Editing Eleazar of Worms

{{Short description|German rabbi}}
{{For|the Jewish [[Tannaim|Tanna]] of the 3rd generation of the Tannaic era|Eleazar ben Judah of Bartota}}
{{Infobox Jewish leader
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| name             = Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus
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| caption          = Sketch/Engraving of Eleazar of Worms 
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| birth_date       = {{abbr|c.|circa}} 1176
| birth_place      = probably [[Mainz]], [[Electorate of Mainz]]
| death_date       = 1238
| death_place      = [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
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| spouse           = [[Dulcea of Worms]]
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'''Eleazar of [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]''' (אלעזר מוורמייזא - also מגרמייזא of Garmiza or Garmisa) (c. 1176–1238), or '''Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus''', also sometimes known today as '''Eleazar Rokeach''' ("Eleazar the Perfumer"  אלעזר רקח) from the title of his ''Book of the Perfumer'' (''Sefer ha rokeah'' ספר הרקח)—where the [[Gematria|numerical value]] of "Perfumer" (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) is equal to Eleazar, was a prominent [[Kabbalah|Kabbalist]] and [[Posek|halakhic authority]], among the greatest of the ''[[Hasidei Ashkenaz]]'' and a disciple of Rabbi [[Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg|Judah the Pious]]. 

He was the author of the ''Sefer ha-Rokeach'' (Rokeach in [[gematria]] = Eleazar), one of the [[Tosafists]], and wrote many Kabbalistic works, most of which survive only in manuscript form. He served as a rabbi and judge in Worms, and instituted customs still observed in Ashkenazic communities today.

He was called "the Rokeach" after his book,<ref>See for example: [http://books.google.co.il/books?id=SpQ9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PT217 Etz Chaim by Chaim Vital, Shaar HaAhava, Chapter 11, p. 110] where he is cited as "the Rokeach". The name appears in many print and online sources.</ref> though he was often mistakenly referred to as "Rabbi Eliezer of Germiza".<ref>See [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/44332 the title page of the 1557 edition of Sefer ha-Rokeach], where he is named "Eliezer of Germiza". This error was perpetuated in subsequent editions, including [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/33557 Lviv 1859], [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/49371 Warsaw 1880], and [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=15280&pgnum=3 modern editions]. Some scholars such as Shlomo Bloch also used this mistaken name.</ref> Due to this confusion, he was sometimes wrongly identified as ''Eliezer the Great''.<ref>Some even conflated titles, referring to him as "Rabbi Eliezer the Great of Germiza (the Rokeach)"—see the book "Shemot HaTzaddikim" and some editions of the prayerbook "Tefilat Kol Peh".</ref><ref>This error also led to misidentification of manuscripts and events by researchers. See the introduction to "Maaseh Rokeach" by Rabbi Ephraim Zalman Margolies.</ref>

== Biography ==
Rabbi Eleazar was born around 1165 in Mainz to his father and teacher, Rabbi [[Judah ben Kalonymus|Judah ben Kalonymus of Mainz]] (known as the RIBaK), one of the greatest sages of his time. He traveled among centers of Torah in [[Germany]] and northern [[France]]. He learned Torah from his father and Kabbalah from his relative Rabbi [[Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg|Judah the Pious]].<ref>See: [[Joseph Solomon Delmedigo]], "Matzref LaChochmah", Basel 1629, [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=7171&st=&pgnum=51 fol. 14b]</ref> He married the granddaughter of the RiBaN (Rabbi Yehuda ben Natan).<ref>Sefer HaNiyar, siman 44.</ref>

Among his prominent students was Rabbi [[Isaac ben Moses of Vienna]], author of ''"Or Zarua"''. He signed the [[Takkanot Shum| Enactments of SHU"M]] (Speyer, Worms, and Mainz). His date of death is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 1232 to 1242. He is buried in Worms.

[[File:Massacre of Jews.jpg|thumb|Massacre of the Jews of [[Metz]] during the First Crusade, by Auguste Migette.]]

He suffered greatly during attacks on the Jewish community, leading him to move from Mainz to Worms where he became rabbi. On the night of 22 [[Kislev]] 1196 (14 November),<ref>See the analysis by Leopold Zunz and others about the exact date and location, and whether the attack was related to the Crusades. Scholars like Kammer and Bloch argue that the murder was criminal rather than religiously motivated.</ref> two intruders broke into his home during his study of the verse “And Jacob dwelt in safety,” wounded him and his son, and murdered his wife Dulcea, his 13-year-old daughter Belat, and his six-year-old daughter Hannah.<ref name="Jewish">{{Jewish Encyclopedia|inline=1|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=E&artid=153|article=Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus of Worms|access-date=Jan 11, 2017}}<br />
'''''Jewish Encyclopedia'' bibliography:'''
* [[Zacuto]], [http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=5900&st=&pgnum=284&hilite= ''Yuḥasin'', p. 221];
* [[Leopold Zunz|Zunz]], ''Z. G.'' p. 131; idem, ''Literaturgesch.'' p. 318;
* [[Heinrich Grätz]], ''Gesch''. vii. 29;
* [[Steinschneider]], ''Cat. Bodl.'' col. 918;
* [[Landshuth]], [http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=29119&st=&pgnum=29&hilite= '''Ammude ha-'Abodah'', p. 25];
* [[Abraham Epstein|Epstein]], in ''Monatsschrift'', xxxvii. 75;
* [[Leopold Dukes|Dukes]], in ''Orient, Lit.'' 1844; idem, ''Zur Kenntniss der Religiösen Poesie'', p. 148;
* [[Ernest Renan]]-[[Adolf Neubauer]], ''Les Rabbins Français'', pp. 464 et seq.;
* [[Heimann Joseph Michael|Michael, Heimann Joseph]], (1891) ''Or ha-Ḥayyim'', Frankfort-on-the-Main (in Hebrew), No. 487.
</ref> He wrote:
{{quote|''...And they split open the head of my daughter Belat... and also my daughter Hannah, and she died... My wife the righteous woman got up and cried that we were being murdered. The villains struck her in the head, shoulder, and across her back, and she fell and died. I closed the door and we cried until help came from Heaven.''}}

{{quote|''I remained destitute, in great poverty and suffering.''}}

Yet, at the end of his lamentation, he justifies God’s judgment:

{{quote| ''Woe unto me for my wife, woe for my daughters,''
''I will mourn with a lamentation—how great are my sins.''}}

{{quote| ''The Judge is faithful who judged me,''
''In my sin and transgression He humbled me,''
''I shall bless Him for every measure and sing His praise,''
''To Him I bow and prostrate myself.''}}

Some scholars argue that parts of the lament were added later or copied incorrectly, as it refers to sons having died even though earlier he mentions that his surviving son was treated by his wife and lived.<ref>[http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=29130&st=&pgnum=25 Israel Kammerer, "Rabbi Eleazar of Worms", Rzeszow 1930]; also Solomon Bloch’s "Binian Shlomo" and [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4497076 the "Shomer Tzion HaNe’eman" journal] from 1849.</ref>

One of the attackers was apprehended a week later, brought to justice, and executed. Following these events, Rabbi Eleazar focused on composing his Sefer ha-Rokeach and teaching via writing, as direct instruction had become difficult.

Eleazar developed a vigorous activity in many directions. On the one hand, he was a Talmudist of vast erudition, a [[liturgist]] gifted with a clear and easy style, and an [[astronomer]], and was well versed in the sciences open to the Jews of Germany at that time. At the same time, he was an adventurous mystic who experienced visions, seeing legions of angels and demons. He exerted himself to spread mystical systems which went far beyond the conceptions of the classical authors of Jewish esoterica. In his mystical works he developed and gave a new impulse to the mysticism associated with the letters of the alphabet.  By the [[gematria]] and [[notarikon]] systems of interpretation found in the Talmud, Eleazar invented new combinations by which miracles could be performed. The [[haggadic]] [[anthropomorphism]] which he had combated in his earlier works (''Ha-Roḳeaḥ,'' ''Sha'are ha-Sod weha-Yiḥud'') occupied later the foremost place in his mystical writings. Eleazar's great merit therefore lies not only in his new mystical system, but also in his ethical works. In these he shows greatness of soul and a piety bordering upon [[asceticism]]. Though so severely tried by fate, he inculcates cheerfulness, patience, and love for humanity. 

Unlike Rabbi Judah the Pious, he signed his writings by name (usually as "the small one"). He was the first to do so.

Rabbi [[David Gans]] dated his death to 1238, and many scholars followed him. However, [[Ephraim Urbach|Ephraim Elimelech Urbach]] noted that Rabbi Eleazar is cited as deceased in works from 1232 and 1234, suggesting an earlier death. Yet, a signature by him exists from 1224, so his death likely occurred between these years. He is buried in the [[Jewish Cemetery, Worms|Old Cemetery in Worms]].<ref>Urbach, "Ba'alei ha-Tosafot", p. 411; see also Tarbitz, vol. 10 (1939), p. 35.</ref>

== Sefer ha-Rokeach ==
His main work, "Sefer ha-Rokeach", is a [[Halacha|halakhic]] text including legal rulings, customs, and their reasons according to the Tosafist tradition. It combines [[pilpul]], halakhic conclusions, ethical insights, and many gematriot.

He taught that the reward for mitzvot depends on one’s struggle. A mitzvah that is difficult to perform earns more reward than "a hundred mitzvot performed easily."

The book frequently references [[Kiddush Hashem]] and reasons that if a person would die for his faith, he can surely resist lesser sins.

Another halakhic work is "36 Sha'arim" on the laws of [[shechita]] and [[Terefah|treifot]].<ref>Simcha Emanuel, "The Halakhic Writings of R. Eleazar of Worms", Tzaddikim Journal, vol. 16–17 (2001), pp. 231–243.</ref>

=== Joy in worship ===
Rabbi Eleazar praised serving God with joy, quoting from the Torah on the verse: "Because you did not serve the Lord with joy and gladness of heart..." He wrote:

{{quote|''One should always think how to do God's will. Pleasures with one’s wife and children are insignificant compared to loving the Creator... Even the satisfaction of a man uniting with a woman after a long separation is as nothing compared to the joy of doing God’s will.''<ref>Sefer Sodei Razia, Introduction to Part I.</ref>}}

=== Repentance ===
He emphasized repentance from sexual sin. Following the [[Sefer Hasidim]], he categorized levels of repentance including "Teshuvat HaBa’ah"—returning to the scene of sin but resisting. He also supported ascetic forms of repentance—painful self-afflictions proportionate to the pleasure derived from sin, known as "Teshuvat HaMishkal".

[[Joseph Dan]] argued this elite form of teshuva was ideal in Ashkenazi Hasidism, though dangerous for most people.

=== Kabbalistic Thought ===
He wrote many Kabbalistic works, rich in gematria. Rabbi Tzvi Elimelech of Dinov in the ''Bnei Yissaschar'' emphasized that the Rokeach’s teachings were from [[Elijah|Elijah the Prophet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Words Of Rabbi Tzvi Elimelech of Dinov |url=https://melavamalkastories.com/2021/01/08/the-last-words-of-rabbi-tzvi-elimelech-of-dinov/ |website=Melava Malka Stories |date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=April 5, 2025}}</ref>

His concept of "Kavod" as an intermediary, non-created emanation of God, was adapted cautiously from [[Saadia Gaon]] and his teacher Rabbi Judah the Pious.

=== Halakhic customs ===
Rabbi Eleazar instituted several customs, including:
* Taking three steps backward before reciting "Hashem, open my lips" before the [[Amidah]].
* Responding "Baruch Hu u’Varuch Shemo" after the zimun in [[Birkat Hamazon]].
* Reciting the verse "He wraps Himself in light as a garment..." when examining [[tzitzit]].
* Substitute prayers for [[Kaddish]] and "Barchu" if not heard in public.<ref>Printed in "Tefilat Kol Peh" (Eshkol edition, Ashkenaz and Sefard rites).</ref>
* Not saying [[Tachanun]] during the month of [[Nisan]].<ref>Siman 245, Laws of Pesach; also in Masechet Soferim.</ref>

The earliest source for the [[Kitniyot|kitniyot prohibition]] on Passover is found in his Pesach derasha.<ref>"Derasha for Pesach", ed. Simcha Emanuel, Mekitzei Nirdamim, Jerusalem 2006.</ref>

== Works ==
=== Ethical works ===
* ''Ha-Roḳeaḥ,'' ("The Perfumer"), a halachic guide to [[ethics]] and [[Halakha|Jewish Law]] for the common reader.  The title derives from the numerical value of the word רקח, which corresponds to that of אלעזר. The book is divided into 497 paragraphs containing [[halachot]] and ethics; first published at [[Fano]], 1505.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=he:ספר הרוקח|language=he|url=http://hebrewbooks.org/44374|access-date=Jan 11, 2017}}</ref>
* ''Adderet ha-Shem,'' still extant in manuscript in the [[Vatican Library]].
* ''Moreh Ḥaṭṭa'im,'' or ''Seder ha-Kapparot,'' on [[Repentance in Judaism|penitence]] and [[Confession in Judaism|confession]] of sin, first published at [[Venice]], 1543. This work, which is included in the ''Hilkot Teshubah'' of the ''Ha-Roḳeaḥ,'' has been reproduced many times under various titles. It appeared under the title ''Darke Teshubah'' at the end of the responsa of [[Meir of Rothenburg]] in the [[Prague]] edition;<ref>{{cite book|script-title=he:דרכּי תּשׁוּבֿה|language=he|url=http://hebrewbooks.org/pagefeed/hebrewbooks_org_11624_218.pdf|access-date=Jan 11, 2017}}</ref> as ''Inyane Teshubah,'' or ''Seder Teshubah,'' in the [[Sephardic]] ritual of 1584; as ''Yesod Teshubah,'' with additions by Isaac ben Moses Elles, first published in 1583; as ''Yore Ḥaṭṭa'im ba-Derek''; and as ''Sefer ha-Kapparot.'' The title adopted here is the same as that given in the ''[[Kol Bo]],'' in which the work was reproduced.
* ''Sefer ha-Ḥayyim,'' treating of the [[Monotheism|unity of God]], of the soul and its attributes, and of the three stages (recognized by the ancients as "plant, animal, and intellectual") in man's life.
*''Sha'are ha-Sod ha-Yiḥud weha-Emunah,'' a treatise on the unity and [[incorporeality]] of God, combating the [[anthropomorphism]] of the [[Aggadah]] (published by [[Adolf Jellinek]] in the ''Kokabe Yiẓḥaḳ'' collection [xxvii.].<ref name=Jewish/>
*''Kether Shem Tov. The Crown Of The Good Name'', by Avraham ben Alexander of Cologne, disciple of Eleazar Ben Yehudah of Worms: Ethical-Kabbalist book.<ref>[[Providence University Inc]], [[ULC-ITALIA]] {{ISBN|1-897352-02-6}}</ref>

=== Pietistic works ===
* ''Yir'at El,'' still extant in manuscript in the [[Vatican Library]], containing mystical commentaries on [[Psalm]] 67, on the [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]], and on [[Counting of the Omer|Sefirat ha-Omer]]. In 2001 this work was published as part of the book דרוש המלבוש והצמצום.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.otzar.org/wotzar/Book.aspx?145028 | title=אוצר החכמה }}</ref>
* ''Sefer ha-Kabod,'' mystical explanations of various Biblical passages ([[Adolf Neubauer|Neubauer]], ''Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS.'' No. 1566, 1).
* ''Yayin ha-Reḳaḥ,'' mystical commentaries on the five [[Megillot]]. Those on [[Book of Ruth]] and the [[Song of Songs]] were published at [[Lublin]], 1608.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=he:יין הרוקח|language=he|url=https://www.hebrewbooks.org/11722|access-date=Jan 11, 2017}}</ref>
* A commentary on Psalm 145. (MS. [[Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi|De Rossi]] No. 1138).
* A commentary on the [[Jewish prayers|prayers]] mentioned by [[Joseph Solomon Delmedigo]] in his ''Maẓref la-Ḥokmah'' (p.&nbsp;14b).<ref>{{cite book|script-title=he:ספר מצרף לחכמה|language=he|url=http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=7171&st=&pgnum=51|access-date=Jan 11, 2017}}</ref> Printed by Hirshler.
* ''Ta'ame we-Sodot ha-Tefillah'' (Neubauer, ib. No.1575.)
* ''Perush 'al Sefer Yeẓirah,'' a commentary on the [[Sefer Yetzirah]], being extracts from [[Shabbethai Donnolo]]'s commentary. Fragments of this work were first published at [[Mantua]] in 1562, later in several other places; a complete edition was printed at [[Przemyśl|Przemysl]], 1883.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=he:פי' הר"א מגרמיזא על ספר יצירה|language=he|url=https://www.hebrewbooks.org/37671|access-date=Jan 11, 2017}}</ref>
* ''Midrash we-Perush 'al ha-Torah,'' mystical commentary on the [[Pentateuch]], mentioned by [[Chaim Joseph David Azulai|Azulai]], recently printed by klugman.
*''Sha'are Binah,'' in which, interpreting Biblical verses by the system of [[Gematria|gemaṭriyyot]], he shows the origin of many [[Aggadah|haggadot]] of the Talmud. This work is frequently quoted by [[Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz|Solomon al-Ḳabiẓ]], in his ''Manot ha-Lewi.''
* ''Shi'ur Komah,'' a commentary on the ''[[Shi'ur Komah]],'' the ''Pirḳe de-Rabbi Yishma'el,'' and the ''[[Merkabah mysticism|Merkabah]]'' (MS. Michael).
*''Sefer ha-Ḥokmah,'' mystical treatise on the various [[Names of God in Judaism|names of God]] and of [[Angels in Judaism|angels]], and on the seventy-three "Gates of the Torah", שערי תורה.
* ''Sefer ha-Shem,'' mystical dissertations on the names of twenty-two letters, with a table of permutations (Neubauer, ib. No. 1569, 4).
* ''Eser Shemot,'' commentary on the ten names of God (MS. Michael, No. 175).
* A commentary on the [[piyyuṭ]] "Ha-Oḥez."
* Six small cabalistic treatises entitled ''Sod ha-Ziwwug,'' ''Sefer ha-Ne'elam,'' ''Sefer Mal'akim,'' ''Sefer Tagim,'' ''Sefer Pesaḳ,'' and ''Sefer ha-Ḳolot,'' all of which are still extant in manuscript (Neubauer, ib. No. 1566).
* ''Liḳḳuṭim,'' mystical fragments, mentioned by [[Menahem Recanati]].
* ''Sode Raza,'' a treatise on the mysteries of the "Merkabah." Part of this work was published at Amsterdam in 1701, under the title ''Sefer Razi'el ha-Gadol.'' In the introduction<ref>{{cite book|script-title=he:הקדמה דבעל המגיהה|language=he|url=http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=44550&st=&pgnum=2|access-date=Jan 11, 2017}}</ref> the editor says that he decided to publish this book after having seen that the greater part of it had been produced in French under the title ''Images des Lettres de l'Alphabet.''<ref name=Jewish/>

In addition to these works, Eleazar wrote [[tosafot]] to many [[Talmudical]] treatises, referred to by [[Bezalel Ashkenaz]] in his ''Shiṭṭah Meḳubbeẓet''; a commentary on "[[Shekalim (Tractate)|Sheḳalim]]" in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], cited by [[Asher ben Jehiel|Asheri]] in his commentary to that treatise in the [[Babylonian Talmud]]; thirty-six chapters on the examination of [[Shechita|slaughtered]] animals (MS. Michael No. 307). [[Leopold Zunz|Zunz]] enumerates fifty-five liturgical poems and dirges composed by Eleazar and occurring in the Ashkenazic ''[[Machzor|maḥzorim]]'', ''[[Kinnot|ḳinot]]'', and ''[[Selichot|seliḥot]]''.<ref name=Jewish/>

For an extensive list of his attributed works, including halakhic, kabbalistic, liturgical, and ethical texts, see the Hebrew article or consult:
* Israel Kammerer, ''Rabbeinu Eleazar of Worms, the Rokeach'', Rzeszow 1930.
* [[Avigdor Aptowitzer]], Introduction to Ra'avyah, Jerusalem 1938, pp. 316–318.
* ''Encyclopaedia Hebraica'', Vol. 3, Jerusalem 1953, pp. 722–724.
* [[Joseph Dan]], ''Hasidei Ashkenaz in Jewish Thought'', Open University Press.
* [[Ephraim Urbach]], ''Ba'alei ha-Tosafot'', Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1976, pp. 388–411.

== Descendants ==
Among his descendants is Rabbi [[Elazar Rokeach of Amsterdam|Elazar Rokeach]] of Amsterdam, author of ''Maaseh Rokeach'', founder of the Rokeach rabbinic dynasty. [[Ephraim Zalman Margolioth|Ephraim Zalman Margolies]], genealogist and halakhist, also claimed descent and served as a reference point for many rabbinic lineages in Central and Eastern Europe.

== Further reading ==
* Israel Kammerer, ''Rabbeinu Eleazar of Worms – The Rokeach'', Rzeszow, 1930 (Hebrew).
* Avigdor Aptowitzer, Introduction to the Ra'avyah, Jerusalem, 1938, pp. 316–318.
* ''Encyclopaedia Hebraica'', vol. 3, Jerusalem–Tel Aviv, 1953, pp. 722–724.
* Joseph Dan, ''Hasidei Ashkenaz in the History of Jewish Thought'', The Open University of Israel.
* Ephraim Elimelech Urbach, ''Ba‘alei ha-Tosafot'', Jerusalem: Mossad Bialik, 1976, pp. 388–411.
* Simcha Emanuel, “The Halakhic Writings of R. Eleazar of Worms,” ''Tzaddikim Journal'', vol. 16–17 (2001), pp. 231–243.

== External links ==
* [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/40224 Commentary of R. Eleazar of Worms on the Torah and Megillat Esther (HebrewBooks)]
* [https://www.hebrewbooks.org/33902 ''Maaseh Rokeach''] (HebrewBooks) – Halakhic work attributed to Rabbi Eleazar of Worms
* [https://www.nli.org.il/en National Library of Israel Digital Collections] – Digitized manuscripts and works attributed to Rabbi Eleazar of Worms

== Sources ==
{{reflist}}
{{Rishonim}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Eleazar of Worms}}
[[Category:Kabbalists]]
[[Category:Medieval Jewish astronomers]]
[[Category:German Tosafists]]
[[Category:1170s births]]
[[Category:1238 deaths]]
[[Category:Rabbis from Mainz]]
[[Category:Rabbis from Worms, Germany]]
[[Category:12th-century German rabbis]]
[[Category:13th-century German rabbis]]
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]
[[Category:13th-century astrologers]]
[[Category:12th-century German writers]]
[[Category:13th-century German writers]]
[[Category:Authors of books on Jewish law]]
[[Category:Exponents of Jewish law]]
[[Category:Jewish liturgical poets]]