Editing Elections in Nepal

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{for multi|the most recent general election|2022 Nepalese general election|the upcoming general election|Next Nepalese general election}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Politics of Nepal}}

There are three types of '''elections in [[Nepal]]''': elections to the [[Federal Parliament of Nepal|federal parliament]], elections to the [[Provincial assemblies of Nepal|provincial assemblies]] and elections to the [[Local government in Nepal|local government]]. Within each of these categories, there may be [[by-election]]s as well as general elections. Currently three electoral systems are used: [[parallel voting]] for the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] and provincial assemblies, [[single transferable vote]] for the [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]], and [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] for local elections.

==Latest elections==
{{Election results
|firstround=Party list|secondround=Constituency
|image=[[File:Nepal House of Representatives 2022.svg]]
|party1=Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|votes1=2845641|seats1=34|votes1_2=3233567|seats1_2=44|totseats1=78
|party2=Nepali Congress|votes2=2715225|seats2=32|votes2_2=2431907|seats2_2=57|totseats2=89
|party3=Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)—Nepal Socialist Party|votes3=1175684|seats3=14|votes3_2=982826|seats3_2=18|totseats3=32
|party4=Rastriya Swatantra Party|votes4=1130344|seats4=13|votes4_2=815023|seats4_2=7|totseats4=20
|party5=Rastriya Prajatantra Party|votes5=588849|seats5=7|votes5_2=549340|seats5_2=7|totseats5=14
|party6=People's Socialist Party, Nepal (2020)|People's Socialist Party, Nepal|votes6=421314|seats6=5|votes6_2=379337|seats6_2=7|totseats6=12
|party7=Janamat Party|votes7=394655|seats7=5|votes7_2=292554|seats7_2=1|totseats7=6
|party8=Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)|votes8=298391|seats8=0|votes8_2=436020|seats8_2=10|totseats8=10
|party9=Nagrik Unmukti Party|votes9=271722|seats9=0|votes9_2=172205|seats9_2=3|totseats9=3
|party10=Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal|votes10=167367|seats10=0|votes10_2=169692|seats10_2=4|totseats10=4
|party11=Nepal Workers Peasants Party|votes11=75168|seats11=0|votes11_2=71567|seats11_2=1|totseats11=1
|party12=Hamro Nepali Party|votes12=55743|seats12=0|votes12_2=57077|seats12_2=0|totseats12=0
|party13=Mongol National Organisation|votes13=49000|seats13=0|votes13_2=42892|seats13_2=0|totseats13=0
|party14=Rastriya Janamorcha|votes14=46504|seats14=0|votes14_2=57278|seats14_2=1|totseats14=1
|party15=Nepal Federal Socialist Party|votes15=41830|seats15=0|votes15_2=7172|seats15_2=0|totseats15=0
|party16=Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (2002)|Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)|votes16=30599|seats16=0|votes16_2=18716|seats16_2=0|totseats16=0
|party17=Rastriya Janamukti Party|votes17=23934|seats17=0|votes17_2=34012|seats17_2=0|totseats17=0
|party18=People's Progressive Party (Nepal)|People's Progressive Party|votes18=18059|seats18=0|votes18_2=37511|seats18_2=0|totseats18=0
|party19=Nepal Naulo Janwadi Party―Nepal Aama Party―Nepal Sushashan Party―Sachet Nepali Party|votes19=17902|seats19=0|votes19_2=18495|seats19_2=0|totseats19=0|color19=#00ff7f
|party20=Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch|votes20=17805|seats20=0|votes20_2=11488|seats20_2=0|totseats20=0
|party21=Bahujan Ekata Party Nepal|votes21=17080|seats21=0|votes21_2=7274|seats21_2=0|totseats21=0|color21=steelblue
|party22=Nepali Congress (B.P.)|votes22=12502|seats22=0|votes22_2=13123|seats22_2=0|totseats22=0|color22=limegreen
|party23=Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal|votes23=12340|seats23=0|votes23_2=10087|seats23_2=0|totseats23=0
|party24=Nepali Janata Dal|votes24=10137|seats24=0|votes24_2=1654|seats24_2=0|totseats24=0
|party25=Bahujan Shakti Party|votes25=9435|seats25=0|votes25_2=6710|seats25_2=0|totseats25=0
|party26=Nepalka Lagi Nepali Party|votes26=8436|seats26=0|votes26_2=3893|seats26_2=0|totseats26=0
|party27=Nepal Communist Party|votes27=8013|seats27=0|votes27_2=313|seats27_2=0|totseats27=0
|party28=Nepal Loktantrik Party|votes28=7705|seats28=0|votes28_2=3842|seats28_2=0|totseats28=0|color28=cyan
|party29=Nepal Janata Party|votes29=7518|seats29=0|votes29_2=2269|seats29_2=0|totseats29=0
|party30=Communist Party of Nepal Marxist (Pushpa Lal)|votes30=7402|seats30=0|votes30_2=1760|seats30_2=0|totseats30=0
|party31=Miteri Party Nepal|votes31=7043|seats31=0|votes31_2=22|seats31_2=0|totseats31=0
|party32=Janajagaran Party Nepal|votes32=6550|seats32=0|votes32_2=324|seats32_2=0|totseats32=0
|party33=Aamul Pariwartan Masiha Party Nepal|votes33=6429|seats33=0|votes33_2=1366|seats33_2=0|totseats33=0
|party34=Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2021)|Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party|votes34=5977|seats34=0|votes34_2=12203|seats34_2=0|totseats34=0
|party35=Janasamajbadi Party|votes35=5925|seats35=0|votes35_2=3030|seats35_2=0|totseats35=0
|party36=Nepal Dalit Party―Samajik Ekata Party―Communist Party of Nepal (Socialist)|votes36=5839|seats36=0|votes36_2=478|seats36_2=0|totseats36=0
|party37=Pichhadibarga Nishad Dalit Janajati Party|votes37=5105|seats37=0|votes37_2=379|seats37_2=0|totseats37=0
|party38=Bibeksheel Sajha Party|votes38=4049|seats38=0|votes38_2=2446|seats38_2=0|totseats38=0
|party39=Ekikrit Shakti Nepal|votes39=3792|seats39=0|votes39_2=3026|seats39_2=0|totseats39=0
|party40=Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Socialist)|votes40=3702|seats40=0|votes40_2=766|seats40_2=0|totseats40=0|color40=darksalmon
|party41=Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch (Tharuhat)|votes41=3406|seats41=0|votes41_2=293|seats41_2=0|totseats41=0
|party42=Rastriya Mukti Andolan Nepal|votes42=3354|seats42=0|votes42_2=0|seats42_2=0|totseats42=0
|party43=Maulik Jarokilo Party|votes43=3256|seats43=0|votes43_2=2416|seats43_2=0|totseats43=0
|party44=Nepal Samabeshi Party|votes44=2963|seats44=0|votes44_2=0|seats44_2=0|totseats44=0
|party45=Communist Party of Nepal (Paribartan)|votes45=2220|seats45=0|votes45_2=364|seats45_2=0|totseats45=0
|party46=Rastriya Nagarik Party|votes46=2150|seats46=0|votes46_2=149|seats46_2=0|totseats46=0
|party47=Nationalist People's Party|votes47=2018|seats47=0|votes47_2=1768|seats47_2=0|totseats47=0
|party48=Sajha Party Nepal|votes48=0|seats48=0|votes48_2=2327|seats48_2=0|totseats48=0
|party49=Nepal Sadbhawana Party|votes49=0|seats49=0|votes49_2=660|seats49_2=0|totseats49=0
|party50=Nepal Bibeksheel Party|votes50=0|seats50=0|votes50_2=379|seats50_2=0|totseats50=0
|party51=Aitihasik Prajatantrik Janata Party Nepal|votes51=0|seats51=0|votes51_2=359|seats51_2=0|totseats51=0
|party52=Kirat Khambhuwan Sajha Party|votes52=0|seats52=0|votes52_2=278|seats52_2=0|totseats52=0
|party53=Khambuwan Rastriya Morcha Nepal|votes53=0|seats53=0|votes53_2=162|seats53_2=0|totseats53=0
|party54=Punarjagarn Party Nepal|votes54=0|seats54=0|votes54_2=141|seats54_2=0|totseats54=0
|party55=Nepalbad|votes55=0|seats55=0|votes55_2=131|seats55_2=0|totseats55=0
|party56=Tamangsaling Loktantrik Party|votes56=0|seats56=0|votes56_2=85|seats56_2=0|totseats56=0
|party57=Gandhibadi Party Nepal|votes57=0|seats57=0|votes57_2=60|seats57_2=0|totseat57=0
|party58=Rastriya Samajwadi Party Nepal|votes58=0|seats58=0|votes58_2=60|seats58_2=0|totseats58=0
|party59=Samajik Loktantrik Party|votes59=0|seats59=0|votes59_2=56|seats59_2=0|totseats59=0
|party60=Independents|votes60=0|seats60=0|votes60_2=584629|seats60_2=5|totseats60=5
}}

== History ==

=== Rana regime ===
In 1947, the government of prime minister [[Padma Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana|Padma Shumsher]] formed a Constitution Reform Committee under the leadership of General Bahadur Shamsher to reform the administration in the country. The Nepal Government Constitutional Law, 1948 envisioned a [[bicameral legislature]] with the [[lower house]] called Rastra Sabha to have 42 elected members in addition to 28 members nominated by the prime mininster. A provision was also included for an elected Village Panchayat with 5 to 15 members, an elected Municipal Panchayat with 10 to 50 members and an elected District Panchayat with 15 to 20 members. The elections for the bodies would be held on the basis of [[non-partisan democracy]] and all adults would have the right to franchise. The law was promulgated but never came into effect.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=निर्वाचन स्मारिका -२०७६ |url=https://election.gov.np/uploads/content/1594096623_np.pdf |website=Election Commission of Nepal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=नेपालको निर्वाचनको इतिहास |publisher=Election Commission of Nepal |year={{date|2017|2|18}} |isbn=978-9937-0-2116-6 |location=Kathmandu |pages=105–107 |language=ne}}</ref>

=== Transition era ===
The Interim Administration Act of Nepal, 1952 promulgated by [[King Tribhuvan|King Tribhuwan]] after the end of the [[Rana regime]] made provisions an Election Commission for the first time. The act also gave everyone in the country over the age of 21 a right to [[Universal suffrage|adult franchise]]. The [[Constitution of Nepal#Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1959|Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1959]], prepared under the advice of [[Ivor Jennings|Sir Ivor Jennings]] created 109 constituencies in the country and reiterated the right to adult franchise for everyone over the age of 21.<ref name=":2" />

=== Constitutional monarchy era ===
The constitution of 1990 had a provision for a [[Bicameralism|bicameral parliament]]. The [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] ([[lower house]]) and the [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] ([[upper house]]). The country was divided into 205 constituencies which would elected members to the House of Representatives for a term of five years. The National Assembly had 60 members, 35 of whom would be elected by the electoral college of the House of Representatives, 3 each from the five [[development regions of Nepal]], 15 in total, which would be elected by an electoral college of village, municipalities and districts and 10 members appointed by the [[King of Nepal|monarch]]. The right to franchise was also extended to everyone over the age of 18.<ref name=":2" />

=== Post Civil War ===
The [[Constitution of Nepal#The Interim constitution of Nepal, 2007|Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007]], promulgated after [[2006 Nepalese revolution|2006 revolution]] had provisions for a [[constituent assembly]] that would draft a new constitution for the newly formed [[republic]]. The country was divided into 240 constituencies which would elect members to the [[Constituent Assembly of Nepal]]. In addition to this 335 seats to the assembly were to be filled using a [[proportional representation system]] and a further 26 members would be appointed. The [[party list]] for the proportional voting had reservations for women, [[Dalit|Dalits]], [[Indigenous peoples]], [[Madheshi people|Madheshis]] and people from [[Backward Area|backward areas]]. Women would also have to make up one-third of the seats in the assembly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lokhandwala |first1=Zainab |date=5 January 2014 |title=Nepal: The Long Road Ahead - Fair Observer |publisher=Fair Observer |url=http://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/nepal-long-road-ahead/ |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Election to the Members of Constituent Assembly Act, 2064 (2007) |url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/site/en/content/election-members-constituent-assembly-act-2064-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209114950/http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/site/en/content/election-members-constituent-assembly-act-2064-2007 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=[[Nepal Law Commission]]}}</ref>

=== Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ===
The [[Constitution of Nepal 2015|Constitution of Nepal, 2015]] that was drafted by the [[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly]] has provisions for a [[bicameral legislature]]. The [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] and the [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] would be the lower chamber and the upper chamber of the new [[Federal Parliament of Nepal]]. The country was divided into 165 constituencies which would elect members to the House of Representatives through [[first-past-the-post voting]] and a further 110 members would be elected through the [[party list]] [[proportional representation system]]. The [[Provincial Assembly (Nepal)|provincial assemblies]] were also created for each of the seven [[provinces of Nepal]]. The assemblies would be [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] and would elect 330 members through [[first-past-the-post voting]] and 220 members would be elected through the [[party list]] [[proportional representation system]]. The National Assembly would elect 56 members through an electoral college consisting of members of the lower house, provincial assemblies and the heads and deputy heads of each of the 753 local units in the country.<ref name=":2" />

==Election Commission==
The [[Election Commission, Nepal|Election Commission of Nepal]] is formed of five Election Commissioners, one of whom is Chief Election Commissioner and acts as the chairperson. They serve one term of six years and are appointed by the [[President of Nepal|President]] on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. The Chief Election Commissioners and other Election Commissioners must hold a bachelor's degree, must not belong to a political party immediately before their appointment, must have attained the age of forty-five and must possess high moral character.<ref>{{Cite constitution|article=245|section=24|polity=Nepal|date=20 September 2015}}</ref>

The Election Commission conducts, supervises, directs and controls the elections for the [[President of Nepal|President]], [[Vice President of Nepal|Vice-president]], [[Parliament of Nepal|Federal Parliament]], State Legislature and local bodies. It prepares a voters' list for the purpose of the election and holds referendums on subjects of national importance as per the Constitution and Federal law.<ref>{{Cite constitution|article=246|section=24|polity=Nepal|date=20 September 2015}}</ref>

== Legislative elections ==
Following the [[dissolution of parliament]] all the [[Member of parliament|Members of Parliament]] forming the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] of the [[Parliament of Nepal|Federal Parliament of Nepal]] are elected. The term for the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] is five years, except when dissolved earlier. When the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] is dissolved the power of [[Parliament of Nepal|Federal Parliament]] is carried out by the [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite constitution|article=84|section=8|polity=Nepal|date=20 September 2015}}</ref>

Candidates for each [[constituency]] seat are nominated by a [[List of political parties in Nepal|political party]] or stand as independents. Each constituency elects one [[Member of parliament|MP]] under the [[first past the post]] system of election. 
As well, since Nepal uses a [[parallel voting]] system, voters cast another ballot to try to elect [[Member of parliament|MPs]] through the [[party-list proportional representation]]. 
The current constitution specifies that 165 [[Member of parliament|MPs]] are elected from the [[first past the post]] system and 110 [[Member of parliament|MPs]] are elected through the [[party-list proportional representation]] system. Women should account for one third of total members elected from each party and if at least a third are not elected in the district seats, the party shall have to elect enough women to make up a third of its total number of elected members, through the [[party-list proportional representation]] portion of the election.<ref name=":0" />

A party with an overall majority (more seats than all other parties combined) following an election forms the government. If no party has an outright majority by itself, parties can seek to form a coalition that is made up of a majority of members in the chamber and can pass laws.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Date
!Elected members
!Nominated members
!Constituencies
|-
|[[1959 Nepalese general election|1959 general election]]
|18 February 1959
|109
|0
|109
|-
|[[1971 Nepalese general election|1971 general election]]
|1971
|109
|16
|109
|-
|[[1981 Nepalese general election|1981 general election]]
|9 May 1981
|112
|28
|112
|-
|[[1986 Nepalese general election|1986 general election]]
|12 May 1986
|112
|28
|112
|-
|[[1991 Nepalese general election|1991 general election]]
|12 May 1991
|205
|0
|205
|-
|[[1994 Nepalese general election|1994 general election]]
|15 November 1994
|205
|0
|205
|-
|[[1999 Nepalese general election|1999 general election]]
|3 & 17 May 1999
|205
|0
|205
|-
|[[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 Constituent Assembly election]]
|10 April 2008
|575
|26
|240
|-
|[[2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2013 Constituent Assembly election]]
|19 November 2013
|575
|26
|240
|-
|[[2017 Nepalese general election|2017 general election]]
|26 November and 7 December 2017
|275
|0
|165
|-
|[[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general election]]
|20 November 2022
|275
|0
|165
|}

=== By-elections ===
Source:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2013-11-12|title=Welcome to Election Commission of Nepal|url=http://www.election.gov.np/election/np/constituent-assembly-elections-70.html|access-date=2020-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112073248/http://www.election.gov.np/election/np/constituent-assembly-elections-70.html|archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

{{Col-start}}
{{Col-2}}
* 1959 by-elections,
** Constituency 52 (Bara Mid-East)
** Constituency 70 (Thalara Doti North)
** Constituency 91 (Gulmi South-West)
* 1992 by-elections, 9 February 1992
** Sunsari 2
** [[Kathmandu 5 (constituency)#1992 by-elections|Kathmandu 5]]
* 1994 by-elections, 7 February 1994
** [[Jhapa 1 (constituency)#1994 by-election|Jhapa 1]]
** [[Kathmandu 1 (constituency)#1994 by-elections|Kathmandu 1]]
* 1997 by-elections, 24 January 1997
** Sunsari 5
** [[Kathmandu 1 (constituency)#1997 by-elections|Kathmandu 1]]
** [[Rautahat 2 (constituency)#1997 by-elections|Rautahat 2]]
** [[Rupandehi 2 (constituency)#1997 by-elections|Rupandehi 2]]
** [[Baitadi 1 (constituency)#1997 by-elections|Baitadi 1]]
* 1999 by-elections, 9 December 1999
** Jhapa 6
** [[Morang 1 (constituency)#1999 by-elections|Morang 1]]
** [[Rautahat 4 (constituency)#1997 by-elections|Rautahat 4]]
{{Col-2}}
* 2009 by-elections, 10 April 2009
** [[Morang 5 (constituency)#2009 by-elections|Morang 5]]
** Morang 7
** Dhanusha 5
** [[Kaski 1 (constituency)#2009 by-elections|Kaski 1]]
** Rolpa 2
** Kanchanpur 4
* 2014 by-elections,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CA by-elections conclude peacefully|url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2014/06/22/ca-by-elections-conclude-peacefully|access-date=2020-11-18|website=kathmandupost.com|language=en}}</ref> 22 June 2014
** [[Kathmandu 2 (constituency)#2014 by-elections|Kathmandu 2]]
** Chitwan 4
** [[Bardiya 1 (constituency)#2014 by-elections|Bardiya 1]]
** Kailali 6
* [[Baglung 1 (constituency)#2015 by-elections|Baglung 1]], 11 April 2015
* [[2019 Kaski–2 by-election|Kaski 2]], 30 November 2019
* 2023 by-elections, 23 April 2023
** [[2023 Bara–2 by-election|Bara 2]]
** [[2023 Chitwan–2 by-election|Chitwan 2]]
** [[2023 Tanahun–1 by-election|Tanahun 1]]
* [[2024 Ilam–2 by-election|Ilam 2]], 27 April 2024
{{Col-end}}

== National assembly elections ==
According to Article 86 of the [[Constitution of Nepal|Constitution of Nepal 2015]], the members of the [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] are elected every six years through an electoral college. In addition to this, one-third of the members are retired every two years for six years by drawing a lottery.<ref name=":3">{{Cite constitution|article=86|section=8|polity=Nepal|date=20 September 2015}}</ref>

The electoral college consists of members of the provincial assembly and Chairperson/Mayor and Vice Chairperson/Deputy Mayor of the local bodies within the state. Each provincial assembly members vote has a weight of forty eight whereas each Chairperson/Mayor/Vice Chairperson/Deputy Mayor vote has a weight of eighteen. The electoral college elects 56 members to the National Assembly and three members, including one woman, are nominated by the president on the recommendation of the [[Government of Nepal]].<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Date
!Elected members
!Nominated members
|-
|1959 Senate election
|10 July 1959
|18
|18
|-
|1991 National Assembly election
|26 June 1991
|50
|10
|-
|1993 National Assembly election
|27 June 1993
|17
|3
|-
|1995 National Assembly election
|13 November 1995
|16
|4
|-
|1997 National Assembly election
|27 June 1997
|17
|3
|-
|1999 National Assembly election
|10 July 1999
|17
|3
|-
|2001 National Assembly election
|27 June 2001
|16
|3
|-
|[[2018 Nepalese National Assembly election|2018 National Assembly election]]
|7 February 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/07/c_136956143.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207090817/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/07/c_136956143.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2018|title=National Assembly election begins in Nepal - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>
|56
|3
|-
|[[2020 Nepalese National Assembly election|2020 National Assembly election]]
|23 January 2020
|18
|1
|-
|[[2022 Nepalese National Assembly election|2022 National Assembly election]]
|26 January 2022
|19
|1
|-
|[[2024 Nepalese National Assembly election|2024 National Assembly election]]
|25 January 2024
|19
|1
|}

== Provincial assembly elections ==
Following the [[dissolution of parliament|dissolution of the provincial assembly]] all the members forming the [[Provincial Assembly (Nepal)|Provincial Assembly]] are elected. The term for the Provincial Assembly is five years, except when dissolved earlier.<ref name=":4">{{Cite constitution|article=176|section=14|polity=Nepal|date=20 September 2015}}</ref>

Candidates for each [[constituency]] are chosen by the [[List of political parties in Nepal|political parties]] or stand as independents. Each constituency elects one member under the [[first past the post]] system of election. Since Nepal uses a [[parallel voting]] system, voters cast another ballot to elect members through the [[party-list proportional representation]]. The current constitution specifies that sixty percent of the members should be elected from the [[first past the post]] system and forty percent through the [[party-list proportional representation]] system. Women should account for one third of total members elected from each party and if one-third percentage are not elected, the party that fails to ensure so shall have to elect one-third of total number as women through the [[party-list proportional representation]].<ref name=":4" />

A party with an overall majority (more seats than all other parties combined) following an election forms the government. If a party has no outright majority, parties can seek to form coalitions.

The first provincial assembly elections in Nepal were held on 26 November and 7 December 2017.
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Date
!Elected members
!Nominated members
!Constituencies
|-
|[[2017 Nepalese provincial elections|2017 provincial elections]]
|26 November and 7 December 2017
|550
|0
|330 
|-
|[[2022 Nepalese provincial elections|2022 provincial elections]]
|20 November 2022
|550
|0
|330
|}

=== By-election ===

* 2019 by-elections, 30 November 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=By-elections 2019: The Final Results |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/by-elections-2019-the-final-results/ |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
** [[Bhaktapur 1 (constituency)#2019 by-elections|Bhaktapur 1 (A)]], [[Bagmati Provincial Assembly|Bagmati]]
** [[Baglung 2 (constituency)#2019 by-elections|Baglung 2 (B)]], [[Gandaki Provincial Assembly|Gandaki]]
** [[Dang 3 (constituency)|Dang 3 (B)]], [[Lumbini Provincial Assembly|Lumbini]]
*[[Bajhang 1 (constituency)#2024 by-election For Bajhang 1 (A)|Bajhang 1 (A)]], [[Sudurpashchim Provincial Assembly|Sudurpashchim]], 27 April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=मतगणना प्रगतिको विवरण |url=https://result.election.gov.np/ElectionResultCentral2081bi.aspx |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=result.election.gov.np}}</ref>

== Local elections ==
{{See also|List of cities in Nepal|List of gaupalikas of Nepal}}
Elections are held for the municipal executive and municipal assemblies in [[List of cities in Nepal|municipalities]] and for the village executive and village assemblies in [[List of gaupalikas of Nepal|rural municipalities]]. The local executive consists of the elected mayor (or chair in rural municipalities), the deputy mayor (or the deputy chair in rural municipalities) and ward chairs of every ward in the local unit elected through [[first-past-the-post voting]] and, five female members (four in rural municipalities) and three members of the [[Dalit]] or minority community (two in rural municipalities) elected by the local assembly through [[single non-transferable vote]].<ref>{{Cite constitution|article=215-216|section=17|polity=Nepal|date=20 September 2015}}</ref> The assembly consists of the mayor (chair in the case of village assemblies), the deputy mayor (deputy chair in village assemblies), ward chais and four members from each ward of the municipality or rural municipality. Two ward members must be female, one of whom must belong to the [[Dalit|dalit community]] or a [[minority group]]. All elections to the village assembly are held on the basis of [[first past the post system]].<ref>{{Cite constitution|article=222-223|section=18|polity=Nepal|date=20 September 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year<ref name=":1" />
!Date
|-
|1983 local panchayat elections
|
|-
|1987 local panchayat elections
|
|-
|1992 local elections
|28 and 31 May 1992
|-
|1997 local elections
|17 and 26 May 1997
|-
|2006 municipal elections
|8 February 2006
|-
|[[2017 Nepalese local elections|2017 local elections]]
|14 May, 28 June and 18 September 2017
|-
|[[2022 Nepalese local elections|2022 local elections]]
|13 May 2022
|}

== Referendums ==
There has been one referendum held in Nepal, The [[1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum|1980 governmental system referendum]] of 2 May 1980.

==See also==
*[[Electoral calendar]]
*[[Electoral system]]
*[[Electoral roll]]
*[[Election commission]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://election.gov.np/ Election Commission]
*[http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nepal/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]
*[http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/nepal.html The Carter Center information on Nepal]
*[https://election.gov.np/source/Resources%20Other/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8.pdf नेपालको निर्वाचनको इतिहास]

{{Nepalese elections|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Asia topic|Elections in}}
{{Nepal topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elections In Nepal}}
[[Category:Elections in Nepal| ]]