Editing Electronic Sound

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name       = Electronic Sound
| type       = Studio album
| artist     = [[George Harrison]]
| cover      = ElectronicSound569.jpg
| alt        =
| released   = {{start date|1969|5|9|df=yes}}
| recorded   = *November 1968
*February 1969
| venue      =
| studio     = *Sound Recorders, Los Angeles
*[[Kinfauns]] (Harrison's home), [[Surrey]]
| genre      = [[Avant-garde music|Avant-garde]],{{sfn|Inglis|2010|p=20}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spillmagazine.com/spill-album-review-george-harrison-vinyl-collection/ |title=Spill Album Review: George Harrison – The Vinyl Collection |first=Aaron |last=Badgley |author-link=Aaron Badgley|website=The Spill Magazine |date=24 February 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113527/http://spillmagazine.com/spill-album-review-george-harrison-vinyl-collection/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[electronic music]]<ref name="Ginell/AM" />
| length     = {{Duration|m=43|s=50}}
| label      = [[Zapple Records|Zapple]]
| producer   = [[George Harrison]]
| prev_title = [[Wonderwall Music]]
| prev_year  = 1968
| next_title = [[All Things Must Pass]]
| next_year  = 1970
}}

'''''Electronic Sound''''' is the second studio album by the English rock musician [[George Harrison]]. Released in May 1969, it was the last of two LPs issued on [[the Beatles]]' short-lived [[Zapple Records|Zapple]] record label, a subsidiary of [[Apple Records]] that specialised in the [[avant-garde]]. The album is an experimental work comprising two lengthy pieces performed on a [[Moog synthesizer|Moog 3-series synthesizer]]. It was one of the first [[electronic music]] albums by a rock musician, made at a time when the Moog was usually played by dedicated exponents of the technology. Harrison subsequently introduced the Moog to the Beatles' sound, and the band featured synthesizer for the first time on their 1969 album ''[[Abbey Road]]''.

Harrison began the project in Los Angeles, in November 1968, while he was producing sessions for his Apple Records artist [[Jackie Lomax]]. "No Time or Space" comprises an edit of a Moog demonstration given there by [[Bernie Krause]], an American synthesizer exponent and Moog salesman. Once his own Moog system arrived in England, in February 1969, Harrison recorded the second piece, "Under the Mersey Wall", at his home in [[Surrey]]. Krause later said that, with "No Time or Space", Harrison recorded the studio demonstration without his knowledge and that it incorporated ideas he was due to include on his forthcoming album with [[Paul Beaver]].

The cover artwork of ''Electronic Sound'' was taken from a painting by Harrison. The front cover shows Krause operating the Moog console, while the back depicts [[Derek Taylor]]'s office at Apple and the pressures afflicting the company at the time.

The album has received an unfavourable response from many rock critics; these writers dismiss it as unfocused, unstructured, and consisting of random sounds. Some commentators and musicians judge it to be an adventurous work that displays the Moog's sonic potential at a time when the system was in its infancy. In the United States and Canada, the LP was pressed with the two tracks swapped around, leading to confusion regarding the identity of the pieces. The order was corrected for the album's CD release in 1996. The 2014 reissue includes essays by Kevin Howlett and [[electronica]] musician [[Tom Rowlands]], along with [[Dhani Harrison]]'s explanation of his father's artwork.

==Background==
[[File:Don Grierson with George Harrison Golden Apple Award.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Harrison (left, with [[Don Grierson (music business)|Don Grierson]]), in Los Angeles in October 1968]]
Although a guitarist and, from 1966, an aspiring [[sitar]]ist under Indian musician [[Ravi Shankar]], [[George Harrison]] turned to keyboard instruments as a tool for songwriting in 1967.{{sfn|Leng|2006|pp=30, 32, 50}}<ref>{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Simons |url=http://www.acousticguitar.com/issues/ag122/feature122.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010121901/http://www.acousticguitar.com/issues/ag122/feature122.html |title=The Unsung Beatle: George Harrison's behind-the-scenes contributions to the world's greatest band |magazine=[[Acoustic Guitar (magazine)|Acoustic Guitar]] |date=February 2003 |archive-date=10 October 2007 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> These instruments included [[Hammond organ]] on some of his songs with [[the Beatles]], and [[Mellotron]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/yellow-submarine-mw0000668441 |first=Richie |last=Unterberger |title=The Beatles ''Yellow Submarine'' |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=24 July 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224151617/https://www.allmusic.com/album/yellow-submarine-mw0000668441 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Everett|1999|pp=151–52}} on several of the Western selections on his debut solo album, the ''[[Wonderwall Music]]'' film soundtrack.{{sfn|Clayson|2003|pp=234–35}}<ref>{{cite web|first=Matt|last=Hurwitz|url=http://www.georgeharrison.com/albums/wonderwall-music/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104113245/http://www.georgeharrison.com/albums/wonderwall-music/ |title=Wonderwall Music|publisher=georgeharrison.com|archive-date=4 November 2015|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> Described by producer [[George Martin]] as the most dedicated of the Beatles in finding and creating new sounds for the band's studio recordings,{{sfn|Hertsgaard|1996|p=172}} Harrison became intrigued by the potential of the [[Moog synthesizer]] while in Los Angeles in late 1968.{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=242}}{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=222}} He was introduced to the instrument by [[Bernie Krause]], who, along with his [[Beaver & Krause]] partner [[Paul Beaver]], was the Moog company's sales representative for the US West Coast.{{sfn|Brend|2012|p=151}}{{sfn|Holmes|2012|p=446}}{{refn|group=nb|Among its initial appearances in the context of popular music, the instrument had been used by Beaver in 1967 on ''[[The Zodiac: Cosmic Sounds]]''{{sfn|Holmes|2012|pp=246–47}} and on [[the Byrds]]' "[[Goin' Back]]".{{sfn|Brend|2012|pp=164, 178}} The following year, [[Wendy Carlos]] achieved unexpected commercial success with ''[[Switched-On Bach]]'',{{sfn|Holmes|2012|pp=249–50}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1491321/moog-documentary-clearly-a-labor-of-love-by-kurt-loder/ |first=Kurt |last=Loder |title=Moog Documentary Clearly a Labor of Love |publisher=[[MTV.com]] |date=23 September 2004 |access-date=26 July 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728124323/http://www.mtv.com/news/1491321/moog-documentary-clearly-a-labor-of-love-by-kurt-loder/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> an experimental work that first heralded the melodic possibilities offered by the Moog synthesizer.{{sfn|Prendergast|2003|pp=70–71}}{{sfn|Pinch|Trocco|2002|pp=132, 147}}}}

An off-shoot of the Beatles' [[Apple Records|Apple]] record label, [[Zapple Records]] was intended as an outlet for [[avant-garde]] musical works and spoken-word albums.{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=197}}{{sfn|Miles|2016|pp=120–21}} The music on ''Electronic Sound'', consisting of two extended instrumental pieces – "Under the Mersey Wall" and "No Time or Space" – was performed on a [[Moog modular synthesizer|Moog 3]] modular system. Harrison bought the system from the Moog company through Krause, and later had it set up at [[Abbey Road Studios|EMI Studios]] in London for the Beatles to use on their recordings.{{sfn|Holmes|2012|p=446}}{{sfn|Everett|1999|pp=208, 242, 245}}

In author [[Alan Clayson]]'s view, the album was Harrison's "gesture of artistic solidarity" towards [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]], whose experimental collaborations, having first appeared on the Beatles' 1968 track "[[Revolution 9]]", made up Zapple's other inaugural album, ''[[Life with the Lions]]''.{{sfn|Clayson|2003|pp=246, 249}}{{refn|group=nb|Music critic [[Richie Unterberger]] comments that although Lennon was the Beatle best known for embracing avant-garde music, and [[Paul McCartney]] subsequently went to considerable length to emphasise his own forays in the style, Harrison's absorption in [[Indian classical music]] and the sitar "were themselves avant-garde in the context of the 1960s".{{sfn|Unterberger|2006|p=161}}}} In a 1987 interview, Harrison said that ''Electronic Sound'', like the Lennon–Ono album, was an example of Zapple's ethos of "let[ting] serendipity take hold" rather than a formal creative work.{{sfn|White|1987|pp=56–57}}

==Recording and content==
{{quote box|quote= All I did was get that very first Moog synthesizer, with the big patch unit and the keyboards that you could never tune, and I put a microphone into a tape machine … So whatever came out when I fiddled with the knobs went on tape – but some amazing sounds did happen.{{sfn|White|1987|p=56}}|source=– George Harrison, 1987|width=25%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}
According to the album's liner notes, "No Time or Space" was recorded "in California in November 1968 with the assistance of Bernie Krause".<ref name="GH.com" /> The title was a phrase Harrison had adopted when discussing the aim of [[Transcendental Meditation]] in a September 1967 interview for the [[BBC Radio 1]] show ''Scene and Heard''.{{sfn|Winn|2009|pp=123–24}} Krause later said that "No Time or Space" was a recording of him demonstrating the Moog III to Harrison in Los Angeles, following a session for [[Jackie Lomax]]'s album ''[[Is This What You Want?]]'', which Harrison was producing at the time.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2010|p=11}}{{sfn|Winn|2009|pp=222–23}} Krause claimed that the demonstration was recorded without his knowledge and nor would he have given his consent, since his playing included ideas he intended to develop on the next Beaver & Krause album. Krause's name was originally included on the front cover of ''Electronic Sound'', under Harrison's, but it was painted over at Krause's insistence.{{sfn|Holmes|2012|p=446}} The words "Bernie Krause" were nevertheless visible under the silver ink on original LP pressings.{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|p=423}}{{sfn|Pinch|Trocco|2002|pp=124–25}}

The information for "Under the Mersey Wall" reads: "Recorded at Esher in Merrie England; with the assistance of Rupert and Jostick The Siamese Twins – February 1969."<ref name="GH.com" /> The title of this piece was a play on "Over the Mersey Wall", a column by a newspaper journalist named George Harrison that appeared in ''[[The Liverpool Echo]]''.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2010|p=11}}{{sfn|Harry|2003|p=164}} Harrison recorded "Under the Mersey Wall" at his house, [[Kinfauns]],{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|pp=422, 423}} after Krause had travelled to England to help him set up the new Moog system.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2010|p=11}}

[[File:Moog Synthesizer 3P (1972), CRuNCh Lab.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|An early 1970s version of the [[Moog modular synthesizer|Moog 3-series]] synthesizer used on the album]]
Costing around $8000 (equivalent to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|8000|1968|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}), Harrison's was the 95th synthesizer sold by the Moog company,{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=353}} but only the third to arrive in Britain.{{sfn|Brend|2012|pp=199–200}} At Harrison's request, Krause first persuaded customs officers at [[Heathrow Airport]] that the system was a musical instrument and to accept a minimal tariff to release the equipment.{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|p=423}} Harrison's Moog 3P set-up comprised a pair of five-octave keyboards with [[portamento]] control, a [[ribbon controller]], modules including ten [[voltage-controlled oscillator]]s, a [[white noise]] generator, three [[ADSR envelope]] generators, voltage-controlled filters and amplifiers, a spring [[reverberation]] unit and a four-channel mixer.{{sfn|Spizer|2005|pp=209–10}}{{sfn|Everett|1999|p=303}}

By 1968, Krause had become disillusioned with working with rock artists and what he saw as their limited view of the Moog's potential.{{sfn|Pinch|Trocco|2002|p=122}} Aside from Krause's discovery that Harrison intended to use the 1968 demonstration piece on the album, the relationship between the two musicians was adversely affected by Harrison's stay in hospital in early February, where he had his [[tonsil]]s removed. Krause felt insulted by the treatment he received at the [[Apple Corps]] headquarters, where the staff had no knowledge of his visit. Krause and his wife then went to Paris, only to be summoned back to London by Harrison once he was released from hospital.{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|p=423}} Harrison later commented that the Moog had no instruction manual; the falling out between him and Krause meant that Harrison received only basic guidance on how to operate the system.{{sfn|Pinch|Trocco|2002|p=126}}{{refn|group=nb|By comparison, when [[Mick Jagger]] received his Moog in September 1968, the company sent an employee to London to spend a week teaching him how to use the instrument.{{sfn|Brend|2012|p=187}} In California, Krause and Beaver regularly hosted Moog classes for groups of up to 30 and individual tuition sessions for their customers.{{sfn|Pinch|Trocco|2002|p=123}}}}

The notes accompanying the track listing on the LP sleeve were taken from a Zapple press release written by [[Richard DiLello]],{{sfn|Harry|2003|p=165}} who served in the position of "house hippy" at Apple.{{sfn|Miles|2016|pp=61, 82}} Among DiLello's comments, he described "No Time or Space" as "a pottage of space music" and said of "Under the Mersey Wall": "in a mounting vortex of decibels, there came to pass a wrecked chord of environmental sound that went beyond the genre of hashish cocktail music. The bass line had been milked through the Moog machine and, lo and high, we behold electronic music …"{{sfn|Harry|2003|p=165}} The inside sleeve included a quotation attributed to "Arthur Wax": "There are a lot of people around, making a lot of noise; here's some more."{{sfn|Spizer|2005|p=210}}
{{Clear}}

==Artwork==
The cover of ''Electronic Sound'' was painted by Harrison himself.{{sfn|Harry|2003|p=165}} According to Beatles historian [[Bruce Spizer]], the vivid colours and childlike quality of the artwork "add a feeling of lightness" to the austere sounds found on the album.{{sfn|Spizer|2005|p=210}} The front cover image includes a green-faced figure holding a green apple in one hand and standing behind a Moog console. The reverse is a scene from [[Derek Taylor]]'s office at Apple, with the words "Grapple with it" painted above and below a white sofa.{{sfn|Spizer|2005|p=210}} At this time, according to author and Zapple manager [[Barry Miles]], the "spectre of Zapple's demise" and Apple's gradual disintegration were already apparent.{{sfn|Miles|2016|p=175}}

[[File:Electronic Sound LP back cover.jpg|thumb|right|Back cover of the LP – a painting by Harrison depicting the fractious situation within the Beatles' Apple enterprise in 1969]]
Harrison's son [[Dhani Harrison|Dhani]] says that the two sleeve images were part of a single large painting, which he discussed with his father after discovering it in the family home, [[Friar Park]], in the 1990s.<ref name="Dhani/CD booklet" /> In Dhani's description, the green man on the front is Krause, who is controlling the Moog and ensuring that sound emanates from the right of the device, in the manner of a [[meat grinder]]. Harrison appears as a small blue smiling face below this, "making the tea", while the green shape along the bottom of the image represents Jostick,<ref name="Dhani/CD booklet" /> one of his and [[Pattie Boyd]]'s Siamese cats.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|pp=7 (pic. section), 294}}

In the portion used on the back of the LP, according to Dhani, Taylor is seen flying an "angry kite", which represents the aggravation that was pervasive at Apple in 1969, hence the "Grapple with it" message.{{refn|group=nb|In early 1969, Harrison and Taylor were said to be writing a musical based on the chaotic goings-on at Apple.{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=328}} While this idea was abandoned,{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|p=424}} Harrison readily supported [[the Rutles]]' lampooning of the company in their 1978 Beatles satire, ''[[All You Need Is Cash]]''.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2010|p=366}}{{sfn|Clayson|2003|p=370}}}} The faces on Taylor's large wicker chair are [[Mal Evans]] and [[Neil Aspinall]],<ref name="Dhani/CD booklet" />{{sfn|Miles|2016|pp=162–63}} the Beatles' longtime assistants and former road managers.{{sfn|Harry|2003|p=168}} Both men were frequently torn in their loyalties towards the individual Beatles, due to the dysfunction within the band during the Apple era;<ref>{{cite book|first=Johnny|last=Black|chapter=A Slice of History|title=[[Mojo (magazine)#Special editions|Mojo Special Limited Edition]]: 1000 Days of Revolution (The Beatles' Final Years – Jan 1, 1968 to Sept 27, 1970)|publisher=Emap|location=London|year=2003|pages=92, 92}}</ref> the cover shows Evans smiling and Aspinall wearing a frown with, in Miles' words, "all the cares of Apple on his shoulders".{{sfn|Miles|2016|pp=162–63}} Harrison's friend [[Eric Clapton]] is pictured with a [[Jimi Hendrix|Hendrix]]-style afro and in psychedelic attire,{{sfn|Miles|2016|p=163}} and holding a guitar.<ref name="Dhani/CD booklet">{{cite AV media notes|first=Dhani|last=Harrison|title=Electronic Sound|others=[[George Harrison]]|pp=4–5|year=2014|type=CD booklet, "Electronic Sound by Dhani Harrison"|publisher=[[Apple Records]] }}</ref> As further examples of the inharmonious atmosphere at Apple, Miles notes that, unlike the four portraits of the Beatles hanging on the office wall, a picture of an Indian [[yogi]] with the [[Om]] symbol above him is upside down, and so too is the view through the office window in the top right corner of the image.{{sfn|Miles|2016|p=163}}

Author Mark Brend describes the cover art as "a twist on the convention of making the instrument itself a focus", since the four Moog modules appear to be grouped together behind the synthesizer player as if they are his backing musicians.{{sfn|Brend|2012|p=204}}

==Release==
''Electronic Sound'' was released on Zapple Records on 9 May 1969 in the UK and on 26 May in the United States.{{sfn|Castleman|Podrazik|1976|p=76}}{{sfn|Miles|2001|pp=343, 344}} In the UK, the album's catalogue number was Zapple 02, indicating it as the second LP on the label after Lennon and Ono's ''Life with the Lions''.{{sfn|Spizer|2005|p=209}}{{sfn|Greene|2016|pp=197, 199}} Unlike Harrison, Lennon and Ono promoted their new album extensively on UK radio. During their interview for [[Radio Luxembourg]], Lennon also gave a plug for ''Electronic Sound'' when stating that atmosphere and sound were now of more interest to him than melody and words.{{sfn|Winn|2009|pp=287–88}}

According to Beatles biographer [[Nicholas Schaffner]], both albums confused and proved "virtually unlistenable" to the majority of record buyers, and Zapple's claim that it was a label producing "paperback records" was not borne out in the high retail price of the LPs in the US.{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|p=118}}{{refn|group=nb|When announcing Zapple and its inaugural releases, Derek Taylor had written that the label's products would be priced according to three categories relating to content and production costs. The categories (with prices in the British [[Pound sterling#Pre-decimal|pre-decimal system]]) and their corresponding catalogue designation were: 15 shillings (ZAP); 21 shillings (ZAPREC); 37 shillings 5 pence (ZAPPLE).{{sfn|Miles|2016|pp=19–20}}}} ''Electronic Sound'' was sullied further after Krause wrote to ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine complaining of Harrison's appropriation of his demonstration piece and saying that he was "frankly hurt and a bit disillusioned by the whole thing".{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|pp=118–19}} ''Electronic Sound'' failed to chart in the United Kingdom,{{sfn|Harry|2003|p=164}} while in the United States, it peaked at number 191 during its two weeks on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' Top LPs]] chart.{{sfn|Castleman|Podrazik|1976|p=360}} As one of the first measures initiated by [[Allen Klein]], the new manager of Apple Corps, the Zapple label was shut down shortly after the album's release.{{sfn|Miles|2016|p=9}}{{sfn|Greene|2016|pp=68, 197}} ''Electronic Sound'' and ''Life with the Lions'' were deleted and soon became highly prized among collectors.{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|p=119}}

On the original United States and Canada pressings of ''Electronic Sound'', the order of the recordings was accidentally switched, although the titles were not.{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|p=423}}{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=265}} This mistake caused many listeners to confuse the two pieces.<ref name="GH.com" /> The album was issued on CD for the first time in December 1996, in the UK and Japan only,{{sfn|Winn|2009|pp=223, 265}} at which point the correct running order was used.{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|pp=423, 634}} Harrison was highly dismissive of ''Electronic Sound'' and ''Life with the Lions'' at this time.{{sfn|Clayson|2003|p=245}} Rather than include the planned 1000-word liner note essay in the CD booklet for his album, he supplied his own text, reading simply: "It could be called avant-garde, but a more apt description would be (in the words of my old friend [[Alvin Lee|Alvin]]), {{'}}''Avant Garde Clue''{{'}}!"{{sfn|Huntley|2006|pp=30–31}}

''Electronic Sound'' was reissued in remastered CD form on 22 September 2014, as part of the ''[[The Apple Years 1968–75|Apple Years 1968–75]]'' Harrison box set.<ref name="GH.com">{{cite web|title=Electronic Sound (2014 Remastered)|publisher=georgeharrison.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330024041/http://www.georgeharrison.com/albums/electric-sound/|url=http://www.georgeharrison.com/albums/electric-sound/|date=September 2014|archive-date=30 March 2015|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> The album was also made available as a high-resolution 24-[[bit]] 96&nbsp;kHz digital download. The Moog 3P synthesizer used by Harrison on the album is still owned by the Harrison family and is pictured in the centre photo spread of the 2014 CD reissue. Dhani Harrison supplied an essay in the CD booklet<ref>{{cite web|first=Joe|last=Marchese|url=http://theseconddisc.com/2014/09/23/review-the-george-harrison-remasters-the-apple-years-1968-1975/|title=Review: The George Harrison Remasters – 'The Apple Years 1968–1975'|website=The Second Disc|date=23 September 2014|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404105656/http://theseconddisc.com/2014/09/23/review-the-george-harrison-remasters-the-apple-years-1968-1975/|url-status=live}}</ref> in which he recalls his father's explanation of the cover painting.<ref>{{cite web|first=Graham|last=Reid|url=http://www.elsewhere.co.nz/absoluteelsewhere/6583/george-harrison-revisited-part-one-2014-the-dark-horse-bolting-out-of-the-gate/|title=George Harrison Revisited, Part One (2014): The dark horse bolting out of the gate|website=[[Elsewhere (website)|Elsewhere]]|date=24 October 2014|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217030312/https://www.elsewhere.co.nz/absoluteelsewhere/6583/george-harrison-revisited-part-one-2014-the-dark-horse-bolting-out-of-the-gate/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
===Contemporary reviews===
Allen Evans of the ''[[NME]]'' described the record as "for intellectuals, a rare LP for 'reading into it' something that probably isn't there". He found little meaning in the combination of mechanical sounds on "No Time or Space" and said that "Under the Mersey Wall" was more musical, with a semblance of form revealing itself after an opening that he likened to "someone learning an instrument".<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Allen|last=Evans|title=George Harrison Seeks New Sounds from the World of Electronics|magazine=[[NME]]|date=17 May 1969|page=10}}</ref> ''[[Melody Maker]]'' compared ''Electronic Sound'' favourably with [[Wendy Carlos]]'s Moog album ''[[Switched-On Bach]]'', which became a surprise commercial hit after entering the ''Billboard'' Top LPs chart in March.{{sfn|Brend|2012|pp=197–98, 204}} The writer said that Harrison's work was superior because, unlike the Carlos LP, "it never tries to reproduce sounds produced originally by humans. That is the way [electronic music] must go."{{sfn|Brend|2012|p=204}}

In his joint review of ''Electronic Sound'' and ''Life with the Lions'', [[Ed Ward (writer)|Ed Ward]] of ''Rolling Stone'' dismissed the Lennons' album as "utter bullshit"{{sfn|Greene|2016|p=197}} and said that Harrison had "done quite well learning his way around his new Moog Synthesizer ... but he's still got a way to go". Ward added: "The textures presented are rather mundane, there is no use of dynamics for effect, and the works don't show any cohesiveness to speak of. However, if he's this good now, with diligent experimentation he ought to be up there with the best in short order."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Edmund O.|last=Ward|title=John Lennon & Yoko Ono ''Life with the Lions'' / George Harrison ''Electronic Sound''|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=9 August 1969|page=37}}</ref>

Writing in ''[[Fusion (music magazine)|Fusion]]'' magazine, [[Loyd Grossman]] pondered whether the album would have been released if not for the Beatles owning Zapple. He said that the record's shape and resistance to water made it useful as a "porthole cover" and concluded, in imitation of the noises heard on the LP: "If YOU ''fweemfweemfweemfweem apapapapapapap'' have an olD SunbeamToaster ''ugwachattttattachurgchurg churg'' and enjoyputting your ''dddddldddlddlllder'' ear up to it ''wwhoooooooggggg*-*-'' you may enjoy this album ''phwerpphwerp phwerp'' …"<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Loyd|last=Grossman|title=George Harrison: ''Electronic Sound'' (Zapple)|magazine=[[Fusion (music magazine)|Fusion]]|date=8 August 1969}} Available at [https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison-ielectronic-soundi-zapple Rock's Backpages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801101058/https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison-ielectronic-soundi-zapple |date=2017-08-01 }} (subscription required).</ref>

===Retrospective assessment===
{{Album reviews
|rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
|rev1score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Ginell/AM">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/electronic-sound-mw0000532737|first=Richard S.|last=Ginell|title=George Harrison ''Electronic Sound''|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222084721/http://www.allmusic.com/album/electronic-sound-mw0000532737|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''
| rev2Score = {{Rating|2|5}}{{sfn|Larkin|2011|p=2650}}
| rev3 = ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]''
| rev3Score = {{Rating|1|5}}<ref name="Harris/Mojo">{{cite magazine|last=Harris|first=John|title=Beware of Darkness|magazine=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]|date=November 2011|page=82}}</ref>
|rev4 = [[MusicHound]]
|rev4score = 1/5{{sfn|Graff|Durchholz|1999|p=529}}
| rev5 = ''[[:it:Claudio Fabretti|OndaRock]]''
| rev5score = 5.5/10<ref>{{cite web|first=Gabriele|last=Gambardella|url=https://www.ondarock.it/songwriter/georgeharrison.htm#google_vignette |title=George Harrison: Il Mantra del Rock|language=it|website=[[:it:Claudio Fabretti|OndaRock]]|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>
|rev6 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''
|rev6score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}<ref name="RS guide 2004">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140409112956/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/george-harrison/albumguide "George Harrison: Album Guide"], [[Rolling Stone|rollingstone.com]] (archived version retrieved 5 August 2014).</ref>
|rev7 = ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]''
|rev7score = {{Rating|2|5}}<ref name="Uncut">Nigel Williamson, "All Things Must Pass: George Harrison's post-Beatles solo albums", ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', February 2002, p. 60.</ref>
}}
In the 2004 ''[[Rolling Stone Album Guide]]'', Mac Randall called the album and its predecessor, ''Wonderwall Music'', "interesting, though only for established fans".{{sfn|Brackett|Hoard|2004|p=367}} Richard Ginell of [[AllMusic]] says that the same two albums showed that Harrison defied "pigeonholing" in his projects outside the Beatles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/wonderwall-music-mw0000676515|first=Richard S.|last=Ginell|title=George Harrison ''Wonderwall Music''|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914124644/http://www.allmusic.com/album/wonderwall-music-mw0000676515|url-status=live}}</ref> and he writes of ''Electronic Sound'': "Though scoffed at when they were released, these pieces can hold their own and then some with many of those of other, more seriously regarded electronic composers. And when you consider that synthesizers were only capable of playing one note at a time and sounds could not be stored or recalled with the push of a button, the achievement becomes even more remarkable."<ref name="Ginell/AM" />

In his appraisal of Harrison's solo career for ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'' in 2011, [[John Harris (critic)|John Harris]] described the album as the "Fabdom" equivalent of [[Lou Reed]]'s ''[[Metal Machine Music]]'', adding: "Not exactly music, though you could conceivably assume the endless whooshes and random notes were the work of admirably out-there [[Krautrock]]ers."<ref name="Harris/Mojo" /> In his article on the Moog for the same magazine, in 1997, John McCready wrote that the album conveyed "caveman confusion" on Harrison's part, but he grouped it with experimental releases by [[Jean-Jacques Perrey]], [[Dick Hyman]], the Hellers, [[Mort Garson]] and [[TONTO's Expanding Head Band]], saying: "It says something about the compelling-even-when-crap nature of the Moog that it is possible to own and enjoy all these records."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=John|last=McCready|title=In a Moog Mood|magazine=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]|date=June 1997}} Available at [https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/in-a-moog-mood Rock's Backpages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102340/https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/in-a-moog-mood |date=2017-08-01 }} (subscription required).</ref>

Luke Turner of ''[[The Quietus]]'' includes it among his favourite electronic-music albums. He says that Harrison's fascination with the Moog typified the interest the new instrument received from top rock musicians at the time, and he adds: "Luckily for us he decided to release it (with a great cover painting by a small child) … While my Synth gently beeps."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thequietus.com/articles/21791-benge-favourite-albums-interview-synth-wrangler?page=4|first=Luke|last=Turner|title=While His Synth Gently Beeps: Benge's Favourite Electronic LPs|website=[[The Quietus]]|date=15 February 2017|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514222735/https://thequietus.com/articles/21791-benge-favourite-albums-interview-synth-wrangler?page=4|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The New York Observer]]'', Ron Hart considers it to be one of Harrison's unjustly overlooked works and he says that while it was tainted by the controversy with Krause, the project stands as an "oddly visionary testament to the Zapple label and its unsung promise to bring the avant-garde to the pop crowd".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observer.com/2017/02/george-harrison-reissue-review-5-most-underrated-albums/|first=Ron|last=Hart|title=George Harrison's 5 Most Underrated Albums|website=[[The New York Observer]]|date=24 February 2017|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729174426/http://observer.com/2017/02/george-harrison-reissue-review-5-most-underrated-albums/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|In his liner-note essay for the [[The Apple Years 1968–75|2014 reissue]] of ''Electronic Sound'', Kevin Howlett reproduces Krause's claim regarding the origins of "No Time or Space" and comments: "There is no historical evidence that gives George's view of that assertion."<ref>{{cite AV media notes|first=Kevin|last=Howlett|title=Electronic Sound|others=[[George Harrison]]|pp=11–12|year=2014|type=CD booklet liner notes|publisher=[[Apple Records]] }}</ref>}}

In a 2014 review for ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', [[Richard Williams (journalist)|Richard Williams]] said that just as the Beatles' fan-club Christmas records were inspired by [[The Goon Show|the Goons]], Harrison's inspiration for ''Electronic Sound'' appears to have been "another BBC institution of their formative years: the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop|Radiophonic Workshop]]". According to Williams, the album conveys "the joy of a boy with a new toy" and "sounds like what you might get if you taped a contact microphone to the stomach of a digestively challenged robot".<ref name="Williams/Uncut" />{{refn|group=nb|He concluded by saying that the self-deprecating sleeve note from Arthur Wax "still sums it up".<ref name="Williams/Uncut">{{cite magazine|first=Richard|last=Williams|title=George Harrison ''The Apple Years 1968–75''|magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]|date=November 2014|page=93}}</ref>}} Scott Elingburg of ''[[PopMatters]]'' welcomed its ''Apple Years'' reissue and described the album as the artist's "most 'experimental' work" and, like the remastered ''Wonderwall Music'', "raw and gorgeous, alive and capable of sparking ingenuity". He said that while Harrison was not a synthesizer innovator in the mould of [[Brian Eno]] or [[Jeff Lynne]], "the intention behind ''Electronic Sound'' is one of exploration and discovery, an artist limbering up his musical mind to discover how far the boundaries of modern instrumentation could take him. Out of context, ''Electronic Sound'' would sound maudlin, even dull. Here, as a key step in the progression of Harrison the solo artist, it sounds audacious in its primitiveness ..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/189031-george-harrison-the-apple-years-1968-1975/|first=Scott|last=Elingburg|title=George Harrison ''The Apple Years: 1968–1975''|website=[[PopMatters]]|date=20 January 2015|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620142054/http://www.popmatters.com/review/189031-george-harrison-the-apple-years-1968-1975/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Influence and legacy==
''Electronic Sound'' was one of the first electronic music albums made by a rock musician.{{sfn|The Editors of ''Rolling Stone''|2002|p=187}} Oregano Rathbone of ''[[Record Collector]]'' called it "intriguingly indulgent, avant-Moog" and said that, as with ''Wonderwall Music'', "The example set by the [Beatles] – that there's room for everything under the pop umbrella – legitimised and enabled an infinite variety of music from everyone's subsequent favourite bands."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Oregano|last=Rathbone|url=http://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/apple-years-1968-75 |title=George Harrison – The Apple Years 1968–75|magazine=[[Record Collector]]|date=December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110161744/http://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/apple-years-1968-75 |archive-date=10 November 2014|access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> In his book ''Electronic and Experimental Music'', Thom Holmes discusses ''Electronic Sound'' in terms of its influence on the Beatles' ''[[Abbey Road]]'' and, with that album, their standing as "one of the first groups to effectively integrate the sounds of the Moog into their music".{{sfn|Holmes|2012|p=446}} Once installed at EMI Studios in August 1969, where [[Mike Vickers]] of the band [[Manfred Mann]] assisted in programming the system,{{sfn|Holmes|2012|pp=442, 446}} Harrison's Moog proved to be an important addition to the Beatles' final recording project.{{sfn|Shea|Rodriguez|2007|p=179}}{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=185}} With Harrison, Lennon and [[Paul McCartney]] each playing the instrument, the band incorporated white noise and other Moog sound effects,{{sfn|Brend|2012|pp=204–05}} together with melodic elements played via the ribbon controller.{{sfn|Holmes|2012|pp=446–47}}{{refn|group=nb|Harrison later used portions of white noise from "No Time or Space" in "I Remember Jeep", a track included on the ''Apple Jam'' disc of his 1970 triple album ''[[All Things Must Pass]]''.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2010|p=12}}}} In January 1970, [[Robert Moog]] announced the launch of his company's [[Minimoog|Mini-Moog]],<ref name="Dove/BB" /> a synthesizer that simplified the 3P system for easy operation as a performance instrument.{{sfn|Prendergast|2003|pp=85–86}}{{refn|group=nb|Moog told ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' that [[Mick Jagger]] and George Martin also owned Moog 3Ps and that the BBC's Radiophonic Workshop was due to purchase one, but that the cost was prohibitive for musicians such as Vickers, who instead had to rent his system.<ref name="Dove/BB">{{cite magazine|first=Ian|last=Dove|title=Mini-Moog to Be Unveiled|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=24 January 1970|pages=1, 98}}</ref>}}

{{quote box|quote= ''Electronic Sound'' has never achieved mainstream popularity, even for a Beatle-solo record … While rough and unconstructed, it is a very distinctly "Moog" album, with very few other audible sound sources, and a wide variety of Moog modular sonics being demonstrated.  Although the wild experimental phase of the Beatles only lasted a short time, it was a bold direction for anyone in the top of the charts to attempt, even as a side-project.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106021457/https://www.moogmusic.com/news/george-harrisons-electronic-sound|url=https://www.moogmusic.com/news/george-harrisons-electronic-sound |title=George Harrison's 'Electronic Sound'|publisher=[[Moog Music|moogmusic.com]]|date=10 September 2014|archive-date=6 January 2015|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>|source=– [[Moog Music]], 2014|width=25%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}
In their book on the history and legacy of the Moog synthesizer, [[Trevor Pinch]] and Frank Trocco cite Harrison's use of Krause's studio demonstration as an example of the difficulties faced by "Moogists" such as Beaver and Krause in gaining acceptance for their efforts. The authors write that the perception in the recording industry during the late 1960s was typically that, because of the highly technical aspect of the Moog modular system, these pioneers were simply engineers rather than artists or musicians. Pinch and Trocco highlight Mort Garson's ''[[The Wozard of Iz]]'' and [[Mason Williams]]' ''The Mason Williams Ear Show'' as further examples; in the case of the latter album, Beaver was credited as being "in charge of plugging and unplugging".{{sfn|Pinch|Trocco|2002|p=125}}

''[[Hartford Courant]]'' music critic Roger Catlin has said that the album's appeal is limited to aficionados of "early synthesizer experiments".{{sfn|Graff|Durchholz|1999|pp=xvi, 529}} [[Malcolm Cecil]], who went on to become a leading synthesizer proponent as the co-creator of [[TONTO]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/tontos-expanding-head-band-mn0001377562|first=Steven|last=McDonald|title=T.O.N.T.O.'s Expanding Head Band|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816160944/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/tontos-expanding-head-band-mn0001377562|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Prendergast|2003|p=308}} recalls that when he first encountered a Moog 3P, his immediate thought was: "Geez, this is the [instrument] that George Harrison made that record on. I'm looking at it, and I saw it has filters, envelope generator – what the hell is all this stuff?"{{sfn|Pinch|Trocco|2002|pp=174–75}} Tom Rowlands of [[the Chemical Brothers]] has cited ''Electronic Sound'' as an influence.<ref>{{cite AV media notes|first=Kevin|last=Howlett|title=[[The Apple Years 1968–75]]|others=[[George Harrison]]|p=32|year=2014|type=box-set book, "The Apple Years" |publisher=[[Apple Records]] }}</ref> In his introduction to the 2014 CD booklet, he recalls discovering a rare copy of the LP in a Tokyo record shop in the 1990s and says that the sleeve "now hangs on the wall of my studio, just next to my own Moog modular, beaming inspiration straight to my brain".<ref>{{cite AV media notes|first=Tom|last=Rowlands|title=Electronic Sound|others=[[George Harrison]]|p=3|year=2014|type=CD booklet, "An Introduction"|publisher=[[Apple Records]] }}</ref>

In 2003, ''Electronic Sound'' was featured in the "Unsung" album series at musician and musicologist [[Julian Cope]]'s website ''[[Head Heritage]]'',<ref name="HeadHeritage" /> later compiled in Cope's book ''Copendium: An Expedition into the Rock 'n' Roll Underworld''.<ref>{{cite news|first=Roddy|last=Doyle|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-art-of-noise-1.556541|title=The Art of Noise|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=24 November 2012|accessdate=3 February 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126201616/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-art-of-noise-1.556541|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Toby|last=Litt|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/culture/2012/11/julian-cope-and-psychic-underworld|title=Julian Cope and the Psychic Underworld|magazine=[[New Statesman]]|date=8 November 2012|accessdate=3 February 2021|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207110144/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/culture/2012/11/julian-cope-and-psychic-underworld|url-status=live}}</ref> The author said he relished the record for providing "all the scant moments of raging Moog-osity I always craved more of as a teenage [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]] fanatic", and described its two tracks as "aural rollercoaster rides, featuring alarming and unusual zapping twists over an assortment of tone colours, pitch-controlled hi-jinks and outright experimentalism in the most extreme album Harrison would ever produce".<ref name="HeadHeritage">{{cite web|url=http://www.headheritage.co.uk/unsung/thebookofseth/george-harrison-electronic-sound|author=The Seth Man|title=Unsung: George Harrison – Electronic Sound|website=[[Head Heritage]]|date=January 2003|accessdate=26 July 2017|archive-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601024134/http://www.headheritage.co.uk/unsung/thebookofseth/george-harrison-electronic-sound|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Track listing==
All pieces credited to [[George Harrison]]. US and Canadian LP pressings incorrectly switched the order of the recordings but did not switch the titles.

'''Side one'''
#"Under the Mersey Wall"&nbsp;– 18:41

'''Side two'''
#<li value="2">"No Time or Space"&nbsp;– 25:10</li>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book |editor-last1=Brackett |editor-first1=Nathan |editor-last2=Hoard |editor-first2=Christian |year=2004 |title=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide'' (4th edn)'' |location=New York, NY |publisher=Fireside/Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-7432-0169-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac }}
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* {{cite book|last=Leng|first=Simon|title=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison|publisher=Hal Leonard|location=Milwaukee, WI|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4234-0609-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Mark|last=Lewisohn|author-link=Mark Lewisohn|title=The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962–1970|publisher=Bounty Books|location=London|year=2005|orig-year=1988|isbn=978-0-7537-2545-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Madinger|first1=Chip|last2=Easter|first2=Mark|title=Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium|publisher=44.1 Productions|location=Chesterfield, MO|year=2000|isbn=0-615-11724-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Miles|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Miles|title=The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years|year=2001|publisher=Omnibus Press|location=London|isbn=0-7119-8308-9 }}
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* {{cite book|first1=Trevor|last1=Pinch|first2=Frank|last2=Trocco|title=Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|year=2002|isbn=0-674-01617-3|url=https://archive.org/details/analogdaysinvent00trev}}
* {{cite book|first=Mark|last=Prendergast|title=The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=New York, NY|year=2003|isbn=1-58234-323-3|url=https://archive.org/details/ambientcenturyfr00pren}}
* {{cite book|last=Rodriguez|first=Robert|title=Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980|publisher=Backbeat Books|location=Milwaukee, WI|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4165-9093-4|url=https://archive.org/details/missodellmyhardd00odel}}
* {{cite book|last=Schaffner|first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas Schaffner|title=The Beatles Forever|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|year=1978|isbn=0-07-055087-5|url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesforever00scha}}
* {{cite book|first1=Stuart|last1=Shea |first2=Robert|last2=Rodriguez |title=Fab Four FAQ: Everything Left to Know About the Beatles&nbsp;... and More!|publisher=Hal Leonard |location=New York, NY|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4234-2138-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Spizer|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Spizer|title=The Beatles Solo on Apple Records|publisher=498 Productions|location=New Orleans, LA|year=2005|isbn=0-9662649-5-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Richie|last=Unterberger|author-link=Richie Unterberger|title=The Unreleased Beatles: Music & Film|publisher=Backbeat Books|location=San Francisco, CA|year=2006|isbn=978-0-87930-892-6}}
* {{cite magazine|first=Timothy|last=White|title=George Harrison – Reconsidered|magazine=[[Musician (magazine)|Musician]]|date=November 1987|pages=50–67}}
* {{cite book|last=Winn|first=John C.|year=2009|title=That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970|publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-307-45239-9}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Discogs master|type=album|56083|name=Electronic Sound}}

{{George Harrison}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1969 albums]]
[[Category:George Harrison albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by George Harrison]]
[[Category:Apple Records albums]]
[[Category:Electronic albums by English artists]]
[[Category:EMI Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums recorded in a home studio]]