Editing Elections in Hungary

{{Short description|none}}
{{Politics of Hungary}}
'''Elections in Hungary''' are held at two levels: general elections to elect the members of the [[National Assembly of Hungary|National Assembly]] and local elections to elect local authorities. European Parliament elections are also held every 5 years.

==Result==
===1949 Hungarian parliamentary election===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Hungarian Parliament 1949.svg]]
|alliance1=Patriotic People's Front|Hungarian<br>Independence<br>People's<br>Front|aspan1=6|party1=Hungarian Working People's Party|votes1=5478515|vspan1=6|seats1=285
|party2=Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|Independent Smallholders Party|seats2=62
|party3=National Peasant Party (Hungary)|National Peasant Party|votes3=|seats3=39
|party4=Independent Hungarian Democratic Party|votes4=|seats4=10
|party5=Hungarian Radical Party|votes5=|seats5=4
|party6=Independents|votes6=|seats6=2
|row7=Against|votes7=165283|seats7=0
}}

===1958 Hungarian parliamentary election===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Hungarian Parliament_1958.svg]]
|alliance1=Patriotic People's Front|aspan1=2|party1=Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party|votes1=6431832|vspan1=2|seats1=276
|party2=Independents|seats2=62
|row3=Against|votes3=28651|seats3=0
}}

==National Assembly elections==
Following a reform in 2012, general elections are now conducted under [[Scorporo|a one-round, two-ballot system]]. The total number of seats has been reduced and regional lists have been eliminated. The number of single-member seats has increased from 45.56% of the total to 53.3%. The first ballot is to choose MPs for 106 single-member districts using first-past-the-post. The remaining 93 party-list national seats are allocated based on the sum of second ballot list votes and wasted votes from the first ballot. Wasted votes are votes that were cast for unsuccessful candidates or surplus votes for winning candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.valasztasirendszer.hu/wp-content/uploads/PC_ElectoralSystem_120106.pdf|title=The New Electoral Law in Hungary: In-Depth Analysis|website=Political Capital Institute|access-date=2018-04-08}}</ref> This formula for allocating national seats is a [[Scorporo|cross]] between a [[Parallel voting|parallel mixed system]] and a [[Mixed single vote|compensatory mixed system]].

The [[2014 Hungarian parliamentary election|2014 elections]] were the first to be held according to the new system, which included the following significant changes:

* '''One round''' instead of two rounds.
* '''No turnout requirements'''; formerly, a turnout of 50% was needed for the first round and 25% for the second round.
* The National Assembly included '''199 seats''', reduced from 386 (i.e. 51.6% of the previous total).
** '''106 constituency seats''', reduced from 176; their share increased from 45.6% to 53.3% of total seats.
** '''93 party-list seats''', including minority-list seats, reduced from the 210 MMC and levelling seats; their share decreased from 54.4% to 46.7% of all seats.
* A '''5% threshold''' remains for party lists, '''10%''' for joint lists of two parties, '''15%''' for joint lists of three or more parties.
* The quota for '''ethnic-minority lists''' to win seats is only one-quarter of the general quota.

Minority lists that do not reach the 5% of all minority-list votes and do not get at least one seat, will be able to send a '''minority spokesman''' to the National Assembly, who has the right to speak but not to vote. Practically, only the German and Romani minorities are numerous enough to possibly elect MPs, while the other 13 minorities have spokesmen.

* '''[[Constituency]] borders''' were changed, partly because of the reduced number of constituencies (from 176 to 106), partly because of the demographic changes in the proportion of the population of constituencies in the last 20 years. In the old system, the population of the smallest constituency was 33077, while the population of the largest one was 98167, which meant that the constituency vote of people living in larger constituencies was worth 3 times less than of those living in smaller constituencies. In the new system the difference between the population of the largest and smallest constituencies is lower than 30% (79208 and 109955) and the standard deviation of the population of the constituencies has also reduced from 20% to 8%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Az új választókerületek népesség-arányai|url=http://mindigis.blogspot.hu/2012/02/az-uj-valasztokeruletek-nepesseg.html}}</ref> The average population of constituencies used to be 57089 and will be 94789 in 2014. The constituency borders do not (necessarily) coincide with city or district borders, however, they have to coincide with county borders and with the border of Budapest (so the 19 counties and Budapest are further divided to constituencies). Budapest used to consist of 32 constituencies and will consist of 18 in 2014.
* '''Registration''' - although it had been planned previously - will not be generally required for voting<ref>{{cite news|title=Under pressure, Hungary PM drops contested voting rules|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-voting-idUSBRE9030C220130104 | work=Reuters | date=4 January 2013}}</ref> after being found unconstitutional,<ref>{{cite web|title=Hungarian voter registration found unconstitutional|date=4 January 2013 |url=http://hungarianspectrum.wordpress.com/2013/01/04/hungarian-voter-registration-found-unconstitutional/}}</ref> only those Hungarian citizens will have to register who do not reside in Hungary (do not have Hungarian address card), this registration will be valid for 10 years or until the change of address and will be automatically extended in case of voting (so practically Hungarian citizens outside Hungary will have to re-register only in case of not voting twice or in case of changing home address)

===Nomination of candidates===
*All candidates must be at least 18 years old and Hungarian citizens.
*Candidates standing for '''constituency seats''' must each have received at least 1000 proposal certificates.
*Parties with candidates standing for election in at least 27 (out of 106) constituencies in at least 9 (out of 19) counties and Budapest may present (national) '''party lists'''.
* Each of the legally recognized national minority councils – currently: Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Greek, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Rusyn, Serbian, Slovakian, Slovenian, and Ukrainian – may present '''minority lists''' (one list per council).

===Voting===
On Hungarian elections citizens can vote for a party-list (or a minority-list), and in case of residing in Hungary (which is checked by showing the address card) citizens can also vote for a constituency candidate who will be responsible for the local community in the National Assembly.
* At least 18 year old Hungarian citizens with Hungarian residence
** one vote for a party-list
** one vote for a constituency candidate
* At least 18 year old Hungarian citizens without Hungarian residence
** one vote for a party-list
* At least 18 year old Hungarian citizens with Hungarian residence registered as minority voter
** one vote for a constituency candidate
** one vote
*** either for a party-list
*** or for a minority-list

====Implementation of voting====
*at local polling stations
**Hungarian citizens with Hungarian residence (address card) staying in Hungary
***showing the ID card -> being able to vote for a party-list (or a minority-list)
***showing the address card -> being able to vote for a constituency candidate
*at embassies, consulates
**Hungarian citizens with Hungarian residence (address card) staying abroad
***showing the ID card -> being able to vote for a party-list (or a minority-list)
***showing the address card -> being able to vote for a constituency candidate
*by mail
**Hungarian citizens without Hungarian address card
***registering for the elections by mail or electronically (valid for 10 years or until change of residential address, validity automatically extends by 10 years in case of voting), registered citizens receive the voting sheet (only the party-list) by mail, which they fulfill and send back to the election office.

===Results===
In case of the 106 constituency seats, the candidate that receives the most votes (not necessarily more than 50%) in the given constituency, obtains the constituency seat and will be responsible for that local region in the National Assembly. In the case of the 93 party-list seats, parties receive seats in proportion to the votes received out of all the party-list and minority-list votes. These numbers of seats obtained by the parties are calculated according to the [[D'Hondt method]] after checking out whether the party has reached the 5% threshold out of all the party-list votes and whether the minority has reached the 5% threshold out of all minority votes. If a minority-lists cannot obtain at least one seat then the first candidate on the minority-list will be minority spokesman, who has right to speak in the National Assembly but is not allowed to vote.

It is possible that the same person is a constituency candidate and a party-list candidate in the same time. If this person has obtained the seat in their constituency and would also obtain a seat because of the party-list that they are listed on then the next candidate in the party-list replaces the candidate that already has obtained a constituency seat. So, for example, someone being the 50th on a party-list can obtain a seat in the National Assembly even if their party has only won 30 party-list seats, if at least 20 candidates listed earlier than them win in their local constituency. (this rule has simplified as there is no county level between the constituency level and the national level)

Generally, big parties place their most important (national level) politicians only on the party-lists because these people want to deal only with national-level issues (like becoming minister). They represent citizens who voted for their parties and not the citizens of their local community, which is the responsibility of those MPs that obtain constituency seats. On the other hand, leaders of small parties usually qualify both on their party-lists and in their local constituencies because of maximizing votes; the leader of a small party might be much more famous or much more popular than an ordinary local politician of a big party.

===By-elections===
{{Main|List of Hungarian by-elections}}
A [[by-election]] is an election held to fill a constituency seat that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections. In case of the vacancy of a party-list seat, the next person on the list that is still interested gets to the National Assembly.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nemzeti Választási Iroda - |url=http://valasztas.hu/hu/ovi/926/926_1_1_6.html|language=hu|chapter=10. A megüresedett mandátum betöltése}}</ref> This rule has not changed. Note, that by-elections from 2012 are held according to the new system, so only one round is held and no minimum turnout is needed, while the constituencies are the same until 2014.

===Latest general election===
{{Main|2022 Hungarian parliamentary election}}
{{#section-h:2022 Hungarian parliamentary election|Results}}

== Historical composition of the National Assembly since 1990 ==

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px;font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="2" |
{| width="100%" style="font-size:90%;"
| width="70" |
|{{legend|{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}|[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Dialogue for Hungary}}|[[Dialogue for Hungary|Párbeszéd]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}}|[[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|DK]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Together 2014}}|[[Together 2014|Együtt]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Politics Can Be Different}}|[[Politics Can Be Different|LMP]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Hungarian Liberal Party}}|[[Hungarian Liberal Party|MLP]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Alliance of Free Democrats}}|[[Alliance of Free Democrats|SZDSZ]]}}	
|{{legend|{{party color|Momentum Movement}}|[[Momentum Movement|Momentum]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Fidesz}}|[[Fidesz]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}}|[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}}|[[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party}}|[[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|FKGP]]}}
|{{legend|#DAA520|[[Hungarian Justice and Life Party|MIÉP]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Jobbik}}|[[Jobbik]]}}
|{{legend|{{party color|Our Homeland Movement}}|[[Our Homeland Movement|MH]]}}
|{{legend|#0047AB|[[National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary|Germans]]}}
|{{legend|#FFCA99|Others}}
|{{legend|#808080|Independent}}
|}
|-
| width="70" | [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 1990|1990]]–1994{{efn|Between 1990 and 2014 the number of seats were 386.}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width:  8.55%"| 33
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Free Democrats}};                                width: 24.10%"| 94
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width:  5.44%"| 21
| style="background-color: {{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}};             width:  5.44%"| 21
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}};                                width: 42.49%"|164
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party}};width: 11.40%"| 44
| style="background-color: #FFCA99;                                                                  width:  0.26%"|  3
| style="background-color: #808080;                                                                  width:  2.33%"|  6
|}
|-
| [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 1994|1994]]–1998
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width: 54.14%"|209
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Free Democrats}};                                width: 17.88%"| 70
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width:  5.18%"| 20
| style="background-color: {{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}};             width:  5.70%"| 22
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}};                                width:  9.84%"| 38
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party}};width:  6.74%"| 26
| style="background-color: #FFCA99;                                                                  width:  0.26%"|  1
|}
|-
| [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 1998|1998]]–2002
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width: 34.72%"|134
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Free Democrats}};                                width:  6.22%"| 24
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width: 38.34%"|148
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}};                                width:  4.40%"| 17
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party}};width: 12.44%"| 48
| style="background-color: #DAA520;                                                                  width:  3.63%"| 14
| style="background-color: #808080;                                                                  width:  0.26%"|  1
|}
|-
| [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 2002|2002]]–2006
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width: 46.11%"|178
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Free Democrats}};                                width:  5.18%"| 20
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width: 42.49%"|164
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}};                                width:  6.22%"| 24
|}
|-
| [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 2006|2006]]–2010
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width: 49.22%"|190
| style="background-color: {{party color|Alliance of Free Democrats}};                                width:  5.18%"| 20
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width: 36.53%"|141
| style="background-color: {{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}};             width:  5.96%"| 23
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}};                                width:  2.85%"| 11
| style="background-color: #FFCA99;                                                                  width:  0.26%"|  1
|}
|-
| [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 2010|2010]]–2014
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width: 15.28%"| 59
| style="background-color: {{party color|Politics Can Be Different}};                                 width:  4.15%"| 16
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width: 58.81%"|227
| style="background-color: {{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}};             width:  9.33%"| 36
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jobbik}};                                                    width: 12.18%"| 47
| style="background-color: #808080;                                                                  width:  0.26%"|  1
|}
|-
| [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 2014|2014]]–2018{{efn|Since 2014 the number of seats are 199.}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width: 14.57%"| 29
| style="background-color: {{party color|Dialogue for Hungary}};                                      width:  0.50%"|  1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}};                            width:  2.01%"|  4
| style="background-color: {{party color|Together 2014}};                                             width:  1.51%"|  3
| style="background-color: {{party color|Politics Can Be Different}};                                 width:  2.51%"|  5
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Liberal Party}};                                   width:  0.50%"|  1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width: 58.79%"|117
| style="background-color: {{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}};             width:  8.04%"| 16
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jobbik}};                                                    width: 11.56%"| 23
|}
|-
| [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 2018|2018]]–2022
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width:  7.54%"| 15
| style="background-color: {{party color|Dialogue for Hungary}};                                      width:  2.51%"|  5
| style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}};                            width:  4.52%"|  9
| style="background-color: {{party color|Together 2014}};                                             width:  0.50%"|  1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Politics Can Be Different}};                                 width:  4.02%"|  8
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width: 58.79%"|117
| style="background-color: {{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}};             width:  8.04%"| 16
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jobbik}};                                                    width: 13.07%"| 26
| style="background-color: #0047AB;                                                                  width:  0.50%"|  1
| style="background-color: #808080;                                                                  width:  0.26%"|  1
|}
|-
| [[Hungarian parliamentary election, 2022|2022]]–2026
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: {{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}};                                 width:  5.03%"| 10
| style="background-color: {{party color|Dialogue for Hungary}};                                      width:  3.02%"|  6
| style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Coalition (Hungary)}};                            width:  7.54%"|  15
| style="background-color: {{party color|Politics Can Be Different}};                                 width:  2.51%"|  5
| style="background-color: {{party color|Momentum Movement}};                                         width:  5.03%"|  10
| style="background-color: {{party color|Fidesz}};                                                    width: 58.79%"|117
| style="background-color: {{party color|Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)}};             width:  9.05%"| 18
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jobbik}};                                                    width: 5.03%"| 10
| style="background-color: {{party color|Our Homeland Movement}};                                     width: 3.02%"| 6
| style="background-color: #0047AB;                                                                   width:  0.50%"|  1
| style="background-color: #808080;                                                                  width:  0.26%"|  1
|}
|}




The numbers come from the legislature's inaugural session. Later changes may occur:
* Vacancies from party list MPs do not change the make-up of the Assembly, as they are replaced by another member of the party list. But a vacancy in a district seat triggers a by-election, which, historically, is often won by another party. See [[List of Hungarian by-elections]].
* New factions may appear
** in 1993, the nationalist-radicalist members of [[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]] quit the party and founded the [[Hungarian Justice and Life Party|MIÉP]], which took part in the next three elections. It crossed the threshold only in 1998.
** in 2011, the [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|DK]] faction led by former socialist prime minister [[Ferenc Gyurcsány]], split from the [[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]] and became a party of its own.
** in 2013, 8 MPs from [[Politics Can Be Different|LMP]] left the party to set up [[Dialogue for Hungary]]

===Prime ministers and their governments since 1989===
'''Parties'''
{{legend2|{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}|[[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party|MSZMP]] / [[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Fidesz}}|[[Fidesz]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}}|[[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="90%"
! width="1%" |#
! width="10%" |Picture
! width="15%" |Name
! width="10%" |From
! width="10%" |Until
! width="15%" |Political Party
! width="10%" |Cabinet
! width="5%" |[[National Assembly of Hungary|Assembly]]<br /><small>(Election)</small>
|- 
! style="background:{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}; color:white" | —
|
|[[Miklós Németh]]<br />(''Provisional'')
|23 October 1989
|23 May 1990
|[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]
|[[:hu:Németh-kormány|Németh]]<br /><small>[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]</small>
| —
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}}; color:white" | 1
|[[File:Portrait of József Antall, Jr.tif|80px]]
|[[József Antall]]
|23 May 1990
|12 December 1993<br />(''died'')
|[[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]]
|[[:hu:Antall-kormány|Antall]]<br /><small>[[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]]–[[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|FKGP]]–[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]</small>
| rowspan="3" |[[1990 Hungarian parliamentary election|1 <small>(1990)</small>]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Hungarian Democratic Forum}}; color:white" | 2
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Péter Boross 2014.JPG|80px]]
| [[Péter Boross]]<br />(''[[Acting (law)|acting]]'')
|12 December 1993
|21 December 1993
| rowspan="2" | [[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]]
| rowspan="2" | [[:hu:Boross-kormány|Boross]]<br /><small>[[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]]–[[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|FKGP]]–[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]</small>
|-
| [[Péter Boross]]
|21 December 1993
|15 July 1994
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}; color:white" | 3
|[[File:Gyula Horn (2007).jpg|80px]]
|[[Gyula Horn]]
|15 July 1994
|8 July 1998
|[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]
|[[:hu:Horn-kormány|Horn]]<br /><small>[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]–[[Alliance of Free Democrats|SZDSZ]]</small>
|[[1994 Hungarian parliamentary election|2 <small>(1994)</small>]]
|- 
! style="background:{{party color|Fidesz}}; color:white" | 4
|[[File:Orban Viktor Portrait 2010.jpg|80px]]
|[[Viktor Orbán]]
|8 July 1998
|27 May 2002
|[[Fidesz]]
|[[:hu:Első Orbán-kormány|Orbán I]]<br /><small>[[Fidesz]]–[[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|FKGP]]–[[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]]</small>
|[[1998 Hungarian parliamentary election|3 <small>(1998)</small>]]
|- 
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" | 5
|[[File:Medgyessy in August 2014 (cropped).JPG|80px]]
|[[Péter Medgyessy]]
|27 May 2002
|29 September 2004<br />(''resigned'')
|''Independent''
|[[:hu:Medgyessy-kormány|Medgyessy]]<br /><small>[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]–[[Alliance of Free Democrats|SZDSZ]]</small>
| rowspan="2" |[[2002 Hungarian parliamentary election|4 <small>(2002)</small>]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}; color:white" | 6
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Gyurcsany Ferenc-mszp-2-croped.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ferenc Gyurcsány]]
|29 September 2004
|9 June 2006
| rowspan="2" |[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]
|[[:hu:Első Gyurcsány-kormány|Gyurcsány I]]<br /><small>[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]–[[Alliance of Free Democrats|SZDSZ]]</small>
|-
|9 June 2006
|14 April 2009<br />(''resigned'')
|[[:hu:Második Gyurcsány-kormány|Gyurcsány II]]<br /><small>[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]–[[Alliance of Free Democrats|SZDSZ]]{{ref label|1|1|1}}</small>
| rowspan="2" |[[2006 Hungarian parliamentary election|5 <small>(2006)</small>]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};" | 7
|[[File:Bajnai Jerusalem.jpg|80px]]
|[[Gordon Bajnai]]
|14 April 2009
|29 May 2010
|''Independent''
|[[Bajnai Government|Bajnai]]<br /><small>[[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]{{ref label|2|2|2}}</small>
|-
! rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Fidesz}}; color:white" | (4)
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Viktor Orbán 2018.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Viktor Orbán]]
|29 May 2010 
|6 June 2014 
| rowspan="4" |[[Fidesz]]
|[[Second Orbán Government|Orbán II]]<br /><small>[[Fidesz]]–[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]</small>
|[[2010 Hungarian parliamentary election|6 <small>(2010)</small>]]
|-
|6 June 2014
|18 May 2018
|[[Third Orbán Government|Orbán III]]<br /><small>[[Fidesz]]–[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]</small>
|[[2014 Hungarian parliamentary election|7 <small>(2014)</small>]]
|-
|18 May 2018
|24 May 2022
|[[Fourth Orbán Government|Orbán IV]]<br /><small>[[Fidesz]]–[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]</small>
|[[2018 Hungarian parliamentary election|8 <small>(2018)</small>]]
|-
|24 May 2022
|Incumbent
|[[Fifth Orbán Government|Orbán V]]<br /><small>[[Fidesz]]–[[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|KDNP]]</small>
|[[2022 Hungarian parliamentary election|9 <small>(2022)</small>]]
|}
{{note label|1|1|1}} [[Alliance of Free Democrats|SZDSZ]] left the Gyurcsány II Cabinet on 20 April 2008 and kept supporting it externally.

{{note label|2|2|2}} The Bajnai Cabinet was supported externally by [[Alliance of Free Democrats|SZDSZ]].

==Local elections==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

Elections for mayors and municipalities ({{langx|hu|Helyi önkormányzati választások}}) occur every five years (formerly every four years in the autumn following the general elections). On the local elections, the following are elected directly by the voters:

in '''Budapest'''
* [[Mayor of Budapest|Lord Mayor of Budapest]] (now since 2019: [[Gergely Karácsony]], between 1990 and 2010: [[Gábor Demszky]])
* members of the City Council of Budapest (since 2010: 33, 1994-2010: 66, 1990-1994: 88)
** voters vote for party-lists
* Mayors of [[List of districts in Budapest|the districts of Budapest]]
* members of the District Council
** districts of Budapest are divided to election zones (not to be confused with the constituencies of the country), and voters can vote for one of the candidates representing their election zone in the District Council

in the '''towns/cities with county rank''':
* Mayor of the town/city
* members of the Town/City Council
** voters vote for party-lists

in the '''counties''' (excluding towns/cities with county rank):
* members of the County Council
** voters vote for party-lists
* Mayors of the cities, towns, villages
* members of the City/Town/Village Council
** cities, towns and villages larger than 10000 inhabitants are divided to election zones (not to be confused with the constituencies of the country), and voters can vote for one of the candidates representing their election zone in the City/Town Council
** towns and villages smaller than 10000 inhabitants are not divided to election zones, in these villages voters can choose as many candidates out of all the candidates as many seats there are in the Village Council, so for instance in a Village Council, where 7 seats are available and there are 15 candidates, the voters can vote for 1 to 7 candidates. Exception if the village is administratively part of a town or city, in this case the village has got one seat in the Town/City Council and villagers can only vote for one candidate representing their village in the Town/City Council just like in case of the election zones of the towns and cities. In this case the village is considered to be one of the election zones of the town/city.

The chairman of the County Council is elected by the members of the Council, unlike the Lord Mayor of Budapest or the Mayors of towns/cities with county rank, which are elected directly by people.

===Latest local elections===
{{main|2019 Hungarian local elections|2024 Hungarian local elections}}

==European Parliament elections==
{{expand section|date=November 2011}}

Since the [[Enlargement of the European Union|EU expansion]] to [[Croatia]], Hungary delegates [[Members of the European Parliament for Hungary 2009–2014|21 members]] to the [[European Parliament]] based on the [[Nice treaty]]. Any [[EU citizen]]s with residence in Hungary have the right to vote for a party-list. In case of the EU elections there are no constituency votes.

The [[2024 European Parliament election in Hungary|latest EP election in Hungary]] took place on 9 June 2024, which was the fifth one at all, after the [[2004 European Parliament election in Hungary|2004 EP election]], which took place on 13 June 2004, bit more than a month after the [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|EU expansion to 10 Eastern European countries]].

Results:
{{election table|title=Summary of the [[2004 European Parliament election in Hungary|2004]] and [[2009 European Parliament election in Hungary|2009]] [[European Parliament]] [[2009 European Parliament election|elections]]}}
|-
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top colspan="2"|'''Parties'''
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan="2"|Votes 2004
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan="2"|%   2004
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan="2"|Seats 2004
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan="2"|Votes 2009
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan="2"|%   2009
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan="2"|Seats 2009
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center rowspan="2"|Difference
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align= center colspan="1"|National Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align= center |European party
|-
|align=left|[[Fidesz - Hungarian Civic Union]] (''Fidesz''){{efn|Common list with the [[Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)|Christian Democratic People's Party]] (''KDNP'') in the 2009 election}}
|align=left|[[European People's Party|EPP]]
|valign=center|1,457,750
|valign=center|47.40
|valign=center|'''12'''
|valign=center|1,632,309
|valign=center|56,36
|valign=center|'''14'''
|valign=center|'''+2'''
|-
|align=left|[[Hungarian Socialist Party]] (''MSZP'')
|align=left|[[Party of European Socialists|PES]]
|valign=center|1,054,921
|valign=center|34.30
|valign=center|'''9'''
|valign=center|503,140
|valign=center|17,37
|valign=center|'''4'''
|valign=center|'''-5'''
|-
|align=left|[[Jobbik]]
|align=left|''none''
|valign=center|did not run
|valign=center|-
|valign=center|'''-'''
|valign=center|427,773
|valign=center|14,77
|valign=center|'''3'''
|valign=center|'''+3'''
|-
|align=left|[[Hungarian Democratic Forum]] (''MDF'') 
|align=left|[[European Conservatives and Reformists Group|ECR]]
|valign=center|164,025
|valign=center|5.33
|valign=center|'''1'''
|valign=center|153,660
|valign=center|5.31
|valign=center|'''1'''
|valign=center|0
|-
|align=left|[[Politics Can Be Different]] (''LMP''){{efn|Common list with the [[Humanist Party (Hungary)|Humanist Party]] (''HP'')}}
|align=left|''none''
|valign=center|did not exist
|valign=center|-
|valign=center|-
|valign=center|75,522
|valign=center|2.61
|valign=center|'''0'''
|valign=center|-
|-
|align=left|[[Alliance of Free Democrats]] (''SZDSZ'')
|align=left|[[European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party|ELDR]]
|valign=center|237,908
|valign=center|7.74 
|valign=center|'''2'''
|valign=center|62,527
|valign=center|2.16
|valign=center|'''0'''
|valign=center|-2
|-
|align=left|[[Workers' Party (Hungary)|Hungarian Communist Workers' Party]] (''Munkáspárt'') 
|align=left|''none''{{efn|The [[Hungarian Communist Workers' Party]] left the [[European Left]] in May.}}
|valign=center|56,221
|valign=center|1.83
|valign=center|'''0'''
|valign=center|27,817
|valign=center|0.96
|valign=center|'''0'''
|valign=center|0
|-
|align=left|[[Gypsy Alliance Party]] (''MCF'')
|align=left|''none''
|valign=top|did not run
|valign=top|-
|valign=top|-
|valign=top|13,431
|valign=top|0.46
|valign=top|'''0'''
|valign=center|-
|-
<!-- |align=left|[[Hungarian Justice and Life Party]] (''MIÉP'')
|align=left|''none''
|align=left|-
|valign=top|72,203
|valign=top|2.35
|valign=top|0
|valign=top|-
|valign=top|-
|valign=top|-
|-
|align=left|[[Hungarian National Alliance]] (''MNSZ'')
|align=left|''none''
|align=left|-
|20,226
|0.66 
|0
|valign=top|-
|valign=top|-
|valign=top|-
|-
|align=left|[[Social Democratic Party (Hungary)|Social Democratic Party]] (''SZDP'') 
|align=left|''none''
|align=left|-
|12,196
|0.40
|0
|valign=top|-
|valign=top|-
|valign=top|- -->
|-
|align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''Total''' (turnout 36,31%{{efn|In the previous election in 2004 turnout was 38.5%}})
|width="75" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|width="75" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|3,075,450
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.0
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|24
|width="75" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|2,896,179 
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.0
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|22
|-
|align=left colspan=8|Source: [http://www.valasztas.hu Valasztas.hu]
|}

==Referendums==
The [[Constitution of Hungary]] prescribes two ways to hold a referendum (Article 8<ref name="constitution">{{cite web | title = The Fundamental Law of Hungary | url = http://www.kormany.hu/download/4/c3/30000/THE%20FUNDAMENTAL%20LAW%20OF%20HUNGARY.pdf | access-date = 2013-11-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130102160605/http://www.kormany.hu/download/4/c3/30000/THE%20FUNDAMENTAL%20LAW%20OF%20HUNGARY.pdf | archive-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref>):
* Parliament shall order a national referendum upon the motion of at least two hundred thousand electors
* Parliament may order a national referendum upon the motion of the President of the Republic, the Government or one hundred thousand electors.

The Constitution imposes a number of prohibitions on matters on which a referendum can be held, including amending Constitution, budget, taxing, obligations from international agreements, military operations, etc.<ref name="constitution" />

Required [[voter turnout]] for the referendum to be valid is 50%. The decision made by a referendum is binding on the Parliament.<ref name="constitution" />

===Past referendums===
There were 8 referendums in modern Hungary:
* [[1989 Hungarian referendum|Four-part referendum]] in 1989 (4 questions, all passed)
* [[1990 Hungarian presidential election referendum|Presidential election referendum]] in 1990 (1 question, failed because of low voter turnout)
* [[1997 Hungarian NATO membership referendum|NATO membership referendum]] in 1997 (1 question, passed)
* [[2003 Hungarian European Union membership referendum|European Union membership referendum]] in 2003 (1 question, passed)
* [[2004 Hungarian dual citizenship referendum|Dual citizenship referendum]] in 2004 (2 questions, both failed because of low voter turnout)
* [[2008 Hungarian fees abolishment referendum|Fees abolishment referendum]] in 2008 (3 question, all passed)
* [[2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum]] in 2016 (1 question, failed because of low voter turnout)
* [[2022 Hungarian LGBT in education referendum]] in 2022 (4 questions, failed because of low voter turnout)

==Presidential elections (indirect)==
{{Expand section|date=July 2010}}
The [[President of Hungary]], who has a largely ceremonial role under the [[Constitution of Hungary|country's constitution]], is elected by the members of the National Assembly to serve for a term of five years (maximum two times), and has to quit their political party (if they have one) in order to be impartial and able to express the unity of the nation (so the "Political Party" column refers to their party membership, prior to becoming president).

Presidents of Hungary:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! #
! Picture
! Name
! From
! Until
! Political party
! Notes
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Hungarian Socialist Party}}; color:white" | —
|[[File:Szűrös Mátyás (Heti Válasz).JPG|80px]]
|[[Mátyás Szűrös]]
|23 October 1989
|2 May 1990
|[[Hungarian Socialist Party]] (MSZP)
|acting president
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance of Free Democrats}}; color:white" | 1
|[[File:GönczÁrpád.jpg|80px]]
|[[Árpád Göncz]]
|2 May 1990
|3 August 2000
|[[Alliance of Free Democrats]] (SZDSZ)
|president of the republic
|-
! style="background-color:" | 2
|[[File:Ferenc Mádl.jpg|80px]]
|[[Ferenc Mádl]]
|4 August 2000
|4 August 2005
|[[Non-partisan]]
|president of the republic
|-
! style="background-color:" | 3
|[[File:László Sólyom.jpg|80px]]
|[[László Sólyom]]
|5 August 2005
|5 August 2010
|[[Non-partisan]]
|president of the republic
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Fidesz}}; color:white" | 4
|[[File:Pál Schmitt (2011).jpg|80px]]
|[[Pál Schmitt]]
|6 August 2010
|2 April 2012<br />(resigned)
|[[Fidesz]]
|president of the republic 
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Fidesz}}; color:white" | —
|[[File:László Kövér Senate of Poland 01.JPG|80px]]
|[[László Kövér]]
|2 April 2012
|10 May 2012
|[[Fidesz]]
|acting president
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Fidesz}}; color:white" | 5
|[[File:Ader Janos.jpg|80px]]
|[[János Áder]]
|10 May 2012
|10 May 2022
|[[Fidesz]]
|president of the republic
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Fidesz}}; color:white" | 6
|[[File:Katalin Novák in 2017 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|[[Katalin Novák]]
|10 May 2022
|26 February 2024 (resigned)
|[[Fidesz]]
|president of the republic
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Fidesz}}; color:white" | —
|[[File:László Kövér Senate of Poland 01.JPG|80px]]
|[[László Kövér]]
|26 February 2024
|5 March 2024
|[[Fidesz]]
|acting president
|-
! style="background-color:" | 7
|[[File:Sulyok Tamás hivatalos portréja (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|[[Tamás Sulyok]]
|5 March 2024
|''Incumbent''
|[[Non-partisan]]
|president of the republic
|}

The non-partisan Ferenc Mádl had been elected by the [[Fidesz]]-[[Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party|FKgp]]-[[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]] government in 2000, while the also non-partisan László Sólyom (former President of the [[Constitutional Court of Hungary|Constitutional Court]]) had been elected president as the opposition Fidesz's and MDF's candidate in 2005. The minor party of the coalition government ([[Alliance of Free Democrats|SZDSZ]]) did not support the superior coalition government party's ([[Hungarian Socialist Party|MSZP]]) candidate, therefore Sólyom could win as an opposition candidate. Non-partisan Tamás Sulyok had been elected by the [[Fidesz-KDNP]] supermajority government in 2024.

==Past elections==

{{Main|Hungarian parliamentary election, 2010}}

The previous general elections (2010) in the country resulted in an overwhelming majority win for the conservative opposition party [[Fidesz]] (which gained a 2/3 [[supermajority]] by winning the 68% of the seats (52.7% of the votes)), as well the dramatic rise of the far-right newcomers [[Jobbik]] (12.2% of seats, 16.7% of votes), who were just 2.5% short of the former ruling [[MSZP|Hungarian Socialist Party]] (15.3% of seats, 19.3% of votes).

The green liberal, social progressivist [[Politics Can Be Different]] (4.1% of seats, 7.5% of votes) was also newcomer, while the liberal conservative formerly parliamentary [[Hungarian Democratic Forum]] (2.7% of votes) could not achieve the 5% threshold, and the formerly parliamentary (and also member of the coalition government before 2009) [[SZDSZ|Alliance of Free Democrats]] was not able to run on the election because of the large decrease of popularity.

This election has changed the balance of power in the [[National Assembly of Hungary]] the most significantly since the [[End of Communism in Hungary (1989)|end of the communist one-party system]], as two brand new political forces could have got to the National Assembly while two formerly [[Parliamentary group|parliamentary parties]] fell out and the support of previous ruling party had significantly decreased (from 48.2% to 15.3% of seats, from 40.3% to 19.3% of votes).

=== Electoral system for National Assembly elections between 1990 and 2010 ===
Until 2010, elections for the 386-seat National Assembly (''Országgyűlés'') involved two [[Parallel voting|separate ballots]], two rounds, and three classes of seats: 176 members were elected in single-member districts through a [[two-round system]], and 146 were elected through [[proportional representation]] in 20 regional multi-member [[constituency|constituencies]] (MMCs), in a non-compensatory way (parallel allocation). Finally, 64 nationwide [[Scorporo|levelling seats]] were allocated in such a way to correct for discrepancies between votes and seats in the different constituencies<ref>Nathan Schackow, 2014, "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260183189_Hungary's_Changing_Electoral_System_Reform_or_Repression_Inside_the_European_Union Hungary's Changing Electoral System: Reform or Repression Inside theEuropean Union]? p. 4.</ref> (the number of multi-member district seats and levelling seats varied over time; the shares shown here were for the 2010 election). For both MMCs and levelling seats, the [[election threshold|electoral threshold]] was 5% of the MMC vote. (Where two parties presented a joint list, their threshold was 10%; for three or more joined parties, the threshold was 15%.)

The second round would be held two weeks after the first, in situations where no candidate in the single-member district won and/or where the MMC result was invalidated due to low turnout.

====First round====
In the first round, each voter may cast
* one vote for one candidate running for the local single-seat constituency;
* one vote for a party list established in the local MMC.
After the polls close:
* The result in single-seat constituencies where [[voter turnout]] was below 50% is declared invalid, and all candidates for the first round enter the second round.
* Any single-seat constituency where turnout was over 50% and one candidate received over 50% of the votes is won by that candidate, and no second round takes place.
* In all remaining single-seat constituencies (i.e., where turnout exceeded 50% but no candidate received over 50% of votes), the top three candidates and any other candidates having received at least 15% of votes are eligible (a kind of [[two-round system|runoff voting]]).
* The result for MMCs where the turnout was over 50% is produced. (If all MMCs saw adequate turnout, the parties passing the election threshold could already be determined and the MMC seats could be allocated.)

====Second round====
In the second round, each voter may cast
* one vote for one candidate still standing in the single-seat constituency, if the seat was not won in the first round;
* one vote for a party list in the MMC, if the first round was invalid due to insufficient turnout.
After the polls close:
* Any seats in single-seat constituencies where turnout was below 25%, or where the first two candidates received an equal number of votes, will remain vacant.
* All other single-seat constituencies will be won by the candidate who received the most votes.
* The result of MMC where turnout was below 25% is declared invalid, and the seats from that constituency are added to the compensation seats.
* The parties passing the threshold are identified based on MMCs with a valid result. Seats from these constituencies are distributed.
* Parties having passed the threshold are eligible for the compensation seats; these are distributed based on:
** the sum of votes remaining in the MMCs after the distribution of the seats, plus
** the sum of votes cast for losing candidates of each party in the first valid round of each single-seat constituency (similar to the [[scorporo]] system). Since the first valid round is taken into account, votes are still counted for a candidate who is eliminated in the first round, or who steps down after a valid first round to endorse another, more viable candidate.

==See also==
* [[List of Hungarian by-elections]]
* [[Electoral calendar]]
* [[Electoral system]]
* [[Second Cabinet of Viktor Orbán#International Criticism of Fourth amendment of the 2011 Constitution|International Criticism of Fourth Amendment of the 2011 Constitution]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070623212935/http://www.valasztas.hu/index_en.html National Election Office Hungary]
*[http://www.politics.hu Politics.hu - English-language resource about Hungarian politics]
*[http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/hungary/ NSD: European Election Database - Hungary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622175410/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/hungary |date=2014-06-22 }}
*[http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/h/hungary/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]
*[http://www.parties-and-elections.de/hungary.html Parties and elections]

{{Hungarian Elections|state=expanded}}
{{Elections in Austria-Hungary}}
{{Elections in Europe}}
{{Hungary topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elections In Hungary}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Elections in Hungary| ]]