Editing Elections in Lebanon

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{{Politics of Lebanon}}
'''Elections in Lebanon''' are allotted to occur every four years. Every citizen is allowed to vote, but the positions are constitutionally allocated by religious affiliation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanon |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/lebanon/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Lebanon was ranked second most electoral [[Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa|democracy in the Middle East]] according to [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] in 2023 with a score of 0.157 out of 1.<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="vdem report">[https://www.v-dem.net/documents/29/V-dem_democracyreport2023_lowres.pdf Democracy Report 2023, Table 3, V-Dem Institute, 2023]</ref> Those who are above 21 and are non active military personnel are permitted to vote.

Elections in Lebanon are made up of loose coalitions, usually organized locally, which are formed for electoral purposes by negotiation among clan leaders and candidates representing various religious communities; such coalitions usually exist only for the election and rarely form a cohesive block in the [[Parliament of Lebanon|Parliament]] after the election. No single party has ever won more than 12.5 percent of the seats in the Parliament, and no coalition of parties has won more than 35 percent.

== Parliamentary electoral system ==
=== Taif Agreement ===
Lebanon's [[List of national legislatures|national legislature]] is called the [[Parliament of Lebanon|Chamber of Deputies]] ({{langx|ar|مجلس النواب|Majlis An-Nouwab}}). Since the elections of 1992 (the first since the reforms of the [[Taif Agreement]] of 1989) removed the built-in majority previously enjoyed by Christians, the Parliament is composed of 128 seats with a term of four years.

Seats in the Parliament are ''confessionally distributed'' but elected by ''[[universal suffrage]].'' Each religious community has an allotted number of seats in the Parliament (see the table below). They do not represent only their co-religionists, however; all candidates in a particular constituency, regardless of religious affiliation, must receive a plurality of the total vote, which includes followers of all confessions. The system was designed to minimize inter-sectarian competition and maximize cross-confessional cooperation: candidates are opposed only by co-religionists, but must seek support from outside their own faith in order to be elected.

In practice, this system has led to charges of [[gerrymandering]]. The opposition [[Qornet Shehwan Gathering]], a group opposed to the previous pro-[[Syria]]n governments, has claimed that constituency boundaries have been drawn so as to allow many [[Shi'a]] Muslims to be elected from Shi'a-majority constituencies (where the [[Hezbollah]] Party is strong), while allocating many Christian members to Muslim-majority constituencies, forcing Christian politicians to represent Muslim interests. Similar charges, but in reverse, were made against the [[Camille Chamoun|Chamoun]] administration in the 1950s.

The following table sets out the confessional allocation of seats in the Parliament before and after the [[Taif Agreement]].

{{Reserved seats in Lebanon}}

Before the next election,{{When|date=August 2020}} the electoral law will be reformed.<ref>[http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=317138] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003014857/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=317138|date=2011-10-03}}</ref> Among the changes most likely are a reduction of the voting age from 21 to 18, a more proportional electoral system, reforms to the oversight of elections and an invitation for [[Lebanese diaspora|Lebanese voters from abroad]] to register in the embassies, although there is no clear promise of them being able to vote from abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Article.aspx?id=149797#axzz1ZYYSPfn1|title=Reform groups rally in favor of proportional representation following stall in negotiations|website=www.dailystar.com.lb}}</ref>

Especially outside the major cities, elections tend to focus more on local than national issues, and it is not unusual for a party to join an electoral ticket in one constituency while aligned with a rival party – even an ideologically opposite party – in another constituency.

Lebanese presidential elections are indirect, with the [[List of Presidents of Lebanon|President]] being elected to a 6-year term by the Parliament.

=== 2008 Doha Agreement ===
Adopting the kaza as an electoral constituency in conformity with the 1960 law, whereby the districts of Marjayoun-[[Hasbaya District|Hasbaya]], [[Baalbek District|Baalbek]]-[[Hermel District|Hermel]] and West Bekaa-[[Rashaya District|Rashaya]] remain as a single electoral constituency each. As for Beirut, it was divided in the following manner: The first district: [[Achrafieh]] – Rmeil – Saifi The second district: Bachoura – Medawar – the [[Port of Beirut|Port]] The third district: Minet al-Hosn – Ain al-Mreisseh – Al-Mazraa – Mousseitbeh – Ras Beirut – Zoqaq al-Blat.

Elections took place on June 7, 2009. The [[Rafik Hariri Martyr List]], an anti-Syrian bloc led by [[Saad Hariri]], captured control of the legislature winning 71 of the 128 available seats. The [[Amal Movement|Amal]]-[[Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc|Hezbollah]] alliance won 30 seats, with 27 seats going to the [[Free Patriotic Movement]] and allied parties.

=== 2017 electoral law ===
[[File:Distribution_of_seats_by_2017_Vote_Law_(Lebanon).png|thumb|350x350px|Distribution of seats between electoral districts per the 2017 law]]
On 15 May 2013, the Parliament extended its mandate for 17 months, due to the deadlock over the electoral law. And, on 5 November 2014, the Parliament enacted another extension, thus keeping its mandate for an additional 31 months, until 20 June 2017,<ref>[http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/11/lebanon-parliament-extension-foreign-decision.html Lebanon's MPs extend own terms]. ''Al-Monitor''. Published: 10 November 2014.</ref> and on 16 June 2017 the Parliament in turn extended its own mandate an additional 11 months to hold elections according to a much-anticipated reformed electoral law. After extending its term for 9 years, a new parliament was elected on 6 May 2018 in the [[2018 Lebanese general election|2018 general election]]. According to the Lebanese constitution<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanon's Constitution of 1926 with Amendments through 2004 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Lebanon_2004.pdf?lang=en |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Constitute}}</ref> and the electoral law of 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanese electoral law 2017 |url=http://mfa.gov.lb/Library/Files/Uploaded%20Files/Lebanese%20electoral%20law%202017.pdf |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants (Lebanon)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants]]}}</ref> elections are held on a Sunday during the 60 days preceding the end of the sitting parliament's mandate. In June 2017 a new electoral law was passed. The previous system (under which the 128 members of [[Parliament of Lebanon|parliament]] were elected from 26 multi-member constituencies under [[multiple non-transferable vote]], and the candidates with the highest number of votes within each religious community were elected)<ref name="IPU">[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2179_B.htm Electoral system] Inter-Parliamentary Union</ref> with a new electoral law instituting [[proportional representation]] in 15 multi-member constituencies while still maintaining the confessional distribution.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/opinion/editorials/lebanon-passing-parliamentary-law-is-a-step-in-right-direction-1.2044624 Lebanon passing parliamentary law is a step in right direction] Gulf News, 16 June 2017</ref> However, the 7 out of the 15 of the electoral districts are divided into 2 or more 'minor districts' (largely corresponding to the smaller electoral districts from the old electoral law).<ref name="el">''[http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/LB/lebanon-law-no.44-parliamentary-elections-2017/at_download/file Table Attached to Law 44 dated 17/6/2017 (Official Gazette no.27 dated 17 June 2017) – Distribution of Seats to the Confessions and Districts]'' ACE Project</ref> Where applicable, [[Open list|preference vote]] is counted on the 'minor district' level.<ref>''Gulf News''. ''[http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/lebanon/lebanon-to-hold-parliamentary-elections-in-may-2018-1.2043638 Lebanon to hold parliamentary elections in May 2018]''</ref> With the 2017 electoral law, the country switched from a plurality voting system to a list-based proportional representation system.

== Presidential elections ==
Thirty to sixty days before the expiration of a president's term, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies calls for a special session to [[Indirect election|indirectly elect]] a new president, which selects a candidate for a six-year term on a secret ballot in which a two-thirds majority is required to elect. If no candidate receives a two-thirds majority, a second ballot is held in which only a majority is required to elect. An individual cannot be reelected president until six years have passed from the expiration of his or her first term.<ref name="tom">{{cite book |last1=Collelo |first1=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/lebanoncountryst00coll |title=Lebanon: A Country Study |date=1987 |publisher=[[Government Printing Office]] |isbn=0160017319}}{{source-attribution}}</ref><ref name="loc">{{cite web |last1=Saliba |first1=Issam |title=Lebanon: Presidential Election and the Conflicting Constitutional Interpretations |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/lebanon-election.php |access-date=15 July 2016 |website=loc.gov |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}{{source-attribution}}</ref>

== Prime Minister and cabinet ==
After parliamentary elections, the President of Lebanon calls for binding consultations with all 128 members of parliament. During these consultations, MPs nominate candidates for the Prime Minister position, specifically a Sunni candidate, as per Lebanon's confessional political system. The candidate who receives the majority of votes becomes the Prime Minister-designate. This process operates on a first-past-the-post basis, meaning the candidate needs only to secure more votes than any other nominee, not an absolute majority of 65 votes. Once the Prime Minister-designate is selected, they meet with the President to discuss the composition of the new government. This stage involves negotiations among political parties regarding ministerial positions in which it must be split between Muslims and Christians and a share for the president, parliamentary majority and opposition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jouhari |first=Ibrahim |date=2022-06-23 |title=The Prime Minister elections, and government formation in Lebanon {{!}} Beyond the Horizon ISSG |url=https://behorizon.org/prime-minister-elections-and-government-formation-in-lebanon/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cedar Revolution]]
* [[Electoral calendar]]
* [[Electoral system]]
* [[2007 Lebanese by-elections]]
* [[2022–2025 Lebanese presidential election]]
* [[2022 Lebanese general election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/l/lebanon/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050403120624/http://www.libanvote.com/lebanese9296/ Libanvote]: an exhaustive record of all elections since 1927, with a constituency-by-constituency breakdown of votes by candidate, together with any subsequent byelections for particular constituencies.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081013045017/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14256/ Mohammad Bazzi: Lebanese Election Preview] Council on Foreign Relations
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090519185548/http://elections.naharnet.com/ Naharnet Elections 2009 Coverage]: Candidate and District News
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090522095823/http://www.observe.ladeleb.org/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9.aspx Election Laws and Codes] {{in lang|ar}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090522095823/http://www.observe.ladeleb.org/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9.aspx Seat Allocation by Confession by District (map)] {{in lang|ar}}
*[http://www.sharek961.org Sharek961] empowers Lebanese citizens to promote transparency by sending in eyewitness reports on all election-related incidents or issues. People across Lebanon can send in reports through SMS, email, and the web.

{{Lebanese elections|state=expanded}}
{{Asia topic|Elections in}}
{{Lebanon topics}}

[[Category:Elections in Lebanon| ]]