Editing Elections in Egypt

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{{Politics of Egypt}}

'''Elections in Egypt''' are held for the [[President of Egypt|president]] and a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature. The president of Egypt is elected for a six-year term by popular vote after draft amendments to the 2013 constitution altered the presidential term limits from the original four years to six years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yeranian |first=Edward |date=14 February 2019 |title=Egypt's Parliament Moves to Extend Presidential Term Limits |work=[[VOA News]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/egypt-s-parliament-moves-to-extend-presidential-term-limits/4787076.html |access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>

Suffrage is universal and compulsory for every Egyptian citizen over 18. Failure to vote can result in a fine or even imprisonment,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/country/eg/dem|title=Top stats for Egypt: Country profile|work=nationmaster.com}}</ref> but in practice, a significant percentage of eligible voters do not vote. About 63 million voters are registered to vote out of a population of more than 100 million.<ref name=jadaliyyaElectionResults>{{cite web|title=Egyptian elections preliminary results|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/3331/egyptian-elections_preliminary-results_updated-|publisher=jadaliyya.com}}</ref> Turnout in the [[2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election|2011 parliamentary election]] was 54%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslim Brotherhood tops Egyptian poll result|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/01/2012121125958580264.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> Egypt was ranked 9th least electoral [[democracy in the Middle East and North Africa]] according to [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] in 2023 with a score of 0.175 out of 1.<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="vdem report">[https://www.v-dem.net/documents/29/V-dem_democracyreport2023_lowres.pdf Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023]</ref>

==Result==
===Presidential===
====1956 Egyptian referendum====
{{Election results
|cand1=Gamal Abdel Nasser|party1=Liberation Rally|votes1=5499555
|row2=Against|votes2=5267
}}
====1976 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum====
{{Election results
|cand1=Anwar Sadat|party1=Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)|Arab Socialist Union|votes1=9145683
|row2=Against|votes2=5605
}}
====1981 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum====
{{Election results
|cand1=Hosni Mubarak|party1=National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party|votes1=9567904
|row2=Against|votes2=149650
}}
===Parliamentary===
====1964 United Arab Republic parliamentary election====
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Composition of the Parliament of the United Arab Republic.svg]]
|party1=Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)|Arab Socialist Union|votes1=|seats1=350
|row2=Presidential appointees|seats2=10
}}
====1976 Egyptian parliamentary election====
{{Election results
|image=[[File:1976 People's Assembly of Egypt.svg]]
|party1=Egyptian Arab Socialist Party|Arab Socialist Organisation|votes1=|seats1=295
|party2=Liberal Socialists Party (Egypt)|Liberal Socialist Organisation|votes2=|seats2=15
|party3=National Progressive Unionist Rally Party|National Progressive Unionist Rally Organisation|votes3=|seats3=3
|party4=Independents|votes4=|seats4=47
}}

==Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)==
The [[Kingdom of Egypt]] was granted nominal independence by the United Kingdom on 28 February 1922. Between the [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|Declaration of 1922]] and the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|Revolution of 1952]], ten general elections were held (in 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1945 and 1950).<ref>{{cite book |last=Caldwell |first=J. A. M. |others=Reprinted with additional material from the 2nd ed. of ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' |title=Dustūr: A Survey of the Constitutions of the Arab and Muslim States |url=http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=en#hl=en&tbs=bks%3A1&q=There+had+been+ten+general+elections+held+from+1924+to+1952.+These+were+the+elections+of+1924%2C+1925%2C+1926%2C+1929%2C+1931%2C+1936%2C+1938%2C+1942%2C+1945+and+1950.&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&fp=fcc3787c743ffd08 |access-date=2010-07-21 |year=1966 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |oclc=255757167 |page=29 |quote=There had been ten general elections held from 1924 to 1952. These were the elections of 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1945, and 1950.}}</ref> This era is generally known as [[Egypt's Liberal Experiment]]. Egypt has never recovered the level of [[political freedom]] it enjoyed during this period, except for the period from the [[2011 Egyptian Revolution|2011 revolution]] to the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|2013 coup]].<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/egy2.htm | title = Polity IV Regime Trends: Egypt, 1946–2008 | access-date = 2010-07-21 | work = [[Polity data series]] | publisher = Center for Systemic Peace}}</ref>

During the four elections held between 1924 and 1929, candidates from the [[Copt|Coptic Christian]] minority received 15 to 23 seats. Copts received four seats in 1931, six in 1938, 12 in 1945, and five in 1950.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mansour |first=Atallah |title=Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land under Muslim and Jewish Rule |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rukHhGrQfHkC&pg=PA110 |access-date=2010-07-22 |year=2004 |publisher=Hope Publishing House |location=Pasadena, CA |isbn=978-1-932717-02-0 |page=110}}</ref> The opposition's share of seats also varied throughout this period. The opposition won 15.1% of the seats in the [[1924 Egyptian parliamentary election|1924 election]], 18.9% in [[1926 Egyptian parliamentary election|1926]], 6.9% in [[1929 Egyptian parliamentary election|1929]], 18.1% in [[1936 Egyptian parliamentary election|1936]], 12.1% in [[1942 Egyptian parliamentary election|1942]], and 29.2% in the [[1950 Egyptian parliamentary election|1950 election]], the last to be held before the 1952 Revolution which ended Egypt's [[multi-party system]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Quandt |first=William B. |author-link=William B. Quandt |title=The Middle East: Ten Years After Camp David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYzO8zmNEmcC&pg=PA75 |access-date=2010-07-22 |year=1988 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8157-7293-4 |page=75}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Electoral performance of the [[Wafd Party]] and Big Landowners during the monarchy<ref>{{cite book |last=Ansari |first=Hamied |title=Egypt, the Stalled Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVxr9qy-g2EC&pg=PA71 |access-date=2010-07-23 |series=SUNY series in Near Eastern studies |year=1986 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-88706-183-7 |page=71}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Electoral year
! rowspan=2 | Total seats in the<br />Chamber of Deputies
! colspan=2 | Wafd Party
! colspan=2 | Big Landowners
|-
! Seats won
! Percentage
! Seats won
! Percentage
|-
| [[1924 Egyptian parliamentary election|1924]] || 214 || 181 || 84.6 || 93 || 43.5
|-
| [[1925 Egyptian parliamentary election|1925]] || 214 || 113 || 52.8 || 95 || 44.4
|-
| [[1926 Egyptian parliamentary election|1926]] || 214 || 172 || 80.4 || 105 || 49.1
|-
| [[1929 Egyptian parliamentary election|1929]] || 235 || 212 || 90.2 || 108 || 45.9
|-
| [[1931 Egyptian parliamentary election|1931]]|| 150 || 0 || 0.0 || 58 || 38.7
|-
| [[1936 Egyptian parliamentary election|1936]] || 232 || 180 || 77.6 || 112 || 48.3
|-
| [[1938 Egyptian parliamentary election|1938]]|| 264 || 14 || 5.3 || 131 || 49.6
|-
| [[1942 Egyptian parliamentary election|1942]] || 264 || 203 || 76.9 || 93 || 35.2
|-
| [[1945 Egyptian parliamentary election|1945]] || 285 || 0 || 0.0 || 123 || 43.2
|-
| [[1950 Egyptian parliamentary election|1950]] || 317 || 157 || 49.5 || 119 || 37.5
|}

==Elections under the Mubarak regime==

===2005 presidential election===
{{Main|2005 Egyptian presidential election}}
Under the Mubarak era, the Egyptian presidential election of 2005 was the first-ever [[multi-party]], multi-candidate contested presidential election in [[Egypt]]'s history, made under the 2005/2007 constitutional amendments to the 1971 Constitution of Egypt. Despite its significance, the election was marred by [[voter fraud]], [[ballot stuffing]], boycotts, intimidation, vote-buying, and protests by opposition groups, leading to a low turnout of under 30%. Before the 2005 election, the [[president of Egypt]] was nominated by a two-thirds majority of the rubber-stamp [[People's Assembly of Egypt|People's Assembly]] and approved under a referendum process that resembles a [[show election]] in [[authoritarian]] countries.

===2010 parliamentary elections===
{{Main|2010 Egyptian parliamentary election|2010 Egyptian Shura Council election}}
Under the Mubarak era, The [[People's Assembly (Egypt)|People's Assembly]] and [[Shura Council]] were elected under an electoral system of [[single member plurality]]. Along with the combination of voter fraud, ballot stuffing, intimidation, and lack of judicial and international supervision, this ensured the [[National Democratic Party of Egypt|NDP]] a super-majority win of seats for both houses. The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] was not recognized as a political party by the law, but its members were allowed to run as independents.

==Latest elections==

===2020 Senate election===
{{Main|2020 Egyptian Senate election}}

===2023 presidential election===
{{Main|2023 Egyptian presidential election}}

===2020 parliamentary election===
{{Main|2020 Egyptian parliamentary election}}

==Next elections==
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Egyptian presidential elections are held using a two-round system; the next election should be held in 2024.

The [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]] sits for a five-year term but can be dissolved earlier by the president.

==Referendums==
The first [[referendum]] in Egypt was held on 23 June 1956. The electorate agreed with the adoption of the new [[1956 Constitution of Egypt|1956 constitution]], and with the election of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] as [[President of Egypt]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marques |first1=Alvaro |last2=Smith |first2=Thomas B. |date=April 1984 |title=Referendums in the Third World |journal=Electoral Studies |volume= 3 |issue=1 |pages=85–105 |issn=0261-3794 |doi=10.1016/0261-3794(84)90025-8 |quote=There have been 13 referendums in Egypt, the first one being held on 23 June 1956 when voters were asked to approve or disapprove of Nasser and the constitution.}}{{dead link|date=March 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Egypt|Africa}}
* [[Electoral calendar]]
* [[Electoral system]]
* [[2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Jacob M. |title=Parliaments and Parties in Egypt |url=https://www.questia.com/read/65952285 |access-date=2010-07-23 |type=PhD thesis |year=1953 |publisher=Israel Pub. House |location=Tel Aviv |oclc=3263523}}
* {{Cite report |title=A Two-Way Approach to Stability in the Arab Southern Mediterranean Coastal States: Theories on Democracy and International Cooperation Applied to Developments Regarding Political Stability in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia |url=http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/96-98/denharto.pdf |last=den Hartog |first=Michael |year=1996–1998 |publisher=NATO Academic Forum |access-date=2011-04-10}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Elections in Egypt}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111116034051/http://egypt.jadaliyya.com/ Egypt Elections Watch] – ''[[Jadaliyya]]''
* [http://www.aswatna-eg.net Aswatna Virtual Resource Center] a central resource for electoral information in Egypt
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516160058/http://report.globalintegrity.org/Egypt Global Integrity Report: Egypt] has an analysis of election integrity in Egypt.
* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/e/egypt/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]
* [http://www.idea.int/publications/dem_egypt/upload/Egypt_country_report_English.pdf IDEA Report on Egypt]
* [https://www.hrw.org/he/node/94512/ Elections in Egypt], [[Human Rights Watch]], 2010

{{Egyptian elections}}
{{Africa in topic|Elections in}}
{{Asia topic|Elections in}}
{{Egypt topics}}

[[Category:Elections in Egypt| ]]