIW) approach.

In 1992, a spin-off company [[Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies]] (MCST) was created and continued development, using the "Elbrus" moniker as a brand for all computer systems developed by the company.

In the late 1990s, a series of [[SPARC]]-based [[central processing unit]]s (CPUs) were developed at MCST as a way to raise funds for in-house [[semiconductor intellectual property core]] development and to fill the niche of domestically-developed CPUs for the [[Backdoor (computing)|backdoor]]-wary military.

In June 2024, a new computer based on the “Elbrus-2S3 (Эльбрус-2С3) microprocessor”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Центральный процессор «Эльбрус-2С3» (ТВГИ.431281.027) - МЦСТ |url=http://www.mcst.ru/Elbrus-2C3 |website=mcst.ru |date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref> was developed by Roselektronika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ростех разработал самый миниатюрный компьютер на базе «Эльбруса» |url=https://rostec.ru/news/rostekh-razrabotal-samyy-miniatyurnyy-kompyuter-na-baze-elbrusa/ |website=rostec.ru |date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ростех разработал самый миниатюрный компьютер на базе «Эльбруса» |url=https://rostec.ru/media/pressrelease/rostekh-razrabotal-samyy-miniatyurnyy-kompyuter-na-baze-elbrusa/#start |website=rostec.ru |date=2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-10-01}}</ref>

In September 2024, The MCST company presented “Elbrus-2S3 (Эльбрус-2С3) microprocessor”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Description of the microprocessor device and its operational characteristics - Central processor "Elbrus-2S3" (TVGI.431281.027) |url=http://www.mcst.ru/sites/default/files/u11/TVGI.431281.027RE_2023-05-29.pdf |website=rmcst.ru |date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2024-11-02}}</ref> at the 10th anniversary Russian forum "Microelectronics 2024".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ростех разработал самый миниатюрный компьютер на базе «Эльбруса» |url=http://www.mcst.ru/2024-09-30_mikroelektronika |website=rostec.ru |date=2024-09-30 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalog of solutions based on the Elbrus-2S3 processor - 2024 |url=http://www.mcst.ru/sites/default/files/u11/Elbrus-2C3_catalog_2024.pdf |website=rmcst.ru |date=2024-09-30 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref>

In December 2024, Programmable logic controllers "PLC-Elbrus (based on the Elbrus-2S3 microprocessor) " of the holding company "Rostec Electronics" of the State Corporation Rostec have passed state registration and are included in the register of software and hardware complexes of the Ministry of Digital Development of the Russian Federation. This allows using the devices at critical information infrastructure facilities to create automated process control systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Промышленный контроллер «Росэлектроники» на базе «Эльбруса» прошел госрегистрацию |url=https://www.ruselectronics.ru/news/26466-promyshlennyy-kontroller-roselektroniki-na-baze-elbrusa-proshel-gosregistratsiyu/ |website=ruselectronics.ru |date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2024-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Каталог Модуль процессора МП21 |url=https://katalog-rek.ru/catalog/127/8441/ |website=katalog-rek.ru |date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2024-12-14}} - The MP21 module based on the Elbrus-2S3 processor is implemented in the Com Express Type 6 Compact form factor (95×95 mm). The module is a "computer on a module" - an embedded industrial module manufactured in accordance with the international standard for use as a mezzanine installed on specialized carrier boards. Recommended retail price RUB 245,700 (without VAT).</ref>

==Models==
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = Elbrus 3-1
| image = MVC-002F.JPG
| alt = 
| caption = Elbrus 3-1, in 1994
| aka = 
| developer = [[Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering]]
| manufacturer = 
| family = Elbrus
| type = 
| release date = {{Start date and age|1990}}
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| os = <!-- operating system -->
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| service = <!-- online service/s offered -->
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}}
{{Multiple image
|direction=vertical
|width=200
|header=Elbrus models
|image1=Processor Elbrus-4S.svg
|caption1=[[Elbrus-4S]]
|image2=Elbrus-8S.svg
|caption2=[[Elbrus-8S]]
|image3=Rotationsvideo des MCST Elbrus-8SV.webm
|caption3=[[Elbrus-8SV]]
}}
* ''[[Elbrus 1]]'' (1979) was the first in the line.
** A side development was an update of the 1965 [[BESM-6]] as Elbrus-1K2.
** a 10-processor computer, with superscalar, out-of-order execution and [[reduced instruction set computer]] (RISC) processors.
* ''[[Elbrus 2]]'' (1984)
** Re-implementation of the Elbrus 1 architecture with faster [[emitter-coupled logic]] (ECL) chips.
* ''[[Elbrus 3]]'' (1990) was a 16-processor computer developed by the Babayan's team, and one of the first VLIW computers in the world.
* ''[[Elbrus 2000]]'' (2001) was a microprocessor development of the ''Elbrus 3'' architecture. Also known as ''Elbrus-S''.
** ''Elbrus-3M1'' (2005) is a two-processor computer based on [[Elbrus 2000]] microprocessor working at 300{{nbsp}}MHz.
** ''Elbrus МВ3S1/C'' (2009) is a [[ccNUMA]] four-processor computer based on [[Elbrus 2000|Elbrus-S]] microprocessor working at 500{{nbsp}}MHz.
* ''[[Elbrus-2S+]]'' (2011) working at 500{{nbsp}}MHz, with capacity to calculate 16{{nbsp}}GFlops.
* ''[[Elbrus-2S+|Elbrus-2SM]]'' (2014) working at 300{{nbsp}}MHz, with capacity to calculate 9.6{{nbsp}}GFlops.
* ''[[Elbrus-2S+|Elbrus-4S]]'' (2014) working at 800{{nbsp}}MHz, with capacity to calculate 50{{nbsp}}GFlops.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-12|title=Russia's homegrown Elbrus processor and PC would be fantastic in 1999|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2920988/russias-homegrown-elbrus-processor-and-pc-would-be-fantastic-in-1999.html|access-date=2020-06-02|website=PCWorld|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026024351/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2920988/russias-homegrown-elbrus-processor-and-pc-would-be-fantastic-in-1999.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Elbrus-1S+]]'' (2016) [[system on a chip]] (SoC) with [[graphics processing unit]] (GPU), working at 600–1000{{nbsp}}MHz, with capacity to calculate 24{{nbsp}}GFlops.
* ''[[Elbrus-8S]]'' (2014–2015) working at 1300{{nbsp}}MHz, with capacity to calculate 250{{nbsp}}GFlops.
* ''[[Elbrus-8SV]]'' (2018) working at 1500{{nbsp}}MHz, with capacity to calculate 576{{nbsp}}GFlops.
* ''[[Elbrus-16S]]'' (2019) working at 2000{{nbsp}}MHz, with capacity to calculate 1.5{{nbsp}}TFlops.

===SPARC===
* ''Elbrus-90micro'' (1998–2010) is a computer line based on [[SPARC]] [[instruction set architecture]] (ISA) microprocessors: MCST R80, R150, R500, R500S and [[MCST-4R]] working at 80, 150, 500, and 1000{{nbsp}}MHz. The Elbrus-90 is used to control the [[S-400 missile system]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pravdareport.com/world/asia/turkey/25-09-2017/138745-s_400_air_defence-0/ |title=Russia's S-400 air defence systems for NATO armies |first=Dmitry |last=Sudakov |date=September 25, 2017 |quote=The S-400 works equally well in 360 degrees of activity area. Its phased array radar antenna with Elbrus-90 computer ensures the detection range of up to 600 kilometres. |publisher=Pravda Report |access-date=November 3, 2018 |archive-date=October 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027225122/http://www.pravdareport.com/world/asia/turkey/25-09-2017/138745-s_400_air_defence-0/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Soviet computer systems]]
* [[List of Russian microprocessors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{external media
 |topic     = on semiconductor industry YouTube Channel{{in lang|ru}}
 |video1    = {{YouTube|zGkz_LQzYDc|『Inside the russian CPU Elbrus 8sv』|}}<ref>This video describes the current situation with Elbrus and MCST processors, as well as the structure of the Elbrus 8sv microcircuit crystal.</ref>{{in lang|ru}}
 |video2    = {{YouTube|rQXRM-xOfpA|『Inside the russian CPU Elbrus 8C』|}}<ref>How the Russian Elbrus 8C microprocessor is designed and what it consists of. Processor scalp, analysis of the structural layout of the chip, exclusive photos/videos, etc.</ref>{{in lang|ru}}
}}
* [http://www.mcst.ru/files/61c195/f2dece/61d641/e4549f/sber_kommentariy_mtsst.pdf MCST comments on SBER testing] - Evaluation of the potential of the "Elbrus 8C" platform.{{in lang|ru}}
* {{Official website|www.mcst.ru}} (Russian)
* [http://www.mcst.ru/chips?f%5B0%5D=field_availability%3A33 MCST: Microprocessors and VLSI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223034338/http://www.mcst.ru/chips?f%5B0%5D=field_availability%3A33 |date=2016-12-23 }} (Russian)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110610221234/http://www.mcst.ru/2-3.htm "Elbrus" processor info] (Russian)
* [http://www.mcst.ru/b_8-9.shtml "Elbrus-S" processor info] (Russian)
* [http://www.mcst.ru/mb3s.shtml МВ3S1/C "Elbrus-S" based processor module] (Russian)
* [http://www.mcst.ru/doc/070711/vorobushkov.ppt (I) PowerPoint document "Elbrus-3M1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207105238/http://www.mcst.ru/doc/070711/vorobushkov.ppt |date=2012-02-07 }}
* [http://www.mcst.ru/doc/070711/shmaev.ppt (II) PowerPoint document "Elbrus-3M1"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207105303/http://www.mcst.ru/doc/070711/shmaev.ppt |date=2012-02-07 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080507033606/http://www.espacial.org/miscelaneas/computacion/elbrus_mcst1.htm Russian microprocessors: An overview (Spanish - Espacial.org)]}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mceI07NeIt0 Video of booting Windows 2000 on Elbrus microprocessor]
* [http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/the-elbrus-2-a-soviet-era-high-performance-computer/ The Elbrus-2: a Soviet-era high performance computer] – project and hardware history discussion, including an interview with [[Boris Babayan]], from the [[Computer History Museum]]
* [http://www.realworldtech.com/elbrus/ Realworldtech - From Russia, With Skepticism]
* [http://www.edn.com/electronics-news/4357425/The-Russians-Are-Coming- EDN Network: The Russians Are Coming?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055344/http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/elbrus-e2k.html X-bit labs: Elbrus E2K Speculations]

{{List of Russian microprocessors}}
{{List of Soviet computer systems}}

[[Category:Mainframe computers]]
[[Category:Supercomputers]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]
[[Category:Sun Microsystems]]
[[Category:Soviet computer systems]]
[[Category:High-level language computer architecture]]
[[Category:Computers designed in Russia]]